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Abstract
Nitroxides, also known as nitroxyl radicals, are long-lived or stable radicals with the general structure R1R2N-O•. The spin distribution over the nitroxide N and O atoms contributes to the thermodynamic stability of these radicals. The presence of bulky N-substituents R1 and R2 prevents nitroxide radical dimerization, ensuring their kinetic stability. Despite their reactivity toward various transient C radicals, some nitroxides can be easily stored under air at room temperature. Furthermore, nitroxides can be oxidized to oxoammonium salts (R1R2N═O+) or reduced to anions (R1R2N-O-), enabling them to act as valuable oxidants or reductants depending on their oxidation state. Therefore, they exhibit interesting reactivity across all three oxidation states. Due to these fascinating properties, nitroxides find extensive applications in diverse fields such as biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, materials science, and organic synthesis. This review focuses on the versatile applications of nitroxides in organic synthesis. For their use in other important fields, we will refer to several review articles. The introductory part provides a brief overview of the history of nitroxide chemistry. Subsequently, the key methods for preparing nitroxides are discussed, followed by an examination of their structural diversity and physical properties. The main portion of this review is dedicated to oxidation reactions, wherein parent nitroxides or their corresponding oxoammonium salts serve as active species. It will be demonstrated that various functional groups (such as alcohols, amines, enolates, and alkanes among others) can be efficiently oxidized. These oxidations can be carried out using nitroxides as catalysts in combination with various stoichiometric terminal oxidants. By reducing nitroxides to their corresponding anions, they become effective reducing reagents with intriguing applications in organic synthesis. Nitroxides possess the ability to selectively react with transient radicals, making them useful for terminating radical cascade reactions by forming alkoxyamines. Depending on their structure, alkoxyamines exhibit weak C-O bonds, allowing for the thermal generation of C radicals through reversible C-O bond cleavage. Such thermally generated C radicals can participate in various radical transformations, as discussed toward the end of this review. Furthermore, the application of this strategy in natural product synthesis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Waniek SD, Klett J, Förster C, Heinze K. Polysubstituted ferrocenes as tunable redox mediators. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1004-1015. [PMID: 29977372 PMCID: PMC6009500 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of four ferrocenyl ester compounds, 1-methoxycarbonyl- (1), 1,1’-bis(methoxycarbonyl)- (2), 1,1’,3-tris(methoxycarbonyl)- (3) and 1,1’,3,3’-tetrakis(methoxycarbonyl)ferrocene (4), has been studied with respect to their potential use as redox mediators. The impact of the number and position of ester groups present in 1–4 on the electrochemical potential E1/2 is correlated with the sum of Hammett constants. The 1/1+–4/4+ redox couples are chemically stable under the conditions of electrolysis as demonstrated by IR and UV–vis spectroelectrochemical methods. The energies of the C=O stretching vibrations of the ester moieties and the energies of the UV–vis absorptions of 1–4 and 1+–4+ correlate with the number of ester groups. Paramagnetic 1H NMR redox titration experiments give access to the chemical shifts of 1+–4+ and underline the fast electron self-exchange of the ferrocene/ferrocenium redox couples, required for rapid redox mediation in organic electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven D Waniek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Klett
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Oxidation of bis-sulfinyl carbanions as the pivot of ionic/radical tandem reactions. CR CHIM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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One-pot synthesis of N-heterocycles by tandem carbamoylation–oxidative bromolactamization of ω-alkenylmagnesium bromide. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Beauvière S, Brebion F, Chelli S, Delouvrié B, Gomez C, Kwasnieski O, Mallorquin RM, Najera F, Vincent G, Vitale MR, Derat E, Marek I, Malacria M, Goddard JP, Fensterbank L. New Advances in Bis(Sulfoxides) Chemistry. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2012.738739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Beauvière
- a Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201)-FR 2769, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Franck Brebion
- a Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201)-FR 2769, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Saloua Chelli
- a Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201)-FR 2769, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Bénédicte Delouvrié
- a Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201)-FR 2769, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Catherine Gomez
- a Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201)-FR 2769, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Ophélie Kwasnieski
- a Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201)-FR 2769, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Rocio Martinez Mallorquin
- a Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201)-FR 2769, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Francisco Najera
- a Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201)-FR 2769, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- a Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201)-FR 2769, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Maxime R. Vitale
- a Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201)-FR 2769, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Etienne Derat
- a Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201)-FR 2769, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Ilan Marek
- b Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion—Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel
| | - Max Malacria
- a Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201)-FR 2769, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Jean-Philippe Goddard
- a Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201)-FR 2769, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Louis Fensterbank
- a Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201)-FR 2769, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , Paris , France
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Fernández-Salas JA, Maestro MC, Rodríguez-Fernández MM, García Ruano JL. The Sulfinyl Group as a Remote Chiral Auxiliary in Stereoselective Conjugate Additions of Alkyl Groups to α-Methylidene Carbonyl Compounds Initiated by Et3B/O2. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Palko JW, Buist PH, Manthorpe JM. A flexible and modular stereoselective synthesis of (9R,10S)-dihydrosterculic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mallorquin RM, Vincent G, Derat E, Malacria M, Goddard JP, Fensterbank L. New Elements on the Behaviour of a Bissulfinylmethyl Radical. Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we have studied the generation of a bissulfinylmethyl radical from the corresponding TEMPO and phenylselenyl bissulfoxide precursors. No univocal formation of the bissulfinylmethyl radical has been observed. Instead, complex mixtures have been obtained in thermal or photochemical conditions, showing prominent C–S homolytic bond cleavage.
