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Tan JP, Clyde CW, Ng CC, Yeap SK, Yong CY. Advancements in microbial-mediated radioactive waste bioremediation: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2024; 280:107530. [PMID: 39378736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2024.107530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
The global production of radioactive wastes is expected to increase in the coming years as more countries have resorted to adopting nuclear power to decrease their reliance on fossil-fuel-generated energy. Discoveries of remediation methods that can remove radionuclides from radioactive wastes, including those discharged to the environment, are therefore vital to reduce risks-upon-exposure radionuclides posed to humans and wildlife. Among various remediation approaches available, microbe-mediated radionuclide remediation have limited reviews regarding their advances. This review provides an overview of the sources and existing classification of radioactive wastes, followed by a brief introduction to existing radionuclide remediation (physical, chemical, and electrochemical) approaches. Microbe-mediated radionuclide remediation (bacterial, myco-, and phycoremediation) is then extensively discussed. Bacterial remediation involves biological processes like bioreduction, biosorption, and bioprecipitation. Bioreduction involves the reduction of water-soluble, mobile radionuclides to water-insoluble, immobile lower oxidation states by ferric iron-reducing, sulfate-reducing, and certain extremophilic bacteria, and in situ remediation has become possible by adding electron donors to contaminated waters to enrich indigenous iron- and sulfate-reducing bacteria populations. In biosorption, radionuclides are associated with functional groups on the microbial cell surface, followed by getting reduced to immobilized forms or precipitated intracellularly or extracellularly. Myco- and phycoremediation often involve processes like biosorption and bioaccumulation, where the former is influenced by pH and cell concentration. A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis on microbial remediation is also performed. It is suggested that two research directions: genetic engineering of radiation-resistant microorganisms and co-application of microbe-mediated remediation with other remediation methods could potentially result in the discovery of in situ or ex situ microbe-involving radioactive waste remediation applications with high practicability. Finally, a comparison between the strengths and weaknesses of each approach is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ping Tan
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences (CAMS), Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Christal Winona Clyde
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences (CAMS), Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Chuck Chuan Ng
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences (CAMS), Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences (CAMS), Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Chean Yeah Yong
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences (CAMS), Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Haghdoost MM, Golbaghi G, Guard J, Sielanczyk S, Patten SA, Castonguay A. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of cationic organoruthenium(ii) fluorene complexes: influence of the nature of the counteranion. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:13396-13405. [PMID: 31432885 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00143c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, five ruthenium arene complexes with fluorene-bearing N,N-(1) and N,O-(2) donor Schiff base ligands were synthesized and fully characterized. Cationic ruthenium complexes 3[X], ([Ru(η6-C6H6)(Cl)(fluorene-N[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-pyridine)][X] (where X = BF4, PF6, BPh4), were obtained by reacting ligand 1 with [Ru(η6-C6H6)Cl2]2 in the presence of NH4X salts, whereas neutral complex 4, Ru(η6-C6H6)(Cl)(fluorene-N[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-naphtholate), was isolated by reacting ligand 2 with the same precursor. It was possible to obtain a cationic version of the latter, 5[BF4], by reacting 4 with AgBF4 in the presence of pyridine. All compounds were fully characterized by NMR and HR-ESI-MS whereas some of them were also analyzed by single crystal X-ray analysis. Their in vitro antiproliferative activity was also assessed in human breast cancer cell lines, notably MCF-7 and T47D. Complex 4 and its cationic counterpart 5[BF4] were found to be the most cytotoxic compounds of the series (IC50 = 6.2-16.2 μM) and displayed higher antiproliferative activities than cisplatin in both cell lines. It was found that 5[BF4] undergoes a ligand exchange reaction and readily converts to 4 in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl, explaining the similarity in their observed cytotoxicities. Whereas 3[BF4] and 3[PF6] were found inactive at the tested concentrations, 3[BPh4] displayed a considerable cytotoxicity (IC50 = 16.7-27.8 μM). Notably, 3[BPh4], 4 (and 5[BF4]) were active against T47D, a cisplatin resistant cell line. Interestingly, 4 (16.4 μM) was found to be less cytotoxic than 3[BPh4] and cisplatin (6.6 and 7.9 μM, respectively) in breast healthy cells (MCF-12A). However, in comparison to 4 and cisplatin (at 10 μM), a lower in vivo toxicity was observed for complex 3[BPh4] on the development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Haghdoost
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnology, Université du Québec, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Golara Golbaghi
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnology, Université du Québec, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Juliette Guard
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnology, Université du Québec, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Sarah Sielanczyk
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnology, Université du Québec, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Shunmoogum A Patten
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnology, Université du Québec, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Annie Castonguay
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnology, Université du Québec, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada.
