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Esfandi R, Willmore WG, Tsopmo A. Structural characterization of peroxyl radical oxidative products of antioxidant peptides from hydrolyzed proteins. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30588. [PMID: 38765145 PMCID: PMC11101819 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to characterize oxidative products of five unique antioxidant peptides (P1: YFDEQNEQFR, P2: GQLLIVPQ, P3: SPFWNINAH, P4: NINAHSVVY, P5: RALPIDVL) from hydrolyzed oat proteins. Peptides were reacted with 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, a common peroxyl radical generator. Chromatographic data showed that peptide P3 was the most oxidized (67 ± 4 %) while also displaying the most ability to scavenge radicals in the oxygen absorbance capacity assay (ORAC) with an activity of 2.16 ± 0.09 μM Trolox equivalents/μM peptide. Structural characterization using mass spectrometry showed the presence of four oxidative products of P3, three of which were mono-oxygenated and the fourth di-oxygenated. The identification of these oxidative products is new and provides an opportunity to investigate their biological function. A good correlation (r = 0.889) between the degree of oxidation and the ORAC data, demonstrates the usefulness of using oxidative peptide data to predict their radical scavenging activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramak Esfandi
- Food Science and Nutrition Program, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - William G. Willmore
- Food Science and Nutrition Program, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Apollinaire Tsopmo
- Food Science and Nutrition Program, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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Solati K, Karimi M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Abbasi N, Abbaszadeh S, Bahmani M. Phytotherapy for Wound Healing: The Most Important Herbal Plants in Wound Healing Based on Iranian Ethnobotanical Documents. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:500-519. [PMID: 33213344 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201119122608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a process that starts with the inflammatory response after the occurrence of any damage. This process initiates by restoring the wound surface coating tissue, migrating fibroblasts to form the required collagen, forming a healing tissue and finally, leading to contortion and extraction of the wound. Today, various drugs are used to heal wounds. However, the drugs used to repair wounds have some defects and side effects. In spite of all attempts to accelerate wound healing definitely, no safe drug has been introduced for this purpose. Therefore, the necessity to identify herbal plants in ethnopharmacology and ethnobotany documents with healing effects is essential. In this article, we tried to review and present effective Iranian medicinal plants and herbal compounds used for wound healing. Searching was performed on databases, including ISI Web of Science, PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, ISC, SID, Magiran and some other databases. The keywords used included wound healing, skin treatment, medicinal plants, ethnobotany, and phytotherapy. In this regard, 139 medicinal plants effective on wound healing were identified based on ethnopharmacology and ethnobotanical sources of Iran. Plants such as Salvia officinalis, Echium amoenum, Verbascum spp., G1ycyrrhiza glabra, Medicago sativa, Mentha pulegium, Datura stramonium L., Alhagi spp., Aloe vera, Hypericum perforatum, Pistacia atlantica and Prosopis cineraria are the most important and useful medicinal plants used for wound healing in Iran. These native Iranian medicinal plants are rich in antioxidants and biological compounds and might be used for wound healing and preparation of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Solati
- Department of Psychiatry, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Karimi
- Department of Surgery, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Naser Abbasi
- Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Saber Abbaszadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Bahmani
- Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Banwell MG, Pollard B, Liu X, Connal LA. Exploiting Nature's Most Abundant Polymers: Developing New Pathways for the Conversion of Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin and Chitin into Platform Molecules (and Beyond). Chem Asian J 2021; 16:604-620. [PMID: 33463003 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The four most prominent forms of biomass are cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and chitin. In efforts to develop sustainable sources of platform molecules there has been an increasing focus on examining how these biopolymers could be exploited as feedstocks that support the chemical supply chain, including in the production of fine chemicals. Many different approaches are possible and some of the ones being developed in the authors' laboratories are emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Banwell
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou/Zhuhai, 510632/519070, P. R. China.,Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Brett Pollard
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xin Liu
