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Sabra DM, Krin A, Romeral AB, Frieß JL, Jeremias G. Anthrax revisited: how assessing the unpredictable can improve biosecurity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1215773. [PMID: 37795173 PMCID: PMC10546327 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1215773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B. anthracis is one of the most often weaponized pathogens. States had it in their bioweapons programs and criminals and terrorists have used or attempted to use it. This study is motivated by the narrative that emerging and developing technologies today contribute to the amplification of danger through greater easiness, accessibility and affordability of steps in the making of an anthrax weapon. As states would have way better preconditions if they would decide for an offensive bioweapons program, we focus on bioterrorism. This paper analyzes and assesses the possible bioterrorism threat arising from advances in synthetic biology, genome editing, information availability, and other emerging, and converging sciences and enabling technologies. Methodologically we apply foresight methods to encourage the analysis of contemporary technological advances. We have developed a conceptual six-step foresight science framework approach. It represents a synthesis of various foresight methodologies including literature review, elements of horizon scanning, trend impact analysis, red team exercise, and free flow open-ended discussions. Our results show a significant shift in the threat landscape. Increasing affordability, widespread distribution, efficiency, as well as ease of use of DNA synthesis, and rapid advances in genome-editing and synthetic genomic technologies lead to an ever-growing number and types of actors who could potentially weaponize B. anthracis. Understanding the current and future capabilities of these technologies and their potential for misuse critically shapes the current and future threat landscape and underlines the necessary adaptation of biosecurity measures in the spheres of multi-level political decision making and in the science community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Manal Sabra
- Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker-Centre for Science and Peace Research (ZNF), University of Hamburg, Bogenallee, Hamburg, Germany
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Tyśkiewicz R, Fedorowicz M, Nakonieczna A, Zielińska P, Kwiatek M, Mizak L. Electrochemical, optical and mass-based immunosensors: A comprehensive review of Bacillus anthracis detection methods. Anal Biochem 2023; 675:115215. [PMID: 37343693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
A biosensor is an analytical device whose main components include transducer and bioreceptor segments. The combination of biological recognition with the ligand is followed by transformation into physical or chemical signals. Many publications describe biological sensors as user-friendly, easy, portable, and less time-consuming than conventional methods. Among major categories of methods for the detection of Bacillus anthracis, such as culture-based microbiological method, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), microarray-based techniques sensors with bioreceptors have been highlighted which particular emphasis is placed on herein. There are several types of biosensors based on various chemical or physical transducers (e.g., electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, thermal or magnetic electrodes) and the type of biological materials used (e.g., enzymes, nucleic acids, antibodies, cells, phages or tissues). In recent decades, antibody-based sensors have increasingly gained popularity due to their reliability, sensitivity and rapidness. The fundamental principle of antibody-based sensors is mainly based on the molecular recognition between antigens and antibodies. Therefore, immunosensors that detect B. anthracis surface antigens can provide a rapid tool for detecting anthrax bacilli and spores, especially in situ. This review provides a comprehensive summary of immunosensor-based methods using electrochemical, optical, and mass-based transducers to detect B. anthracis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Tyśkiewicz
- Analytical Laboratory, Łukasiewicz Research Network - New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Aleja Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 13a, 24-110, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Fedorowicz
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska 4, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Nakonieczna
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska 4, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Paulina Zielińska
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska 4, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kwiatek
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska 4, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Lidia Mizak
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska 4, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