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3
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Corrales Sánchez V, Nieto-Jiménez C, Castro-Osma JA, de Andrés F, Pacheco-Liñán PJ, Bravo I, Rodríguez Fariñas N, Niza E, Domínguez-Jurado E, Lara-Sánchez A, Ríos Á, Gómez Juárez M, Montero JC, Pandiella A, Shafir A, Alonso-Moreno C, Ocaña A. Screening and Preliminary Biochemical and Biological Studies of [RuCl( p-cymene)( N, N-bis(diphenylphosphino)-isopropylamine)][BF 4] in Breast Cancer Models. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13005-13014. [PMID: 31460427 PMCID: PMC6704442 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite progress in drug discovery, identification of the correct population is the limiting factor to develop new compounds in the clinical setting. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of a new metallodrug, [RuCl(p-cymene)(N,N-bis(diphenylphosphino)-isopropylamine)][BF4] (pnpRu-14), as a lead pnp-Ru compound by screening and preliminary biochemical and biological studies in different breast cancer subtypes. The results show that complex pnpRu-14 is much more effective in promoting in vitro cytotoxic effects on HER2+ and RH+/HER2- breast cancer than the reference metallodrugs cisplatin, carboplatin, or RAPTA-C. It is important to highlight that pnpRu-14 shows an impressive cytotoxicity against BT474 cells. Caspase-dependent apoptosis is the mechanism of action for these compounds. In addition, treatment of SKBR3, BT474, T47D, and MCF7 cancer cells with pnpRu-14 caused an accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase cells. The human serum albumin, DNA, and H1 histones binding properties of the lead compound are reported. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies show a quick absorption of pnpRu-14 in serum with no significant accumulation in any of the tested organs. This work provides evidence to support the preclinical and clinical development of pnpRu-14 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Corrales Sánchez
- Oncología
traslacional and CIBERONC, Unidad de Investigación del Complejo
Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Cristina Nieto-Jiménez
- Oncología
traslacional and CIBERONC, Unidad de Investigación del Complejo
Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain
- Oncología
traslacional, Centro Regional de Investigaciones
Biomédicas, Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad
de Farmacia de Albacete, Dpto. Química Analítica y Tecnología
de Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Instituto Regional de Investigación
Científica Aplicada IRICA, and Dpto. Química Física,
Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, UCLM, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - José Antonio Castro-Osma
- Oncología
traslacional, Centro Regional de Investigaciones
Biomédicas, Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad
de Farmacia de Albacete, Dpto. Química Analítica y Tecnología
de Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Instituto Regional de Investigación
Científica Aplicada IRICA, and Dpto. Química Física,
Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, UCLM, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Fernando de Andrés
- Oncología
traslacional, Centro Regional de Investigaciones
Biomédicas, Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad
de Farmacia de Albacete, Dpto. Química Analítica y Tecnología
de Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Instituto Regional de Investigación
Científica Aplicada IRICA, and Dpto. Química Física,
Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, UCLM, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Pacheco-Liñán
- Oncología
traslacional, Centro Regional de Investigaciones
Biomédicas, Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad
de Farmacia de Albacete, Dpto. Química Analítica y Tecnología
de Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Instituto Regional de Investigación
Científica Aplicada IRICA, and Dpto. Química Física,
Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, UCLM, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Iván Bravo
- Oncología
traslacional, Centro Regional de Investigaciones
Biomédicas, Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad
de Farmacia de Albacete, Dpto. Química Analítica y Tecnología
de Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Instituto Regional de Investigación
Científica Aplicada IRICA, and Dpto. Química Física,
Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, UCLM, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodríguez Fariñas
- Dpto.
Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales
y Bioquímicas de Toledo, UCLM, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Enrique Niza
- Oncología
traslacional, Centro Regional de Investigaciones
Biomédicas, Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad
de Farmacia de Albacete, Dpto. Química Analítica y Tecnología
de Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Instituto Regional de Investigación
Científica Aplicada IRICA, and Dpto. Química Física,
Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, UCLM, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Elena Domínguez-Jurado
- Oncología
traslacional and CIBERONC, Unidad de Investigación del Complejo
Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain
- Oncología
traslacional, Centro Regional de Investigaciones
Biomédicas, Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad
de Farmacia de Albacete, Dpto. Química Analítica y Tecnología
de Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Instituto Regional de Investigación
Científica Aplicada IRICA, and Dpto. Química Física,
Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, UCLM, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Agustín Lara-Sánchez
- Oncología
traslacional, Centro Regional de Investigaciones
Biomédicas, Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad
de Farmacia de Albacete, Dpto. Química Analítica y Tecnología
de Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Instituto Regional de Investigación
Científica Aplicada IRICA, and Dpto. Química Física,
Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, UCLM, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Ángel Ríos
- Oncología
traslacional, Centro Regional de Investigaciones
Biomédicas, Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad
de Farmacia de Albacete, Dpto. Química Analítica y Tecnología
de Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Instituto Regional de Investigación
Científica Aplicada IRICA, and Dpto. Química Física,
Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, UCLM, 02006 Albacete, Spain
- Dpto.
Química Analítica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias
y Tecnologías Químicas de Ciudad Real, UCLM, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez Juárez
- Oncología
traslacional and CIBERONC, Unidad de Investigación del Complejo
Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Montero
- Centro
de Investigación del Cáncer-CSIC, IBSAL-Salamanca and
CIBERONC, 37007 Salmanca, Spain
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Centro
de Investigación del Cáncer-CSIC, IBSAL-Salamanca and
CIBERONC, 37007 Salmanca, Spain
| | - Alexandr Shafir
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Institute
of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Moreno
- Oncología
traslacional, Centro Regional de Investigaciones
Biomédicas, Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad
de Farmacia de Albacete, Dpto. Química Analítica y Tecnología
de Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Instituto Regional de Investigación
Científica Aplicada IRICA, and Dpto. Química Física,
Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, UCLM, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- Oncología
traslacional and CIBERONC, Unidad de Investigación del Complejo
Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain
- Hospital
Clinico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Oncología
traslacional, Centro Regional de Investigaciones
Biomédicas, Dpto. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad
de Farmacia de Albacete, Dpto. Química Analítica y Tecnología
de Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Instituto Regional de Investigación
Científica Aplicada IRICA, and Dpto. Química Física,
Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, UCLM, 02006 Albacete, Spain
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4
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Radiosensitisation of human colorectal cancer cells by ruthenium(II) arene anticancer complexes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20596. [PMID: 26867983 PMCID: PMC4751532 DOI: 10.1038/srep20596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the largest improvements in clinical outcomes for patients with solid cancers observed over the past 3 decades have been from concurrent treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT). The lethal effects of RT on cancer cells arise primarily from damage to DNA. Ruthenium (Ru) is a transition metal of the platinum group, with potentially less toxicity than platinum drugs. We postulated that ruthenium-arene complexes are radiosensitisers when used in combination with RT. We screened 14 ruthenium-arene complexes and identified AH54 and AH63 as supra-additive radiosensitisers by clonogenic survival assays and isobologram analyses. Both complexes displayed facial chirality. At clinically relevant doses of RT, radiosensitisation of cancer cells by AH54 and AH63 was p53-dependent. Radiation enhancement ratios for 5–10 micromolar drug concentrations ranged from 1.19 to 1.82. In p53-wildtype cells, both drugs induced significant G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Colorectal cancer cells deficient in DNA damage repair proteins, EME1 and MUS81, were significantly more sensitive to both agents. Both drugs were active in cancer cell lines displaying acquired resistance to oxaliplatin or cisplatin. Our findings broaden the potential scope for these drugs for use in cancer therapy, including combination with radiotherapy to treat colorectal cancer.
