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Strelnik ID, Dayanova IR, Faizullin BA, Mustafina AR, Gerasimova TP, Kolesnikov IE, Islamov DR, Litvinov IA, Voloshina AD, Sapunova AS, Gubaidullin AT, Musina EI, Karasik AA. Linkage of the Dinuclear Gold(I) Complex Luminescence and Origin of Endocyclic Amino Group of Cyclic P 2N 2-Bridging Ligands. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:19474-19487. [PMID: 37983813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Gold(I) complexes of LAu2Cl2 composition based on P2N2 ligands, namely 1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes, containing ethylpyridyl substituents at the phosphorus atoms and sp2- or sp3-hybridized endocyclic nitrogen atoms were synthesized. The SCXRD analysis indicated the strong impact of the geometry of the nitrogen atom on the structure and conformational flexibility of the complexes. The N-aryl substituted ligand with the planar endocyclic nitrogen atom provides higher flexibility of the complex and an ability to bind the solvent molecules in the "host-guest" mode, whereas that kind of behavior is forbidden for the complex with an N-alkyl substituted ligand with a pyramidal nitrogen atom. The substituents at nitrogen atoms also control the origin of the emission, which is phosphorescence for the N-aryl substituted complex and fluorescence for the N-alkylaryl substituted complex. The phosphorescent gold(I) complex displays high cytotoxicity without selectivity toward the m-HeLa and normal cells, but the core-shell nanoparticles formed on the base of the complex demonstrate reduced cytotoxicity. The luminescence of the NPs allows tracking the complexes in the cell samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor D Strelnik
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Irina R Dayanova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Bulat A Faizullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Asiya R Mustafina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Tatiana P Gerasimova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Ilya E Kolesnikov
- Center for Optical and Laser Materials Research, St. Petersburg University, 5 Ulianovskaya Street, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Daut R Islamov
- Laboratory for Structural Analysis of Biomacromolecules, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Igor A Litvinov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Alexandra D Voloshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Anastasiia S Sapunova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Aidar T Gubaidullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Elvira I Musina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Andrey A Karasik
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia
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Collins B, Weisbach N, Hampel F, Bhuvanesh N, Gladysz JA. Building Blocks for Molecular Polygons Based on Platinum Vertices and Polyynediyl Edges. Organometallics 2023; 42:2477-2491. [PMID: 38333045 PMCID: PMC10852985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of Cl2P(CH2)3PCl2 and p-MgBrC6H4X (X = a/OMe, b/OtBu, c/tBu, d/SiMe3) give the diphosphines (p-XC6H4)2P(CH2)3P(p-C6H4X)2 (1a-d; 47-66%). Additions of 1a,d to (COD)PtCl2 yield (CH2(CH2P(p-C6H4X)2)2)PtCl2 (2a,d; 62-88%), which upon reaction with butadiyne (2 equiv; HNEt2/cat. CuI) give (CH2(CH2P(p-C6H4X)2)2)Pt((C≡C)2H)2 (3a,d; 34-76%). Alternatively, 3a-d can be accessed from trans-(p-tol3P)2Pt((C≡C)2H)2 and 1a-d (30-87%). Reactions of (p-tol3P)2PtCl2 and H(C≡C)2SiR3 (2 equiv, HNEt2/cat. CuI; R = Me/Et/iPr) give trans-(p-tol3P)2Pt((C≡C)2SiR3)2 (77-95%), and subsequent additions of 1a,b,d yield the corresponding adducts (CH2(CH2P(p-C6H4X)2)2)Pt((C≡C)2SiR3)2 (R/X = Me/OMe, 5a; iPr/OMe, 6a; iPr/OtBu, 6b; iPr/SiMe3, 6d; 52-95%) and (for 5a) a luminescent diplatinum byproduct with trans Pt((C≡C)2SiMe3)2 units. 5a and 6b hydrolyze in the presence of F- to 3a,b (92-93%). Reaction of 2a and 3a (HNEt2/cat. CuI) affords the Pt4C16 polygon ([(CH2(CH2P(p-C6H4OMe)2)2)Pt(C≡C)2]4 as an H2NEt2+ Cl- adduct (66%). The 13C{1H} NMR spectra of 3a-d, 5a, and 6a,b,d feature complex AMXX' (CPtPP') spin systems, and simulations allow J values to be extracted. The crystal structures of 2a, 3a,b,d, 5a, and 6a are determined and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna
K. Collins
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Nancy Weisbach
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
- Institut
für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular
Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Institut
für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular
Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
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González-Ballesteros MM, Mejía C, Ruiz-Azuara L. Metallodrugs, an approach against invasion and metastasis in cancer treatment. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:880-899. [PMID: 35170871 PMCID: PMC9063434 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous and multifactorial disease that causes high mortality throughout the world; therefore, finding the most effective therapies is a major research challenge. Currently, most anticancer drugs present a limited number of well‐established targets, such as cell proliferation or death; however, it is important to consider that the worse progression of cancer toward pathological stages implies invasion and metastasis processes. Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry (MIC) is a young area that deals with the design, synthesis, characterization, preclinical evaluation, and mechanism of action of new inorganic compounds, called metallodrugs. The properties of metallic ions allow enriching of strategies for the design of new drugs, enabling the adjustment of physicochemical and stereochemical properties. Metallodrugs can adopt geometries, such as tetrahedral, octahedral, square planar, and square planar pyramid, which adjusts their arrangement and facilitates binding with a wide variety of targets. The redox properties of some metal ions can be modulated by the presence of the bound ligands to adjust their interaction, thereby opening a range of mechanisms of action. In this regard, the mechanisms of action that trigger the biological activity of metallodrugs have been generally identified by: (a) coordination of the metal to biomolecules (for instance, cisplatin binds to the N7 in DNA guanine, as Pt‐N via coordination of the inhibition of enzymes); (b) redox‐active; and (c) ROS production. For this reason, a series of metallodrugs can interact with several specific targets in the anti‐invasive processes of cancer and can prevent metastasis. The structural base of several metal compounds shows great anticancer potential by inhibiting the signaling pathways related to cancer progression. In this minireview, we present the advances in the field of antimetastatic effects of metallodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio M González-Ballesteros
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Carmen Mejía
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, C.P, 76230, México
| | - Lena Ruiz-Azuara
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, Mexico
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Galassi R, Luciani L, Wang J, Vincenzetti S, Cui L, Amici A, Pucciarelli S, Marchini C. Breast Cancer Treatment: The Case of Gold(I)-Based Compounds as a Promising Class of Bioactive Molecules. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010080. [PMID: 35053228 PMCID: PMC8774004 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancers (BCs) may present dramatic diagnoses, both for ineffective therapies and for the limited outcomes in terms of lifespan. For these types of tumors, the search for new drugs is a primary necessity. It is widely recognized that gold compounds are highly active and extremely potent as anticancer agents against many cancer cell lines. The presence of the metal plays an essential role in the activation of the cytotoxicity of these coordination compounds, whose activity, if restricted to the ligands alone, would be non-existent. On the other hand, gold exhibits a complex biochemistry, substantially variable depending on the chemical environments around the central metal. In this review, the scientific findings of the last 6–7 years on two classes of gold(I) compounds, containing phosphane or carbene ligands, are reviewed. In addition to this class of Au(I) compounds, the recent developments in the application of Auranofin in regards to BCs are reported. Auranofin is a triethylphosphine-thiosugar compound that, being a drug approved by the FDA—therefore extensively studied—is an interesting lead gold compound and a good comparison to understand the activities of structurally related Au(I) compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Galassi
- Chemistry Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
- Correspondence: (R.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Luciani
- Chemistry Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Junbiao Wang
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (J.W.); (S.V.); (L.C.); (A.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Silvia Vincenzetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (J.W.); (S.V.); (L.C.); (A.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Lishan Cui
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (J.W.); (S.V.); (L.C.); (A.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Augusto Amici
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (J.W.); (S.V.); (L.C.); (A.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Stefania Pucciarelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (J.W.); (S.V.); (L.C.); (A.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Cristina Marchini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (J.W.); (S.V.); (L.C.); (A.A.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (R.G.); (C.M.)
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van der Westhuizen D, Bezuidenhout DI, Munro OQ. Cancer molecular biology and strategies for the design of cytotoxic gold(I) and gold(III) complexes: a tutorial review. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17413-17437. [PMID: 34693422 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02783b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review highlights key principles underpinning the design of selected metallodrugs to target specific biological macromolecules (DNA and proteins). The review commences with a descriptive overview of the eukaryotic cell cycle and the molecular biology of cancer, particularly apoptosis, which is provided as a necessary foundation for the discovery, design, and targeting of metal-based anticancer agents. Drugs which target DNA have been highlighted and clinically approved metallodrugs discussed. A brief history of the development of mainly gold-based metallodrugs is presented prior to addressing ligand systems for stabilizing and adding functionality to bio-active gold(I) and gold(III) complexes, particularly in the burgeoning field of anticancer metallodrugs. Concepts such as multi-modal and selective cytotoxic agents are covered where necessary for selected compounds. The emerging role of carbenes as the ligand system of choice to achieve these goals for gold-based metallodrug candidates is highlighted prior to closing the review with comments on some future directions that this research field might follow. The latter section ultimately emphasizes the importance of understanding the fate of metal complexes in cells to garner key mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle van der Westhuizen
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| | - Daniela I Bezuidenhout
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Orde Q Munro
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