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Luke A Connal
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Cheng C, Yu X, McClements DJ, Huang Q, Tang H, Yu K, Xiang X, Chen P, Wang X, Deng Q. Effect of flaxseed polyphenols on physical stability and oxidative stability of flaxseed oil-in-water nanoemulsions. Food Chem 2019; 301:125207. [PMID: 31377621 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the high susceptibility of flaxseed oil nanoemulsions to lipid oxidation limits their incorporation into functional foods and beverages. For this reason, the impact of various flaxseed phenolic extracts on the physical and oxidative stability of flaxseed oil nanoemulsions was investigated. Flaxseed lignan extract (FLE) and secoisolariciresinol (SECO) exhibited antioxidant activity whereas secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and p-coumaric acid (CouA) exhibited prooxidant activity in the flaxseed oil nanoemulsions. The antioxidant potential of flaxseed phenolics in the nanoemulsions was as follows: SECO < CouA < SDG ≈ FLE. Moreover, the antioxidant/prooxidant activity of the phenolics was also related to their free radical scavenging activity and partitioning in the nanoemulsions. Our results suggested that both SECO and FLE were good plant-based antioxidants for improving the stability of flaxseed oil nanoemulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | | | - Qingde Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Hu Tang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Kun Yu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xia Xiang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xintian Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qianchun Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
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Runeberg PA, Brusentsev Y, Rendon SMK, Eklund PC. Oxidative Transformations of Lignans. Molecules 2019; 24:E300. [PMID: 30650623 PMCID: PMC6359405 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous oxidative transformations of lignan structures have been reported in the literature. In this paper we present an overview on the current findings in the field. The focus is put on transformations targeting a specific structure, a specific reaction, or an interconversion of the lignan skeleton. Oxidative transformations related to biosynthesis, antioxidant measurements, and total syntheses are mostly excluded. Non-metal mediated as well as metal mediated oxidations are reported, and mechanisms based on hydrogen abstractions, epoxidations, hydroxylations, and radical reactions are discussed for the transformation and interconversion of lignan structures. Enzymatic oxidations, photooxidation, and electrochemical oxidations are also briefly reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik A Runeberg
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Center, Åbo Akademi University, Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Yury Brusentsev
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Center, Åbo Akademi University, Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Sabine M K Rendon
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Center, Åbo Akademi University, Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Patrik C Eklund
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Center, Åbo Akademi University, Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku, Finland.
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Linoorbitides and enterolactone mitigate inflammation-induced oxidative stress and loss of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 64:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Patil SV, Argyropoulos DS. Stable Organic Radicals in Lignin: A Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:3284-3303. [PMID: 28605169 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lignin and the quest for the origin of stable organic radicals in it have seen numerous developments. Although there have been various speculations over the years on the formation of these stable radicals, researchers have not been able to arrive at a solid, unequivocal hypothesis that applies to all treatments and types of lignin. The extreme complexity of lignin and its highly aromatic, cross-linked, branched, and rigid structure has made such efforts rather cumbersome. Since the early 1950s, researchers in this field have dedicated their efforts to the establishment of methods for the detection and determination of spin content, theoretical simulations, and reactions on model compounds and spin-trapping studies. Although a significant amount of published research is available on lignin or its model compounds and the reactive intermediates involved during various chemical treatments (pulping, bleaching, extractions, chemical modifications, etc.), the literature provides a limited view on the origin, nature, and stability of such radicals. Consequently, this review is focused on examining the origin of such species in lignin, factors affecting their presence, reactions involved in their formation, and methods for their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha V Patil
- Departments of Forest Biomaterials and Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8005, USA
| | - Dimitris S Argyropoulos
- Departments of Forest Biomaterials and Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8005, USA