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Zasada AA. Detection and Identification of Bacillus anthracis: From Conventional to Molecular Microbiology Methods. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E125. [PMID: 31963339 PMCID: PMC7023132 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and reliable identification of Bacillus anthracis is of great importance, especially in the event of suspected deliberate release of anthrax spores. However, the identification of B. anthracis is challenging due to its high similarity to closely related species. Since Amerithrax in 2001, a lot of effort has been made to develop rapid methods for detection and identification of this microorganism with special focus on easy-to-perform rapid tests for first-line responders. This article presents an overview of the evolution of B. anthracis identification methods from the time of the first description of the microorganism until the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra A Zasada
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Xu Z, Song Y, Jiang H, Kong Y, Li X, Chen J, Wu Y. Regeneration of Arrayed Gold Microelectrodes Equipped for a Real-Time Cell Analyzer. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29578508 DOI: 10.3791/56250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The label-free cell-based assay is advantageous for biochemical study because of it does not require the use of experimental animals. Due to its ability to provide more dynamic information about cells under physiological conditions than classical biochemical assays, this label-free real-time cell assay based on the electric impedance principle is attracting more attention during the past decade. However, its practical utilization may be limited due to the relatively expensive cost of measurement, in which costly consumable disposable gold microchips are used for the cell analyzer. In this protocol, we have developed a general strategy to regenerate arrayed gold microelectrodes equipped for a commercial label-free cell analyzer. The regeneration process includes trypsin digestion, rinsing with ethanol and water, and a spinning step. The proposed method has been tested and shown to be effective for the regeneration and repeated usage of commercial electronic plates at least three times, which will help researchers save on the high running cost of real-time cell assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Xu
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Yiyan Song
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University
| | | | - Yan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University
| | - Xiaoming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University
| | - Jin Chen
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University;
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University;
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5
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Advances in Anthrax Detection: Overview of Bioprobes and Biosensors. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:957-77. [PMID: 25987133 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. Although anthrax commonly affects domestic and wild animals, it causes a rare but lethal infection in humans. A variety of techniques have been introduced and evaluated to detect anthrax using cultures, polymerase chain reaction, and immunoassays to address the potential threat of anthrax being used as a bioweapon. The high-potential harm of anthrax in bioterrorism requires sensitive and specific detection systems that are rapid, field-ready, and real-time monitoring. Here, we provide a systematic overview of anthrax detection probes with their potential applications in various ultra-sensitive diagnostic systems.
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Zhang K, Fu L, Zhang L, Cheng ZY, Huang TS. Magnetostrictive particle based biosensors for in situ and real-time detection of pathogens in water. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:2229-38. [PMID: 24890794 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors for in situ detection of pathogenic bacteria in liquid are developed using magnetostrictive particles (MSP) as the sensor platform. The sensing elements used are phage E2 against Salmonella typhimurium, monoclonal antibody against Listeria monocytogenes, polyclonal antibody against Escherichia coli, and polyclonal antibody against Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. These biosensors were characterized in cultures with different populations ranging from 5 × 10(1) to 5 × 10(8) cfu/mL. It is found that the MSP-based biosensors work well in water and have a rapid response with a response time in minutes, which makes the MSP-based sensors suitable for in situ and real-time detection of pathogenic bacteria in liquid. The experimental results show that all MSP-phage and MSP-antibody biosensors in size of 1.0 mm × 0.3 mm × 15 µm exhibit a detection limit better than 100 cfu/mL. Based on the Hill plot, it is concluded that each bacterial cell is bound onto the sensor surface through about four-to-five sites. When the cultures with low population (<10(6) cfu/mL) are tested, both MSP-phage and MSP-antibody sensors exhibit the similar response. However, the phage-MSP sensors exhibit a higher capability in the capture of target bacterial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Zhang
- Materials Research and Education Center, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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8