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Abdalbari FH, Telleria CM. The gold complex auranofin: new perspectives for cancer therapy. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:42. [PMID: 35201489 PMCID: PMC8777575 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced stages of cancer are highly associated with short overall survival in patients due to the lack of long-term treatment options following the standard form of care. New options for cancer therapy are needed to improve the survival of cancer patients without disease recurrence. Auranofin is a clinically approved agent against rheumatoid arthritis that is currently enrolled in clinical trials for potential repurposing against cancer. Auranofin mainly targets the anti-oxidative system catalyzed by thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), which protects the cell from oxidative stress and death in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria. TrxR is over-expressed in many cancers as an adaptive mechanism for cancer cell proliferation, rendering it an attractive target for cancer therapy, and auranofin as a potential therapeutic agent for cancer. Inhibiting TrxR dysregulates the intracellular redox state causing increased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, and stimulates cellular demise. An alternate mechanism of action of auranofin is to mimic proteasomal inhibition by blocking the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which is critically important in cancer cells to prevent cell death when compared to non-cancer cells, because of its role on cell cycle regulation, protein degradation, gene expression, and DNA repair. This article provides new perspectives on the potential mechanisms used by auranofin alone, in combination with diverse other compounds, or in combination with platinating agents and/or immune checkpoint inhibitors to combat cancer cells, while assessing the feasibility for its repurposing in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah H Abdalbari
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carlos M Telleria
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Gründlinger P, Mardare CC, Wagner T, Monkowius U. A trigonal coordination of Au(I) phosphane complexes stabilized by O-H ⋯ X (X = Cl -, Br -, I -) interactions. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021; 152:1201-1207. [PMID: 34720196 PMCID: PMC8550744 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we show that intramolecular hydrogen bonding can be used to stabilize tri-coordinated phosphane-gold(I) complexes. Two molecular structures of 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid (L) coordinated to a gold(I) atom were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The linear L-Au-Br shows a standard linear coordination and dimerizes via hydrogen bonds of the carboxylic acid. Upon addition of two additional phosphane ligands the complex [L3Au]X is formed which is stabilized by three intramolecular -C(O)O-H … X hydrogen bonds as proven by the X-ray structure of the respective chlorido-complex. X-ray powder diffractograms suggest the same structure also for X- = Br- and I-. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00706-021-02843-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Gründlinger
- Institute of Experimental Physics–Surface Science Division, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Cezarina Cela Mardare
- Institute of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Faculty of Medicine/Dental Medicine, Department of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Danube Private University, Steiner Landstraße 124, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Thorsten Wagner
- Institute of Experimental Physics–Surface Science Division, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Uwe Monkowius
- School of Education, Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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Faizullin BA, Strelnik ID, Dayanova IR, Gerasimova TP, Kholin KV, Nizameev IR, Voloshina AD, Gubaidullin AT, Fedosimova SV, Mikhailov MA, Sokolov MN, Sibgatullina GV, Samigullin DV, Petrov KA, Karasik AA, Mustafina AR. Structure impact on photodynamic therapy and cellular contrasting functions of colloids constructed from dimeric Au(I) complex and hexamolybdenum clusters. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112355. [PMID: 34474903 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatically driven self-assembly of [Au2L2]2+ (L is cyclic PNNP ligand) with [{Mo6I8}(L')6]2- (L' = I-, CH3COO-) in aqueous solutions is introduced as facile route for combination of therapeutic and cellular contrasting functions within heterometallic colloids (Mo6-Au2). The nature of L' affects the size and aggregation behavior of crystalline Mo6-Au2 aggregates, which in turn affect the luminescence of the cluster units incorporated into Mo6-Au2 colloids. The spin trap facilitated electron spin resonance spectroscopy technique indicates that the level of ROS generated by Mo6-Au2 colloids is also affected by their size. Both (L' = I-, CH3COO-) Mo6-Au2 colloids undergo cell internalization, which is enhanced by their assembly with poly-DL-lysine (PL) for L' = CH3COO-, but remains unchanged for L' = I-. The colloids PL-Mo6-Au2 (L' = CH3COO-) are visualized as huge crystalline aggregates both outside and inside the cell cytoplasm by confocal microscopy imaging of the incubated cells, while the smaller sized (30-50 nm) PL-Mo6-Au2 (L' = I-) efficiently stain the cell nuclei. Quantitative colocalization analysis of PL-Mo6-Au2 (L' = CH3COO-) in lysosomal compartments points to the fast endo-lysosomal escape of the colloids followed by their intracellular aggregation. The cytotoxicity of PL-Mo6-Au2 differs from that of Mo6 and Au2 blocks, predominantly acting through apoptotic pathway. The photodynamic therapeutic effect of the PL-Mo6-Au2 colloids on the cancer cells correlates with their intracellular trafficking and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulat A Faizullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation; Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya str., 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation.