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Maslov MY, Plotnikova TM, Anishchenko AM, Aliev OI, Nifantiev NE, Plotnikov MB. Hemorheological effects of secoisolariciresinol in ovariectomized rats. Biorheology 2017; 53:23-31. [PMID: 26756280 DOI: 10.3233/bir-15066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmenopausal women often develop hemorheological disorders which may affect the systemic blood circulation and present a cardiovascular risk factor. OBJECTIVE We evaluated effects of secoisolariciresinol (SECO), a phytoestrogen, on hemorheological parameters and lipid peroxidation in a model of the age-related and/or surgical menopause induced by ovariectomy in rats. METHODS Arterial blood was sampled from sham-operated female rats, ovariectomized rats (OVX), and OVX treated with SECO (OVXSECO) (20 mg/kg/day intragastrically for two weeks). Plasma estrogen concentration and the following hemorheological parameters were measured: RBC aggregation (half-time of aggregation, T1/2; amplitude of aggregation, AMP; aggregation index, AI), RBC deformability (elongation index, EI), whole blood viscosity at the shear rate of 3-300 s-1, plasma viscosity, hematocrit, plasma fibrinogen. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by measuring conjugated dienes (CD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in plasma. RESULTS Ovariectomy in rats caused a 60% decrease in plasma estrogen level and triggered the development of macro- and microhemorheological abnormalities. Blood viscosity increased by 12-31%, RBC elongation index reduced by 16-28%, and T1/2 and AI increased by 35% and 29% respectively. The increase in blood viscosity correlated predominantly with reduced RBC deformability. Plasma CD and TBARS were elevated by 47% and 104% respectively. SECO therapy for OVX rats reduced blood viscosity by 9-18% and T1/2 by 32%, and increased EI by 4-17%. SECO therapy disrupted the correlation between blood viscosity and RBC deformability. Lipid peroxidation was significantly inhibited, as shown by the reduction in CD and TBARS plasma concentrations by 89% and 70% respectively. SECO did not affect plasma viscosity, estrogen or fibrinogen levels. CONCLUSIONS SECO treatment for OVX rats improves blood macro- and microrheological parameters, possibly through antioxidant protection of RBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Y Maslov
- Steward St. Elizabeth's Medical Center/Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. E-mail:
| | | | - Anna M Anishchenko
- E.D. Goldberg Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Oleg I Aliev
- E.D. Goldberg Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mark B Plotnikov
- E.D. Goldberg Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
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Mishra OP, Popov AV, Pietrofesa RA, Christofidou-Solomidou M. Gamma-irradiation produces active chlorine species (ACS) in physiological solutions: Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) scavenges ACS - A novel mechanism of DNA radioprotection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1884-97. [PMID: 27261092 PMCID: PMC5253237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), the main lignan in whole grain flaxseed, is a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger with known radioprotective properties. However, the exact mechanism of SDG radioprotection is not well understood. The current study identified a novel mechanism of DNA radioprotection by SDG in physiological solutions by scavenging active chlorine species (ACS) and reducing chlorinated nucleobases. Methods The ACS scavenging activity of SDG was determined using two highly specific fluoroprobes: hypochlorite-specific 3′-(p-aminophenyl) fluorescein (APF) and hydroxyl radical-sensitive 3′-(p-hydroxyphenyl) fluorescein (HPF). Dopamine, an SDG structural analog, was used for proton 1H NMR studies to trap primary ACS radicals. Taurine N-chlorination was determined to demonstrate radiation-induced generation of hypochlorite, a secondary ACS. DNA protection was assessed by determining the extent of DNA fragmentation and plasmid DNA relaxation following exposure to ClO− and radiation. Purine base chlorination by ClO− and γ-radiation was determined by using 2-aminopurine (2-AP), a fluorescent analog of 6-aminopurine. Results: Chloride anions (Cl−) consumed >90% of hydroxyl radicals in physiological solutions produced by γ-radiation resulting in ACS formation, which was detected by 1H NMR. Importantly, SDG scavenged hypochlorite- and γ-radiation-induced ACS. In addition, SDG blunted ACS-induced fragmentation of calf thymus DNA and plasmid DNA relaxation. SDG treatment before or after ACS exposure decreased the ClO− or γ-radiation-induced chlorination of 2-AP. Exposure to γ-radiation resulted in increased taurine chlorination, indicative of ClO− generation. NMR studies revealed formation of primary ACS radicals (chlorine atoms (Cl•) and dichloro radical anions (Cl2−•)), which were trapped by SDG and its structural analog dopamine. Conclusion We demonstrate that γ-radiation induces the generation of ACS in physiological solutions. SDG treatment scavenged ACS and prevented ACS-induced DNA damage and chlorination of 2-aminopurine. This study identified a novel and unique mechanism of SDG radioprotection, through ACS scavenging, and supports the potential usefulness of SDG as a radioprotector and mitigator for radiation exposure as part of cancer therapy or accidental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om P Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Ralph A Pietrofesa