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Nayak M, Singh D, Singh H, Kant R, Gupta A, Pandey SS, Mandal S, Ramanathan G, Bhattacharya S. Integrated sorting, concentration and real time PCR based detection system for sensitive detection of microorganisms. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3266. [PMID: 24253282 PMCID: PMC3834602 DOI: 10.1038/srep03266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The extremely low limit of detection (LOD) posed by global food and water safety standards necessitates the need to perform a rapid process of integrated detection with high specificity, sensitivity and repeatability. The work reported in this article shows a microchip platform which carries out an ensemble of protocols which are otherwise carried in a molecular biology laboratory to achieve the global safety standards. The various steps in the microchip include pre-concentration of specific microorganisms from samples and a highly specific real time molecular identification utilizing a q-PCR process. The microchip process utilizes a high sensitivity antibody based recognition and an electric field mediated capture enabling an overall low LOD. The whole process of counting, sorting and molecular identification is performed in less than 4 hours for highly dilute samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisha Nayak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Deepak Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Himanshu Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
| | - Rishi Kant
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
| | | | - Swarnasri Mandal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
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Soylu MC, Shih WH, Shih WY. Insulation by Solution 3-Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) Coating: Effect of pH, Water, and MPS Content. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie302231g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet C. Soylu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health
Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United
States
| | - Wei-Heng Shih
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Wan Y. Shih
- School of Biomedical
Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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10
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Abstract
Piezoelectric microcantilever sensors (PEMS) can be sensitive tools for the detection of proteins and cells in biological fluids. However, currently available PEMS can only be used a single time or must be completely stripped and refunctionalized prior to subsequent uses. Here we report the successful use of an alternative regeneration protocol employing high salt concentrations to remove the target, leaving the functional probe immobilized on the microcantilever surface. Our model system employed the extracellular domain (ECD) of recombinant human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) as the probe and anti-human EGFR polyclonal antibodies as the target. We report that high concentrations of MgCl2 dissociated polyclonal antibodies specifically bound to EGFR ECD immobilized on the sensor surface without affecting its bioactivity. This simple regeneration protocol both minimized the time required to re-conjugate the probe and preserved the density of probe immobilized on PEMS surface, yielding identical biosensor sensitivity over a series of assays.
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11
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Capobianco JA, Shih WY, Adams GP, Shih WH. Label-free Growth Receptor-2 Detection and Dissociation Constant Assessment in Diluted Human Serum Using a Longitudinal Extension Mode of a Piezoelectric Microcantilever Sensor. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2011; 160:349-356. [PMID: 22888196 PMCID: PMC3413307 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2011.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated real-time, label-free, in-situ detection of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) in diluted serum using the first longitudinal extension mode of a lead zirconate-lead titanate (PZT)/glass piezoelectric microcantilever sensor (PEMS) with H3 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) immobilized on the 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) insulation layer of the PEMS surface. We showed that with the longitudinal extension mode, the PZT/glass PEMS consisting of a 1 mm long and 127 μm thick PZT layer bonded with a 75 μm thick glass layer with a 1.8 mm long glass tip could detect Her2 at a concentration of 6-60 ng/ml (or 0.06-0.6 nM) in diluted human serum, about 100 times lower than the concentration limit obtained using the lower-frequency flexural mode of a similar PZT/glass PEMS. We further showed that with the longitudinal mode, the PZT/glass PEMS determined the equilibrium H3-Her2 dissociation constant K(d) to be 3.3±0.3 × 10(-8) M consistent with the value, 3.2±0.28 ×10(-8) M deduced by the surface plasmon resonance method (BIAcore).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Capobianco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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12
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Su J, Zhang H, Jiang B, Zheng H, Chai Y, Yuan R, Xiang Y. Dual signal amplification for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of uropathogens via enzyme-based catalytic target recycling. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 29:184-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Loo L, Capobianco JA, Wu W, Gao X, Shih WY, Shih WH, Pourrezaei K, Robinson MK, Adams GP. Highly sensitive detection of HER2 extracellular domain in the serum of breast cancer patients by piezoelectric microcantilevers. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3392-7. [PMID: 21449604 PMCID: PMC3084889 DOI: 10.1021/ac103301r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive detection of serum tumor biomarkers are needed to monitor cancer patients for disease progression. Highly sensitive piezoelectric microcantilever sensors (PEMS) offer an attractive tool for biomarker detection; however, their utility in the complex environment encountered in serum has yet to be determined. As a proof of concept, we have functionalized PEMS with antibodies that specifically bind to HER2, a biomarker (antigen) that is commonly overexpressed in the blood of breast cancer patients. The function and sensitivity of these anti-HER2 PEMS biosensors was initially assessed using recombinant HER2 spiked into human serum. Their ability to detect native HER2 present in the serum of breast cancer patients was then determined. We have found that the anti-HER2 PEMS were able to accurately detect both recombinant and naturally occurring HER2 at clinically relevant levels (>2 ng/mL). This indicates that PEMS-based biosensors provide a potentially effective tool for biomarker detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiNa Loo
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Joseph A. Capobianco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xiaotong Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wan Y. Shih
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadephia, PA 19104
| | - Wei-Heng Shih
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kambiz Pourrezaei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadephia, PA 19104
| | - Matthew K. Robinson
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Gregory P. Adams
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111
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14
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Capobianco JA, Shih WH, Leu JH, Lo GCF, Shih WY. Label free detection of white spot syndrome virus using lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate piezoelectric microcantilever sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:964-9. [PMID: 20863681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated rapid, label free detection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) using the first longitudinal extension resonance peak of five lead-magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) piezoelectric microcantilever sensors (PEMS) 1050-700 μm long and 850-485 μm wide constructed from 8 μm thick PMN-PT freestanding films. The PMN-PT PEMS were encapsulated with a 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) insulation layer and further coated with anti-VP28 and anti-VP664 antibodies to target the WSSV virions and nucleocapsids, respectively. By inserting the antibody coated PEMS in a flowing virion or nucleocapsid suspension, label free detection of the virions and nucleocapsids were respectively achieved by monitoring the PEMS resonance frequency shift. We showed that positive label free detection of both the virion and the nucleocapsid could be achieved at a concentration of 100virions(nucleocapsids)/ml or 10 virions(nucleocapsids)/100 μl, comparable to the detection sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, in contrast to PCR, PEMS detection was label free, in situ and rapid (less than 30 min), potentially requiring minimal or no sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Capobianco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Kim J, Yoon MY. Recent advances in rapid and ultrasensitive biosensors for infectious agents: lesson from Bacillus anthracis diagnostic sensors. Analyst 2010; 135:1182-90. [PMID: 20498871 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00030b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we review the cumulative efforts to develop rapid and ultrasensitive diagnostic systems, especially for the infectious agent, Bacillus anthracis, as a model system. This Minireview focuses on demonstrating the features of various probes for target molecule detection and recent methods of signal generation within the biosensors. Also, we discuss the possibility of using peptides as next-generation probe molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joungmok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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16
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McGovern JP, Shih WH, Rest RF, Purohit M, Mattiucci M, Pourrezaei K, Onaral B, Shih WY. Array lead zirconate titanate/glass piezoelectric microcantilevers for real-time detection of Bacillus anthracis with 10 spores/ml sensitivity and 1/1000 selectivity in bacterial mixtures. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:125104. [PMID: 20059167 PMCID: PMC2802521 DOI: 10.1063/1.3264082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An array of three identical piezoelectric microcantilever sensors (PEMSs) consisting of a lead zirconate titanate layer bonded to a glass layer was fabricated and examined for simultaneous, in situ, real-time, all-electrical detection of Bacillus anthracis (BA) spores in an aqueous suspension using the first longitudinal extension mode of resonance. With anti-BA antibody immobilized on the sensor surfaces all three PEMS exhibited identical BA detection resonance frequency shifts at all tested concentrations, 10-10(7) spores/ml with a standard deviation of less than 10%. The detection concentration limit of 10 spores/ml was about two orders of magnitude lower than would be permitted by flexural peaks. In blinded-sample testing, the array PEMS detected BA in three samples containing BA: (1) 3.3x10(3) spores/ml, (2) a mixture of 3.3x10(3) spores/ml and 3.3x10(5) S. aureus (SA) and P. aeruginosa (PA) per ml, and (3) a mixture of 3.3x10(3) spores/ml with 3.3x10(6) SA+PA/ml. There was no response to a sample containing only 3.3x10(6) SA+PA/ml. These results illustrate the sensitivity, specificity, reusability, and reliability of array PEMS for in situ, real-time detection of BA spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul McGovern