| | - Igor D Strelnik
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Irina R Dayanova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana P Gerasimova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill V Kholin
- Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev - KAI, 10 K. Marx str., 420111 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Irek R Nizameev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra D Voloshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Aidar T Gubaidullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana V Fedosimova
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya str., 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim A Mikhailov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim N Sokolov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Guzel V Sibgatullina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevski str., 420111 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry V Samigullin
- Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev - KAI, 10 K. Marx str., 420111 Kazan, Russian Federation; Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevski str., 420111 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A Petrov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Karasik
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Asiya R Mustafina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
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Nayeem N, Contel M. Exploring the Potential of Metallodrugs as Chemotherapeutics for Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Chemistry 2021; 27:8891-8917. [PMID: 33857345 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on studies of coordination and organometallic compounds as potential chemotherapeutics against triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) which has one of the poorest prognoses and worst survival rates from all breast cancer types. At present, chemotherapy is still the standard of care for TNBC since only one type of targeted therapy has been recently developed. References for metal-based compounds studied in TNBC cell lines will be listed, and those of metal-specific reviews, but a detailed overview will also be provided on compounds studied in vivo (mostly in mice models) and those compounds for which some preliminary mechanistic data was obtained (in TNBC cell lines and tumors) and/or for which bioactive ligands have been used. The main goal of this review is to highlight the most promising metal-based compounds with potential as chemotherapeutic agents in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Nayeem
- Brooklyn College Cancer Center BCCC-CURE, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.,Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 11006, USA
| | - Maria Contel
- Brooklyn College Cancer Center BCCC-CURE, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.,Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 11006, USA.,Chemistry and Biochemistry PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 11006, USA.,University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
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Tian S, Siu FM, Lok CN, Fung YME, Che CM. Anticancer auranofin engages 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) as a target. Metallomics 2019; 11:1925-1936. [PMID: 31631207 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00185a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Auranofin (AuRF) has been reported to display anticancer activity and has entered several clinical trials; however, its mechanism of action remains largely unknown. In this work, the anticancer mechanism of auranofin was investigated using a proteomics strategy entailing subcellular fractionation prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Bioinformatics analysis of the nuclear sub-proteomes revealed that tumor suppressor p14ARF is a key regulator of transcription. Through independent analysis, we validated that up-regulation of p14ARF is associated with E2F-dependent transcription and increased p53 expression. Our analyses further reveal that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), which is the rate-determining enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, is a novel target of auranofin with half maximal inhibitory concentration at micromolar levels. The auranofin-induced cancer cell death could be partially reverted by the addition of downstream products of the mevalonate pathway (mevalonolactone or geranyleranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP)), implying that auranofin may target the mevalonate pathway to exert its anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhai Tian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Chemical Biology Centre, The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Fung-Ming Siu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Chun-Nam Lok
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Chemical Biology Centre, The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yi Man Eva Fung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Chemical Biology Centre, The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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11
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12
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Alhoshani A, Alrashdi A, Alhosaini K, Alanazi FE, Alajez NM, Altaf M, Isab AA, Korashy HM. Gold-containing compound BDG-I inhibits the growth of A549 lung cancer cells through the deregulation of miRNA expression. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:1035-1043. [PMID: 30416360 PMCID: PMC6218386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold complex bis(diethyldithiocarbamato-gold(I)) bis(diphenylphosphino) methane (BDG-I) is cytotoxic toward different cancer cell lines. We compared the cytotoxic effect of BDG-I with that of cisplatin in the A549 lung cancer cell line. Additionally, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the toxic effect of BDG-I toward the A549 cell line and the identification of cancer-related miRNAs likely to be involved in killing the lung cancer cells. Further, X-ray crystallographic data of the compound were acquired. Using microarray, global miRNA expression profiling in BDG-I-treated A549 cells revealed 64 upregulated and 86 downregulated miRNAs, which targeted 4689 and 2498 genes, respectively. Biological network connectivity of the miRNAs was significantly higher for the upregulated miRNAs than for the downregulated miRNAs. Two of the 10 most upregulated miRNAs (hsa-mir-20a-5p and hsa-mir-15b-5p) were associated with lung cancer. AmiGo2 server and Panther pathway analyses indicated significant enrichment in transcription regulation of miRNA target genes that promote intrinsic kinase-mediated signaling, TGF-β, and GnRH signaling pathways, as well as oxidative stress responses. BDG-I crystal structure X-ray diffraction studies revealed gold–gold intramolecular interaction [Au…Au = 3.1198 (3) Å] for a single independent molecule, reported to be responsible for its activity against cancer. Our present study sheds light on the development of novel gold complex with favorable anti-cancer therapeutic functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alhoshani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Alrashdi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alhosaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawaz E Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehad M Alajez
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Altaf
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anvarhusein A Isab
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham M Korashy
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Section, College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Yeo CI, Ooi KK, Tiekink ERT. Gold-Based Medicine: A Paradigm Shift in Anti-Cancer Therapy? Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061410. [PMID: 29891764 PMCID: PMC6100309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new era of metal-based drugs started in the 1960s, heralded by the discovery of potent platinum-based complexes, commencing with cisplatin [(H₃N)₂PtCl₂], which are effective anti-cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. While clinical applications of gold-based drugs largely relate to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, attention has turned to the investigation of the efficacy of gold(I) and gold(III) compounds for anti-cancer applications. This review article provides an account of the latest research conducted during the last decade or so on the development of gold compounds and their potential activities against several cancers as well as a summary of possible mechanisms of action/biological targets. The promising activities and increasing knowledge of gold-based drug metabolism ensures that continued efforts will be made to develop gold-based anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Ing Yeo
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University. No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Kah Kooi Ooi
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University. No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Edward R T Tiekink
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University. No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia.