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Melpo Christofidou-Solomidou
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Slavova-Kazakova A, Karamać M, Kancheva V, Amarowicz R. Antioxidant Activity of Flaxseed Extracts in Lipid Systems. Molecules 2015; 21:E17. [PMID: 26703558 PMCID: PMC6273640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to compare the antioxidant activity of the extract of flaxseed and its alkaline hydrolysate in two model systems: lipid autoxidation of triacylglycerols of sunflower oil (TGSO)-in a homogeneous lipid media and during β-carotene-linoleate emulsion system. In addition, pure lignans were tested. The material was defatted with hexane and then phenolic compounds were extracted using dioxane-ethanol (50:50, v/v) mixture. Carbohydrates were removed from the crude extract using an Amberlite XAD-16 column chromatography. The content of total phenolic compounds in the crude extract and after alkaline hydrolysis was determined using a Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Individual phenolic compounds were determined by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (RP-HPLC) method in gradient system. The alkaline hydrolysis increased the content of total phenolics in the extract approximately by 10%. In the extracts of flaxseed, phenolic compounds were present in the form of macromolecular complex. In the alkaline hydrolysate, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) was found as the main phenolic compound. Small amounts of p-coumaric and ferulic acids were also determined. SDG and both extracts were not able to inhibit effectively lipid autoxidation. The kinetics of TGSO autoxidation at 80 °C in absence and in presence of the extract before hydrolysis (EBH) and after hydrolysis (EAH) was monitored and compared with known standard antioxidants. Ferulic acid (FA) and butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) showed much higher antioxidant efficiency and reactivity than that of both extracts. Secoisolariciresinol (SECO) showed a higher activity in both model systems than SDG. However, the activity of SECO was much lower than that of nordihydroquaiaretic acid (NDGA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Slavova-Kazakova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, bl. 9, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Magdalena Karamać
- Department of Chemical and Physical Properties of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Tuwima 10, Poland.
| | - Vessela Kancheva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, bl. 9, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Ryszard Amarowicz
- Department of Chemical and Physical Properties of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Tuwima 10, Poland.
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12
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Abstract
The normal biochemical reactions in our body, increased exposure to the environment, and higher levels of dietary xenobiotic's result in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dilipkumar Pal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University)
- Bilaspur
- India
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Moree SS, Rajesha J. Investigation of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potential of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 373:179-87. [PMID: 23108790 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo ameliorative antioxidant potential of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). In vitro antioxidant activity of synthetic SDG was carried out using DPPH, reducing power potency, and DNA protection assays. Wistar albino rats weighing 180-220 g were used for in vivo studies and liver damage was induced in the experimental animals by a single intraperitoneal (I.P.) injection of CCl(4) (2 g/kg b.w.). Intoxicated animals were treated orally with synthetic SDG at (12.5 and 25 mg/kg b.w.) and Silymarin (25 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days. The levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and lipid peroxidase (LPO) were measured in liver and kidney homogenates. The synthetic SDG exerts high in vitro antioxidant potency as it could scavenge DPPH at a IC(50) value of 78.9 μg/ml and has dose-dependent reducing power potency and protected DNA at 0.5 mg/ml concentration. Oral administration of synthetic SDG at 12.5 and 25 mg/kg b.w. showed significant protection compared to Silymarin (25 mg/kg) and the activities of CAT, SOD, and POX were markedly increased (P < 0.05), whereas LPO significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in a dose-dependent manner in liver and kidney in both pre- and post-treatment groups when compared to toxin-treated group. The results of in vitro and in vivo investigations revealed that synthetic SDG at 25 mg/kg b.w. is associated with beneficial changes in hepatic enzyme activities and thereby plays a key role in the prevention of oxidative damage in immunologic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiq S Moree
- Department of Biochemistry, Yuvaraja's College, University of Mysore, Mysore 570005, Karnataka, India.