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Yamamoto Y, Shimizu M, Ohara A, Miyawaki A, Tomioka K. Addition and in situ halo-cyclization of ω-alkenyl Grignard reagents with aldehydes, ketones, carbon dioxide, and azodicarboxylate. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00765k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ulshöfer R, Wedel T, Süveges B, Podlech J. Conformationally Constrained Oxides of 1,3-Dithiane: Synthesis and NMR Spectroscopic Investigations. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Khobragade DA, Mahamulkar SG, Pospíšil L, Císařová I, Rulíšek L, Jahn U. Acceptor-Substituted Ferrocenium Salts as Strong, Single-Electron Oxidants: Synthesis, Electrochemistry, Theoretical Investigations, and Initial Synthetic Application. Chemistry 2012; 18:12267-77. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jahn U, Rudakov D, Jones PG. Oxidative tandem alkoxide conjugate addition to nitroalkenes/radical 5-exo cyclizations—a versatile synthesis of functionalized 3-nitrotetrahydrofurans. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tebben L, Studer A. Nitroxides: applications in synthesis and in polymer chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5034-68. [PMID: 21538729 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This Review describes the application of nitroxides to synthesis and polymer chemistry. The synthesis and physical properties of nitroxides are discussed first. The largest section focuses on their application as stoichiometric and catalytic oxidants in organic synthesis. The oxidation of alcohols and carbanions, as well as oxidative C-C bond-forming reactions are presented along with other typical oxidative transformations. A section is also dedicated to the extensive use of nitroxides as trapping reagents for C-centered radicals in radical chemistry. Alkoxyamines derived from nitroxides are shown to be highly useful precursors of C-centered radicals in synthesis and also in polymer chemistry. The last section discusses the basics of nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP) and also highlights new developments in the synthesis of complex polymer architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Tebben
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Brebion F, Vincent G, Chelli S, Kwasnieski O, Najera F, Delouvrié B, Marek I, Derat E, Goddard JP, Malacria M, Fensterbank L. Conjugate Additions to Alkylidene Bis(Sulfoxides). Chem Asian J 2011; 6:1825-33. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mallorquin RM, Chelli S, Brebion F, Fensterbank L, Goddard JP, Malacria M. Bis-sulfoxides as ligands for platinum complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Armspach D, Matt D, Toupet L. Self-Mediated Stereoselective Oxidation of Thia-Capped Cyclodextrins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Self-Mediated Stereoselective Oxidation of Thia-Capped Cyclodextrins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4555-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Carmen Carreño M, Hernández-Torres G, Ribagorda M, Urbano A. Enantiopure sulfoxides: recent applications in asymmetric synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:6129-44. [DOI: 10.1039/b908043k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abramovitch A, Fensterbank L, Malacria M, Marek I. Convergent Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure Polyalkylated Cyclopropane Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:6865-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abramovitch A, Fensterbank L, Malacria M, Marek I. Convergent Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure Polyalkylated Cyclopropane Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brebion F, Goddard JP, Fensterbank L, Malacria M. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Enantiopure Acyclic β,β′-Disubstituted Vinylsulfoxides. Org Lett 2008; 10:1917-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ol800368g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franck Brebion
- UPMC- Univ. Paris 06, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, UMR 7611, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, FR 2769, case 229, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Goddard
- UPMC- Univ. Paris 06, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, UMR 7611, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, FR 2769, case 229, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Louis Fensterbank
- UPMC- Univ. Paris 06, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, UMR 7611, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, FR 2769, case 229, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Max Malacria
- UPMC- Univ. Paris 06, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, UMR 7611, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, FR 2769, case 229, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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