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Evaluation of the Profile and Mechanism of Neurotoxicity of Water-Soluble [Cu(P)4]PF6 and [Au(P)4]PF6 (P = thp or PTA) Anticancer Complexes. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:93-108. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Batchelor LK, Păunescu E, Soudani M, Scopelliti R, Dyson PJ. Influence of the Linker Length on the Cytotoxicity of Homobinuclear Ruthenium(II) and Gold(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:9617-9633. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda K. Batchelor
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emilia Păunescu
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mylène Soudani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Bestgen S, Seidl C, Wiesner T, Zimmer A, Falk M, Köberle B, Austeri M, Paradies J, Bräse S, Schepers U, Roesky PW. Double-Strand DNA Breaks Induced by Paracyclophane Gold(I) Complexes. Chemistry 2017; 23:6315-6322. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bestgen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Carmen Seidl
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Thomas Wiesner
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Martina Falk
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Beate Köberle
- Institute of Applied Biosciences; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Adenauerring 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Martina Austeri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jan Paradies
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Paderborn University; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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17
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Vaughan TF, Spencer JL. Transition metal complexes of the pyridylphosphine ligand o-C 6H 4(CH 2PPy 2) 2. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:16826-16837. [PMID: 27711717 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02041k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and coordination behaviour of the pyridylphosphine ligand o-C6H4(CH2PPy2)2 (Py = 2-pyridyl) are reported. The phosphine selenide was synthesised and the 1JPSe value of 738 Hz indicates the phosphorus atoms have a similar basicity to PPh3. The ligand reacts with platinum(ii) and palladium(ii) complexes to give simple diphosphine complexes of the type [MX2(PP)] (M = Pt, X = Cl, I, Me, Et; M = Pd, X = Cl, Me). When the ligand is reacted with chloromethyl(hexa-1,5-diene)platinum the [PtClMe(PP)] complex results, from which a series of unsymmetrical platinum complexes of the type [PtMeL(PP)]+ (L = PPh3, PTA, SEt2 and pyridine) can be made. This enabled the comparison of the cis and trans influences of a range of ligands. The following cis influence series was compiled based on 31P NMR data of these complexes: Py ≈ Cl > SEt2 > PTA > PPh3. Reaction of [PtClMe(PP)] with NaCH(SO2CF3)2 and carbon monoxide slowly formed an acyl complex, where the CO had inserted in the Pt-Me bond. Attempts to achieve P,P,N chelation, through abstracting the chloride ligand in [PtClMe(PP)], were unsuccessful. When the ligand reacted with platinum(0), palladium(0) and silver(i) complexes the bis-chelated complexes [M(PP)2] (M = Pt, Pd) and [Ag(PP)2]+ were formed respectively. Reaction of the ligand with [Ir(COD)(μ-Cl)]2 formed [IrCl(PP)(COD)]. When the chloride ligand was abstracted, the pyridyl nitrogens were able to interact with the iridium centre facilitating the isomerisation of the 1,2,5,6-η4-COD ligand to a 1-κ-4,5,6-η3-C8H12 ligand. The X-ray crystal structure of [Ir(1-κ-4,5,6-η3-C8H12)(PPN)]BPh4 confirmed the P,P,N chelation mode of the ligand. In solution, this complex displayed hemilabile behaviour, with the pyridyl nitrogens exchanging at a rate faster than the NMR time scale at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa F Vaughan
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
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18
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Jia YX, Jonathan Chew R, Li BB, Zhu P, Li Y, Pullarkat SA, Soon Tan N, Leung PH. Palladacycle promoted base controlled regio- and enantioselective hydrophosphination of 2-pyridylacrylate/amide and the cytotoxicity of their gold complexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:17557-64. [PMID: 26391200 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02694f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective asymmetric hydrophosphination of pyridine-functionalized alkenes can be achieved in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of the chiral palladium complex (R)-1. The presence or absence of base affords the respective β- and α-adducts with excellent regiocontrol. Chiral gold-phosphine complexes incorporating the adducts exhibited good in vitro anticancer activity against the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Selectivity between the cancer cell line and normal cells was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xiang Jia
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616
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Pearson S, Lu H, Stenzel MH. Glycopolymer Self-Assemblies with Gold(I) Complexed to the Core as a Delivery System for Auranofin. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502263x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Pearson
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular
Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hongxu Lu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular
Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular
Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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20
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Bhat SA, Mague JT, Balakrishna MS. Gold(i) complexes of bisphosphines with bis(azol-1-yl)methane backbone: structure of a rare dinuclear gold(i) complex [(Au2Cl){CH2(1,2-C3H2N2PPh2)2}3Cl]. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:17696-703. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03161c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of gold(i) complexes of bisphosphines based on bis(azol-1-yl)methane viz. bis(imidazol-1-yl)methane, bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methane and bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad A. Bhat
- Phosphorus Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
| | - Joel T. Mague
- Department of Chemistry
- Tulane University
- New Orleans
- USA
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21
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Zou T, Lum CT, Lok CN, Zhang JJ, Che CM. Chemical biology of anticancer gold(iii) and gold(i) complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:8786-801. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00132c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer gold complexes, including their mechanisms of action and the approaches adopted to improve the anticancer efficiency are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials
- Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
| | - Ching Tung Lum