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Landete J. Plant and mammalian lignans: A review of source, intake, metabolism, intestinal bacteria and health. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Hwang HS, Winkler-Moser JK, Liu SX. Structural Effect of Lignans and Sesamol on Polymerization of Soybean Oil at Frying Temperature. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-011-1994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sik Hwang
- ; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Functional Foods Research; 1815 N. University Street Peoria IL 61604 USA
| | - Jill K. Winkler-Moser
- ; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Functional Foods Research; 1815 N. University Street Peoria IL 61604 USA
| | - Sean X. Liu
- ; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Functional Foods Research; 1815 N. University Street Peoria IL 61604 USA
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Bentayeb K, Rubio C, Nerín C. Study of the antioxidant mechanisms of Trolox and eugenol with 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinepropane)dihydrochloride using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Analyst 2012; 137:459-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15505a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rhee Y, Brunt A. Flaxseed supplementation improved insulin resistance in obese glucose intolerant people: a randomized crossover design. Nutr J 2011; 10:44. [PMID: 21554710 PMCID: PMC3112403 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity leads to an increase in inflammation and insulin resistance. This study determined antioxidant activity of flaxseed and its role in inflammation and insulin resistance in obese glucose intolerant people. Methods Using a randomized crossover design, nine obese glucose intolerant people consumed 40 g ground flaxseed or 40 g wheat bran daily for 12 weeks with a 4-week washout period. Plasma inflammation biomarkers (CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6), glucose, insulin, and thiobaribituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) were measured before and after of each supplementation. Results Flaxseed supplementation decreased TBARS (p = 0.0215) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.0382). Flaxseed or wheat bran supplementation did not change plasma inflammatory biomarkers. A positive relationship was found between TBARS and HOMA-IR (r = 0.62, p = 0.0003). Conclusions The results of the study weakly support that decreased insulin resistance might have been secondary to antioxidant activity of flaxseed. However, the mechanism(s) of decreased insulin resistance by flaxseed should be further determined using flaxseed lignan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Rhee
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
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Masuda T, Akiyama J, Fujimoto A, Yamauchi S, Maekawa T, Sone Y. Antioxidation reaction mechanism studies of phenolic lignans, identification of antioxidation products of secoisolariciresinol from lipid oxidation. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Touré A, Xueming X. Flaxseed Lignans: Source, Biosynthesis, Metabolism, Antioxidant Activity, Bio-Active Components, and Health Benefits. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9:261-269. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Health effects with consumption of the flax lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Br J Nutr 2009; 103:929-38. [PMID: 20003621 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509992753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed is the richest source of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). After ingestion, SDG is converted to secoisolariciresinol, which is further metabolised to the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone. A growing body of evidence suggests that SDG metabolites may provide health benefits due to their weak oestrogenic or anti-oestrogenic effects, antioxidant activity, ability to induce phase 2 proteins and/or inhibit the activity of certain enzymes, or by mechanisms yet unidentified. Human and animal studies identify the benefits of SDG consumption. SDG metabolites may protect against CVD and the metabolic syndrome by reducing lipid and glucose concentrations, lowering blood pressure, and decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation. Flax lignans may also reduce cancer risk by preventing pre-cancerous cellular changes and by reducing angiogenesis and metastasis. Thus, dietary SDG has the potential to decrease the incidence of several chronic diseases that result in significant morbidity and mortality in industrialised countries. The available literature, though, makes it difficult to clearly identify SDG health effects because of the wide variability in study methods. However, the current evidence suggests that a dose of at least 500 mg SDG/d for approximately 8 weeks is needed to observe positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors in human patients. Flaxseed and its lignan extracts appear to be safe for most adult populations, though animal studies suggest that pregnant women should limit their exposure. The present review discusses the potential health benefits of SDG in humans, with supporting evidence from animal studies, and offers suggestions for future research.