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Heo J, Hua SZ. An overview of recent strategies in pathogen sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2009; 9:4483-502. [PMID: 22408537 PMCID: PMC3291922 DOI: 10.3390/s90604483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria are one of the major concerns in food industries and water treatment facilities because of their rapid growth and deleterious effects on human health. The development of fast and accurate detection and identification systems for bacterial strains has long been an important issue to researchers. Although confirmative for the identification of bacteria, conventional methods require time-consuming process involving either the test of characteristic metabolites or cellular reproductive cycles. In this paper, we review recent sensing strategies based on micro- and nano-fabrication technology. These technologies allow for a great improvement of detection limit, therefore, reduce the time required for sample preparation. The paper will be focused on newly developed nano- and micro-scaled biosensors, novel sensing modalities utilizing microfluidic lab-on-a-chip, and array technology for the detection of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Heo
- Bio-MEMS and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14241, USA
| | - Susan Z. Hua
- Bio-MEMS and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14241, USA
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18
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Zhu Q, Shih WY, Shih WH. Enhanced Detection Resonance Frequency Shift of a Piezoelectric Microcantilever Sensor by a DC Bias Electric Field in Humidity Detection. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2009; 138:1-4. [PMID: 20161253 PMCID: PMC2711390 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2009.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the relative longitudinal flexural resonance frequency shift of a PMN-PT/tin PEMS with a DC bias electric field, E, in humidity detection. We showed that the relative resonance frequency shift could be enhanced by applying an E to the PMN-PT layer during detection. A maximum enhancement of more than three times in resonance frequency shift was observed at E = -6 kV/cm as compared to the resonance frequency shift without a bias field. The maximal relative resonance frequency shift at E = -6 kV/cm was about 1000 times larger than could be accounted for by mass loading alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Hwang KS, Lee SM, Kim SK, Lee JH, Kim TS. Micro- and nanocantilever devices and systems for biomolecule detection. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2009; 2:77-98. [PMID: 20636054 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-060908-155232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent research trends in biosensing have been geared toward developing bioanalytical devices that are label free, small in size, and portable and that can operate in a rapid manner. The performance of these devices has been dramatically improved through the advent of new materials and micro-/nanofabrication technologies. This is especially true for micro-/nanosized cantilever sensors, which undergo a change in mechanical properties upon the specific binding of biomolecules. In this review, we introduce the basic principles of cantilever biosensors in static and dynamic modes. We also summarize a range of approaches to cantilever design, fabrication, and instrumentation according to their applications. More specifically, we describe cantilever-based detections of proteins, DNA molecules, bacteria, and viruses and discuss current challenges related to the targets' biophysical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo Seon Hwang
- Nano-Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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Capobianco JA, Shih WY, Yuan QA, Adams GP, Shih WH. Label-free, all-electrical, in situ human epidermal growth receptor 2 detection. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:076101. [PMID: 18681738 PMCID: PMC2678786 DOI: 10.1063/1.2949831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS)-coated (PbMg 1/3 Nb 2/3 O3)0.63-(PbTiO3)0.37 (PMN-PT)/tin and lead zirconate titanate/glass piezoelectric microcantilever sensors (PEMSs) with single-chain variable fragment (scFv) immobilized on the MPS surface, we have demonstrated real-time, label-free detection of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) in a background of 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin. Coupled with a scFv with a KD of 3.4 x 10(-8)M, the MPS-insulated PMN-PT/tin PEMS 560 microm long and 720 microm wide exhibited a Her2 concentration sensitivity of 5 ng/ml in a background of 1 mg/ml BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Capobianco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Finot E, Passian A, Thundat T. Measurement of Mechanical Properties of Cantilever Shaped Materials. SENSORS 2008; 8:3497-3541. [PMID: 27879891 PMCID: PMC3675557 DOI: 10.3390/s8053497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microcantilevers were first introduced as imaging probes in Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) due to their extremely high sensitivity in measuring surface forces. The versatility of these probes, however, allows the sensing and measurement of a host of mechanical properties of various materials. Sensor parameters such as