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials
- Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Nam Lok
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials
- Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials
- Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials
- Chemical Biology Centre and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
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22
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Spreckelmeyer S, Orvig C, Casini A. Cellular transport mechanisms of cytotoxic metallodrugs: an overview beyond cisplatin. Molecules 2014; 19:15584-610. [PMID: 25268716 PMCID: PMC6271550 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191015584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of medicinal inorganic chemistry has grown consistently during the past 50 years; however, metal-containing coordination compounds represent only a minor proportion of drugs currently on the market, indicating that research in this area has not yet been thoroughly realized. Although platinum-based drugs as cancer chemotherapeutic agents have been widely studied, exact knowledge of the mechanisms governing their accumulation in cells is still lacking. However, evidence suggests active uptake and efflux mechanisms are involved; this may be involved also in other experimental metal coordination and organometallic compounds with promising antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo, such as ruthenium and gold compounds. Such knowledge would be necessary to elucidate the balance between activity and toxicity profiles of metal compounds. In this review, we present an overview of the information available on the cellular accumulation of Pt compounds from in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies, as well as a summary of reports on the possible accumulation mechanisms for different families of experimental anticancer metal complexes (e.g., Ru Au and Ir). Finally, we discuss the need for rationalization of the investigational approaches available to study metallodrug cellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Spreckelmeyer
- Dept. Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Angela Casini
- Dept. Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
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23
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Gold(I) complexes with alkylated PTA (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) phosphanes as anticancer metallodrugs. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 79:164-72. [PMID: 24732792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
New stable thiolate gold(I) derivatives containing the alkylated phosphanes [PTA-CH2Ph]Br and [PTA-CH2COOMe]Br derived from 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) have been prepared by different routes of synthesis. By the use of basic media to deprotonate the corresponding thiol in the former and by transmetallation reactions from tin (IV) complexes, in the later, thus avoiding side reactions on the phosphane. Strong antiproliferative effects are observed for most of the compounds, including the chloro- and bromo precursors with the series of phosphanes derived from PTA, in human colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2, PD7 and TC7 clones). Apoptosis-induced cell death is found for all compounds, being the thiolate derivatives with [PTA-CH2Ph]Br the most effective, as shown by an annexin-V/propidium iodide double-staining assay.
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García-Moreno E, Cerrada E, Bolsa MJ, Luquin A, Laguna M. Water-Soluble Phosphanes Derived from 1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane and Their Reactivity towards Gold(I) Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201201411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Liu W, Gust R. Metal N-heterocyclic carbene complexes as potential antitumor metallodrugs. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:755-73. [PMID: 23147001 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35314h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wukun Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Pellei M, Gandin V, Marinelli M, Marzano C, Yousufuddin M, Dias HVR, Santini C. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Ester- and Amide-Functionalized Imidazolium Salts and Related Water-Soluble Coinage Metal N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:9873-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ic3013188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maura Pellei
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino,
Macerata, Italy
| | - Valentina Gandin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5,
35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marika Marinelli
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino,
Macerata, Italy
| | - Cristina Marzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5,
35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - H. V. Rasika Dias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Box 19065, Arlington,
Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Carlo Santini
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino,
Macerata, Italy
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27
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Trofimov BA, Gusarova NK, Artem’ev AV, Malysheva SF, Belogorlova NA, Korocheva AO, Kazheva ON, Alexandrov GG, Dyachenko OA. Tris(2-pyridyl)phosphine: a straightforward microwave-assisted synthesis from 2-bromopyridine and red phosphorus and coordination with cobalt(ii) dichloride. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Expedient one-pot organometallics-free synthesis of tris(2-pyridyl)phosphine from 2-bromopyridine and elemental phosphorus. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Galassi R, Burini A, Ricci S, Pellei M, Rigobello MP, Citta A, Dolmella A, Gandin V, Marzano C. Synthesis and characterization of azolate gold(I) phosphane complexes as thioredoxin reductase inhibiting antitumor agents. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:5307-18. [PMID: 22391922 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt11781a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Following an increasing interest in the gold drug therapy field, nine new neutral azolate gold(I) phosphane compounds have been synthesized and tested as anticancer agents. The azolate ligands used in this study are pyrazolates and imidazolates substituted with deactivating groups such as trifluoromethyl, nitro or chloride moieties, whereas the phosphane co-ligand is the triphenylphosphane or the more hydrophilic TPA (TPA = 1,3,5-triazaphosphaadamantane). The studied gold(I) complexes are: (3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazolate-1-yl)-triphenylphosphane-gold(I) (1), (3,5-dinitro-1H-pyrazolate-1-yl)-triphenylphosphane-gold(I) (2), (4-nitro-1H-pyrazolate-1-yl)-triphenylphosphane-gold(I) (5), (4,5-dichloro-1H-imidazolate-1-yl)-triphenylphosphane-gold(I) (7), with the related TPA complexes (3), (4), (6) and (8) and (1-benzyl-4,5-di-chloro-2H-imidazolate-2-yl)-triphenylphosphane-gold(I) (9). The presence of deactivating groups on the azole rings improves the solubility of these complexes in polar media. Compounds 1-8 contain the N-Au-P environment, whilst compound 9 is the only one to contain a C-Au-P environment. Crystal structures for compounds 1 and 2 have been obtained and discussed. Interestingly, the newly synthesized gold(I) compounds were found to possess a pronounced cytotoxic activity on several human cancer cells, some of which were endowed with cis-platin or multidrug resistance. In particular, among azolate gold(I) complexes, 1 and 2 proved to be the most promising derivatives eliciting an antiproliferative effect up to 70 times higher than cis-platin. Mechanistic experiments indicated that the inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) might be involved in the pharmacodynamic behavior of these gold species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Galassi