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Cornish SM, Chilibeck PD, Paus-Jennsen L, Biem HJ, Khozani T, Senanayake V, Vatanparast H, Little JP, Whiting SJ, Pahwa P. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of flaxseed lignan complex on metabolic syndrome composite score and bone mineral in older adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009; 34:89-98. [PMID: 19370038 DOI: 10.1139/h08-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A randomized double-blind placebo controlled study design was used to assess the effects of flaxseed lignan complex supplementation during exercise training on a metabolic syndrome composite score and osteoporosis risk in older adults. A total of 100 subjects (>or=50 years) were randomized to receive flaxseed lignan (543 mg.day-1 in a 4050 mg complex) or placebo while completing a 6 month walking program (30-60 min.day-1, 5-6 days.week-1). Fasting serum glucose, triacylglycerol (TAG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were measured every 2 months, while body composition, bone mineral density, and resting blood pressure were assessed at baseline and at 6 months. A composite Z score of 6 risk factors for metabolic syndrome (fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, TAG, abdominal adiposity, blood pressure, and inflammatory cytokines) was calculated at baseline and at 6 months. Men taking placebo increased metabolic syndrome composite Z score (p < 0.05), but there were no changes in the other groups. A significant group x sex x time interaction was noted for TAG (p = 0.017) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.046), with men taking flaxseed lignan decreasing diastolic blood pressure relative to men taking placebo, and men taking placebo increasing TAG relative to men taking flax lignan. There were no differences between groups for change in bone measures, body composition, lipoproteins, or cytokines. Males taking the flaxseed lignan complex reduced metabolic syndrome score relative to men taking placebo, but a similar trend was not seen in females. Flaxseed lignan had no effect on bone mineral density or content, body composition, lipoproteins, glucose, or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Cornish
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B2, Canada. smc
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Tucker G, Robards K. Bioactivity and structure of biophenols as mediators of chronic diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 48:929-66. [PMID: 18949595 DOI: 10.1080/10408390701761977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biophenols and their associated activity have generated intense interest. Current topics of debate are their bioavailability and bioactivity. It is generally assumed that their plasma concentrations are insufficient to produce the health benefits previously attributed to their consumption. However, data on localized in vivo concentrations are not available and many questions remain unanswered. Potential mechanisms by which they may exert significant bioactivity are discussed together with structure activity relationships. Biophenols are highly reactive species and they can react with a range of other compounds. Products of their reaction when functioning as antioxidants are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Tucker
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leics, UK
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Separation and determination of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside oligomers and their hydrolysates in the flaxseed extract by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1185:223-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hosseinian FS, Li W, Beta T. Measurement of anthocyanins and other phytochemicals in purple wheat. Food Chem 2008; 109:916-24. [PMID: 26050008 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The major anthocyanin composition of normal purple wheat and heat stressed purple wheat were measured using HPLC, LC-MS/MS and the pH differential method. The lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and melatonin content were also measured. Total anthocyanin profile of normal purple wheat (491.3mg/kg) was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of the heat stressed purple wheat (522.7mg/kg). Thirteen major anthocyanins were isolated and cyanidin 3-glucoside was the predominant anthocyanin in purple wheat. Using the pH differential method, the total anthocyanin content of normal (500.6mg/kg) and heat stressed (526.0mg/kg) purple wheat were similar to those observed using HPLC. The SDG content of normal and heat stressed purple wheat were 770 and 520μg/kg, while melatonin content was 4 and 2μg/kg, respectively. The presence of SDG and melatonin in addition to anthocyanins may contribute to the health benefits associated with consumption of coloured cereal grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah S Hosseinian
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Wende Li
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Trust Beta
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2; Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Smartpark, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2.