resonance frequency, quality factor, amplitude of vibration and bending due to a differential stress can all be simultaneously determined for a cantilever. When measuring the mechanical properties of materials, identifying and discerning the most influential parameters responsible for the observed changes in the cantilever response are important. We will, therefore, discuss the effects of various force fields such as those induced by mass loading, residual stress, internal friction of the material, and other changes in the mechanical properties of the microcantilevers. Methods to measure variations in temperature, pressure, or molecular adsorption of water molecules are also discussed. Often these effects occur simultaneously, increasing the number of parameters that need to be concurrently measured to ensure the reliability of the sensors. We therefore systematically investigate the geometric and environmental effects on cantilever measurements including the chemical nature of the underlying interactions. To address the geometric effects we have considered cantilevers with a rectangular or circular cross section. The chemical nature is addressed by using cantilevers fabricated with metals and/or dielectrics. Selective chemical etching, swelling or changes in Young's modulus of the surface were investigated by means of polymeric and inorganic coatings. Finally to address the effect of the environment in which the cantilever operates, the Knudsen number was determined to characterize the molecule-cantilever collisions. Also bimaterial cantilevers with high thermal sensitivity were used to discern the effect of temperature variations. When appropriate, we use continuum mechanics, which is justified according to the ratio between the cantilever thickness and the grain size of the materials. We will also address other potential applications such as the ageing process of nuclear materials, building materials, and optical fibers, which can be investigated by monitoring their mechanical changes with time. In summary, by virtue of the dynamic response of a miniaturized cantilever shaped material, we present useful measurements of the associated elastic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Finot
- Institut Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 5209 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9 Av. A. Savary, BP 47 870, F-21078 Dijon Cedex, France.
| | - Ali Passian
- Nanoscale Science and Devices, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Thomas Thundat
- Nanoscale Science and Devices, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Zhu Q, Shih WY, Shih WH. Mechanism of flexural resonance frequency shift of a piezoelectric microcantilever sensor during humidity detection. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2008; 92:183505-1835053. [PMID: 19479043 PMCID: PMC2682738 DOI: 10.1063/1.2921050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the flexural resonance frequency shift of a piezoelectric microcantilever sensor (PEMS) during humidity detection and have shown that the flexural resonance frequency shift of the PEMS during detection was a result of Young's modulus change of its piezoelectric layer. Because of the piezoelectric layer's Young's modulus change, the PEMS flexural resonance frequency shift was more than 300 times larger than could be accounted for by mass loading.
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McGovern JP, Shih WY, Rest R, Purohit M, Pandya Y, Shih WH. Label-free flow-enhanced specific detection of Bacillus anthracis using a piezoelectric microcantilever sensor. Analyst 2008; 133:649-54. [PMID: 18427687 DOI: 10.1039/b715948j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation between species of similar biological structure is of critical importance in biosensing applications. Here, we report specific detection of Bacillus anthracis (BA) spores from that of close relatives, such as B. thuringiensis (BT), B. cereus (BC), and B. subtilis (BS) by varying the flow speed of the sampling liquid over the surface of a piezoelectric microcantilever sensor (PEMS). Spore binding to the anti-BA spore IgG coated PEMS surface is determined by monitoring the resonance frequency change in the sensor's impedance vs. frequency spectrum. Flow increases the resonance frequency shift at lower flow rates until the impingement force from the flow overcomes the binding strength of the antigen and decreases the resonance frequency shift at higher flow rates. We showed that the change from increasing to decreasing resonance frequency shift occurred at a lower fluid flow speed for BT, BC, and BS spores than for BA spores. This trend reduces the cross reactivity ratio of BC, BS, and BT to the anti-BA spore IgG immobilized PEMS from around 0.4 at low flow velocities to less than 0.05 at 3.8 mm s(-1). This cross reactivity ratio of 0.05 was essentially negligible considering the experimental uncertainty. The use of the same flow that is used for detection to further distinguish the specific binding (BA to anti-BA spore antibody) from nonspecific binding (BT, BC, and BS to anti-BA spore antibody) is unique and has great potential in the detection of general biological species.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul McGovern
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 10104, USA
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Rapid bioanalysis with chemical sensors: novel strategies for devices and artificial recognition membranes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1629-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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