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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Chen ZF, Liu YC, Peng Y, Hong X, Wang HH, Zhang MM, Liang H. Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antitumor properties of gold(III) compounds with the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) active ingredient liriodenine. J Biol Inorg Chem 2011; 17:247-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-011-0846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wetzel C, Kunz PC, Kassack MU, Hamacher A, Böhler P, Watjen W, Ott I, Rubbiani R, Spingler B. Gold(I) complexes of water-soluble diphos-type ligands: synthesis, anticancer activity, apoptosis and thioredoxin reductase inhibition. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:9212-20. [PMID: 21826354 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10368g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gold(I) complexes of imidazole and thiazole-based diphos type ligands were prepared and their potential as chemotherapeutics investigated. Depending on the ligands employed and the reaction conditions complexes [L(AuCl)(2)] and [L(2)Au]X (X = Cl, PF(6)) are obtained. The ligands used are diphosphanes with azoyl substituents R(2)P(CH(2))(2)PR(2) {R = 1-methylimidazol-2-yl (1), 1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl (4), thiazol-2-yl (5) and benzthiazol-2-yl (6)} as well as the novel ligands RPhP(CH(2))(2)PRPh {R = 1-methylimidazol-2-yl (3)} and R(2)P(CH(2))(3)PR(2) {R = 1-methylimidazol-2-yl (2)}. The cytotoxic activity of the complexes was assessed against three human cancer cell lines and a rat hepatoma cell line and correlated to the lipophilicity of the compounds. The tetrahedral gold complexes [(3)(2)Au]PF(6) and [(5)(2)Au]PF(6) with intermediate lipophilicity (logD(7.4) = 0.21 and 0.25) showed significant cytotoxic activity in different cell lines. Both compounds induce apoptosis and inhibit the enzymes thioredoxin reductase and glutathione reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Wetzel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Lehrstuhl I: Bioanorganische Chemie und Katalyse, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Tavtorkin AN, Toloraya SA, Nifant’ev EE, Nifant’ev IE. A new method for the synthesis of dichlorophosphines. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Santini C, Pellei M, Papini G, Morresi B, Galassi R, Ricci S, Tisato F, Porchia M, Rigobello MP, Gandin V, Marzano C. In vitro antitumour activity of water soluble Cu(I), Ag(I) and Au(I) complexes supported by hydrophilic alkyl phosphine ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:232-40. [PMID: 21194623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Santini
- School of Science and Technology-Chemistry Division, Università di Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy.
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Berners-Price SJ, Filipovska A. Gold compounds as therapeutic agents for human diseases. Metallomics 2011; 3:863-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00062d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Copper, gold and silver compounds as potential new anti-tumor metallodrugs. Future Med Chem 2010; 2:1591-608. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although platinum-based drugs such as cisplatin are powerful anticancer agents, they have undesirable side effects and are effective against only a few kinds of cancers. There is, therefore, a need for new drugs with an improved spectrum of efficacy and lower toxicity. Complexes of copper, gold and silver (coinage metals) are potential candidates to fullfill this need. The development of anticancer drugs based on these metals is currently a very active field. Considerable effort has also been put into elucidating the mechanisms of action of these complexes and optimizing their bioactivity through structural modification. In this review, we highlight recent developments in the design of coinage metal complexes with anti-tumor activity and discuss the emerging importance of quantitative structure–activity relationship methods in the study of anticancer metal complexes. Future work in this field, including likely coinage metal complexes that will attract attention, are proposed.
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Elie BT, Levine C, Ubarretxena-Belandia I, Varela-Ramírez A, Aguilera RJ, Ovalle R, Contel M. Water Soluble Phosphane-Gold(I) Complexes. Applications as Recyclable Catalysts in a Three-component Coupling Reaction and as Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2009; 2009:3421-3430. [PMID: 23524957 PMCID: PMC3604794 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200900279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble compounds of the type [AuCl(PR3)] with alkyl-bis-(m-sulfonated-phenyl)-(mC6H4SO3Na)2 and dialkyl-(m-sulfonated-phenyl)-(mC6H4SO3Na) (R = nBu, Cp) phosphanes have been prepared. Dialkyl-phosphane compounds generate water-soluble nanoparticles of 10-15 nm radius when dissolved in water. These air-stable complexes have been evaluated as catalysts in the synthesis of propargylamines via a three-component coupling reaction of aldehydes, amines and alkynes in water. The antimicrobial activity of the new complexes against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeast has been evaluated. The new compounds display moderate to high antibacterial activity. The more lipophilic compounds are also potent against fungi. Their cytotoxic properties have been analyzed in vitro utilizing human Jurkat T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Compounds with dialkyl-(m-sulfonated-phenyl)-(mC6H4SO3Na) phosphanes displayed moderate to high cytotoxicity on this cell line. Death cell mechanism occurs mainly by early apoptosis. The catalytic/biological activity of the previously described compound with commercial m-trisulfonated-triphenylphosphine [AuCl(TPPTS)] (6) has been also evaluated to compare the effects of the higher basicity and lipophilicity of the alkyl- and di-alkyl-(m-sulfonated-phenyl) phosphanes on these new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benelita T. Elie
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, US. Fax: #1- 7189514607 Web: http://userhome.brooklyn.cuny.edu./mariacontel/
| | - Chaya Levine