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Hu C, Yuan YV, Kitts DD. Antioxidant activities of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, its aglycone secoisolariciresinol and the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:2219-27. [PMID: 17624649 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and mammalian lignans enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) were previously shown to be effective antioxidants against DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Others reported inhibition of activated cell chemiluminescence by supra-physiological concentrations of secoisolariciresinol (SECO), ED and EL. Thus, we evaluated the antioxidant efficacy of potential physiological concentrations of SDG, SECO, ED and EL against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH()), and 2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-initiated peroxyl radical plasmid DNA damage and phosphatidylcholine liposome lipid peroxidation. SDG and SECO were effective (p<0.01) antioxidants against DPPH() at 25-200muM; whereas, ED and EL were inactive. Efficacy of lignans and controls against AAPH peroxyl radical-induced DNA damage was: SDG>SECO=17alpha-estradiol>ED=EL>genistein>daidzein. Lignan efficacy against AAPH-induced liposome lipid peroxidation was: SDG>SECO=ED=EL. Plant lignan antioxidant activity was attributed to the 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyl substituents of SDG and SECO, versus the meta mono-phenol structures of ED and EL. Benzylic hydrogen abstraction and potential resonance stabilization of phenoxyl radicals in an aqueous environment likely contributed to the antioxidant activity of the mammalian lignans. These represent likely extra- and intracellular antioxidant activities of flax-derived lignans at concentrations potentially achievable in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hu
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Hosseinian FS, Li W, Hydamaka AW, Tsopmo A, Lowry L, Friel J, Beta T. Proanthocyanidin profile and ORAC values of Manitoba berries, chokecherries, and seabuckthorn. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:6970-6. [PMID: 17661492 DOI: 10.1021/jf071163a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Six Manitoba fruits were analyzed for their phytochemical content and antioxidant activity in order to increase their production and marketability. The major proanthocyanidins (flavanols) present in whole fruit, juice, and pulp of strawberry, Saskatoon berry, raspberry, wild blueberry, chokecherry, and seabuckthorn were measured. The extraction and purification were facilitated using flash column chromatography, while separation and identification were accomplished by using HPLC and LC-MS techniques. The total proanthocyanidin contents varied from 275.55 to 504.77 mg/100 g in the whole fruit samples. Raspberry contained the highest content, and seabuckthorn showed the lowest content of total flavanols. The highest concentration of proanthocyanidin in juice was found in Saskatoon berry (1363.34 mg/100 mL) and the lowest value in strawberry (622.60 mg/100 mL). HPLC and LC-MS results indicated that epicatechin was the most abundant flavanol followed by B2 in the berry samples, while no catechin or B1 was detected in these fruits. A series of oligomers and polymers were detected in all samples. The recovery percentage was obtained from the ratio of the unspiked samples to the area of spiked samples. Monomers, dimers, oligomers, and polymers gave recovery ranges of 83-99%. The lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of whole fruit, juice, and pulp extracts were measured by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) procedure. In whole fruits, the ORAC values varied from 135 to 479 mg/100 g TE in the MeOH fraction. The corresponding ORAC values varied from 115.30 to 733.15 mg/100 g for the acetone fraction. In juice, all berries showed the same antioxidant capacity (P > 0.05) (133.0-312.0 mg/100 g) in the MeOH fraction, with the exception of raspberry (603.0 mg/100 g). Overall, MeOH fractions mainly contained monomers and dimers with smaller amounts of oligomers and polymers when compared to the acetone fractions. Acetone fractions mainly contained polymers and some oligomers. Although acetone fractions contained a higher quantity of total proanthocyanidins, their antioxidant capacities were lower than MeOH fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah S Hosseinian
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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