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, US. Fax: #1- 7189514607 Web: http://userhome.brooklyn.cuny.edu./mariacontel/
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College
| | - Iban Ubarretxena-Belandia
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine. 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1677, New York, NY 10029, US
| | - Armando Varela-Ramírez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, US
| | - Renato J. Aguilera
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, US
| | | | - María Contel
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, US. Fax: #1- 7189514607 Web: http://userhome.brooklyn.cuny.edu./mariacontel/
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Krogstad DA, Gohmann KE, Sunderland TL, Geis AL, Bergamini P, Marvelli L, Young VG. Preparation, spectroscopy, X-ray analysis, and water-solubility studies of the first bis-PTA (PTA=1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) derivatives. Inorganica Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2009.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Bindoli A, Rigobello MP, Scutari G, Gabbiani C, Casini A, Messori L. Thioredoxin reductase: A target for gold compounds acting as potential anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Su W, Weng Y, Zheng C, Zhang Y, Shi F, Hong B, Chen Z, Li J, Li Z. Recent Developments in the Use ofbis-(Trichloromethyl) Carbonate in Synthesis. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940902885839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bowen RJ, Navarro M, Shearwood AMJ, Healy PC, Skelton BW, Filipovska A, Berners-Price SJ. 1 : 2 Adducts of copper(i) halides with 1,2-bis(di-2-pyridylphosphino)ethane: solid state and solution structural studies and antitumour activity. Dalton Trans 2009:10861-70. [DOI: 10.1039/b912281h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Milacic V, Dou QP. The tumor proteasome as a novel target for gold(III) complexes: implications for breast cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2009; 253:1649-1660. [PMID: 20047011 PMCID: PMC2675785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although cisplatin plays a vital role in the treatment of several types of human cancer, its wide use is limited by the development of drug resistance and associated toxic side effects. Gold and gold complexes have been used to treat a wide range of ailments for many centuries. In recent years, the use of gold(III) complexes as an alternative to cisplatin treatment was proposed due to the similarities of gold and platinum. Gold(III) is isoelectronic with platinum(II) and gold(III) complexes have the same square-planar geometries as platinum(II) complexes, such as cisplatin. Although it was originally thought that gold(III) complexes might have the same molecular target as cisplatin, several lines of data indicated that proteins, rather than DNA, are targeted by gold complexes. We have recently evaluated cytotoxic and anti-cancer effects of several gold(III) dithiocarbamates against human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. We have identified the tumor proteasome as an important target for gold(III) complexes and have shown that proteasome inhibition by gold(III) complexes is associated with apoptosis induction in breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, treatment of human breast tumor-bearing nude mice with a gold(III) dithiocarbamate complex was associated with tumor growth inhibition, supporting the significance of its potential development for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Milacic
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Q. Ping Dou
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Berners-Price SJ, Filipovska A. The Design of Gold-Based, Mitochondria-Targeted Chemotherapeutics. Aust J Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/ch08175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in understanding the central place of mitochondria as regulators of programmed cell death have stimulated enormous interest in using them as targets for cancer chemotherapy. To overcome drug resistance and the lack of selectivity of cancer drugs in differentiating between normal and tumour cells, many strategies have been described in recent literature, including the use of delocalized lipophilic cations that selectively accumulate in tumour-cell mitochondria. Thioredoxin reductase, an enzyme involved in redox regulation and cell growth, has also emerged recently as an attractive drug target. Here we discuss the rationale for the design of lipophilic, cationic Au(i) phosphine complexes that are targeted to mitochondria of tumour cells and have potent and selective anticancer activity for cancer cells but not for normal cells. Our discovery that the thioredoxin system may be a critical target responsible for the selective toxicity provides a new strategy in the development of mitochondria-targeted chemotherapeutics.
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Rackham O, Nichols SJ, Leedman PJ, Berners-Price SJ, Filipovska A. A gold(I) phosphine complex selectively induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells: implications for anticancer therapeutics targeted to mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:992-1002. [PMID: 17697672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bis-chelated gold(I) phosphine complexes have shown great potential as anticancer agents, however, their efficacy has been limited by their high toxicity and lack of selectivity for cancer cells. Here, we have investigated the anticancer activity of a new bis-chelated Au(I) bidentate phosphine complex of the novel water soluble ligand 1,3-bis(di-2-pyridylphosphino)propane (d2pypp). We show that this gold complex [Au(d2pypp)(2)]Cl, at submicromolar concentrations, selectively induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells but not in normal breast cells. Apoptosis was induced via the mitochondrial pathway, which involved mitochondrial membrane potential depolarisation, depletion of the glutathione pool and caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation. The gold lipophilic complex was accumulated in mitochondria of cells, driven by the high mitochondrial membrane potential. To address the molecular basis of the observed selectivity between the two cell lines we investigated the effect of the gold complex on the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase system in normal and cancer breast cells. We show that [Au(d2pypp)(2)]Cl inhibits the activities of both thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase and that this effect is more pronounced in the breast cancer cells. This difference may account for the selective cell death seen in the breast cancer cells but not in the normal cells. Our investigation has led to new insights into the mechanism of action of bis-chelated gold(I) diphosphine complexes and their future development as mitochondria targeted chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Rackham
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Center for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
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