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Arjmand F, Yousuf I, Afzal M, Toupet L. Design and synthesis of new Zn(II) nalidixic acid–DACH based Topo-II inhibiting molecular entity: Chemotherapeutic potential validated by its in vitro binding profile, pBR322 cleavage activity and molecular docking studies with DNA and RNA molecular targets. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Weiss A, Berndsen RH, Dubois M, Müller C, Schibli R, Griffioen AW, Dyson PJ, Nowak-Sliwinska P. In vivo anti-tumor activity of the organometallic ruthenium(ii)-arene complex [Ru(η6-p-cymene)Cl2(pta)] (RAPTA-C) in human ovarian and colorectal carcinomas. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01255k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the clinical success of platinum-based anti-cancer drugs, a variety of other metal-based anti-cancer compounds are being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)
- Lausanne, Switzerland
- Angiogenesis Laboratory
- Department of Medical Oncology
| | - Robert H. Berndsen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory
- Department of Medical Oncology
- VU University Medical Center
- Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime Dubois
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ
- Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Müller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ
- Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ
- Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zurich
- Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arjan W. Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory
- Department of Medical Oncology
- VU University Medical Center
- Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)
- Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)
- Lausanne, Switzerland
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Pettinari R, Pettinari C, Marchetti F, Clavel CM, Scopelliti R, Dyson PJ. Cytotoxicity of Ruthenium–Arene Complexes Containing β-Ketoamine Ligands. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om301115e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Catherine M. Clavel
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne,
Switzerland
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Hussain A, Lahiri D, Ameerunisha Begum MS, Saha S, Majumdar R, Dighe RR, Chakravarty AR. Photocytotoxic Lanthanum(III) and Gadolinium(III) Complexes of Phenanthroline Bases Showing Light-Induced DNA Cleavage Activity. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:4036-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ic901791f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sounik Saha
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
| | | | - Rajan R. Dighe
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics
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10
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Sasmal PK, Saha S, Majumdar R, Dighe RR, Chakravarty AR. Photocytotoxic Oxovanadium(IV) Complexes Showing Light-Induced DNA and Protein Cleavage Activity. Inorg Chem 2009; 49:849-59. [DOI: 10.1021/ic900701s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pijus K. Sasmal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sounik Saha
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ritankar Majumdar
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Rajan R. Dighe
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Akhil R. Chakravarty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Abstract
Neutral or cationic arene ruthenium complexes providing both hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic properties due to the robustness of the ruthenium-arene unit hold a high potential for the development of metal-based anticancer drugs. Mononuclear arene ruthenium complexes containing P- or N-donor ligands or N,N-, N,O- or O,O-chelating ligands, dinuclear arene ruthenium systems with adjustable organic linkers, trinuclear arene ruthenium clusters containing an oxo cap, tetranuclear arene ruthenium porphyrin derivatives that are photoactive, as well as hexanuclear ruthenium cages that are either empty or filled with other molecules have been shown to be active against a variety of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Süss-Fink
- Institut de Chimie, Université de Neuchâtel, Case postale 158, CH-2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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12
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Abstract
Interest in Ru anticancer drugs has been growing rapidly since NAMI-A ((ImH(+))[Ru(III)Cl(4)(Im)(S-dmso)], where Im = imidazole and S-dmso = S-bound dimethylsulfoxide) or KP1019 ((IndH(+))[Ru(III)Cl(4)(Ind)(2)], where Ind = indazole) have successfully completed phase I clinical trials and an array of other Ru complexes have shown promise for future development. Herein, the recent literature is reviewed critically to ascertain likely mechanisms of action of Ru-based anticancer drugs, with the emphasis on their reactions with biological media. The most likely interactions of Ru complexes are with: (i) albumin and transferrin in blood plasma, the former serving as a Ru depot, and the latter possibly providing active transport of Ru into cells; (ii) collagens of the extracellular matrix and actins on the cell surface, which are likely to be involved in the specific anti-metastatic action of Ru complexes; (iii) regulatory enzymes within the cell membrane and/or in the cytoplasm; and (iv) DNA in the cell nucleus. Some types of Ru complexes can also promote the intracellular formation of free radical species, either through irradiation (photodynamic therapy), or through reactions with cellular reductants. The metabolic pathways involve competition among reduction, aquation, and hydrolysis in the extracellular medium; binding to transport proteins, the extracellular matrix, and cell-surface biomolecules; and diffusion into cells; with the extent to which individual drugs participate in various steps along these pathways being crucial factors in determining whether they are mainly anti-metastatic or cytotoxic. This diversity of modes of action of Ru anticancer drugs is also likely to enhance their anticancer activities and to reduce the potential for them to develop tumour resistance. New approaches to metabolic studies, such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence microscopy, are required to provide further mechanistic insights, which could lead to the rational design of improved Ru anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
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Bruijnincx PCA, Sadler PJ. Controlling Platinum, Ruthenium and Osmium Reactivity for Anticancer Drug Design. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009; 61:1-62. [PMID: 21258628 PMCID: PMC3024542 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(09)00201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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14
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Hartinger CG, Dyson PJ. Bioorganometallic chemistry--from teaching paradigms to medicinal applications. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 38:391-401. [PMID: 19169456 DOI: 10.1039/b707077m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 840] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In undergraduate level organometallic chemistry courses students are usually taught that organometallic compounds are toxic and unstable in air and water. While this is true of many complexes, some are also non-toxic and stable in air and water. Indeed, bioorganometallic chemistry, the study of biomolecules or biologically active molecules that contain at least one carbon directly bound to a metal, is a thriving subject, and air and water stability is a general pre-requisite. This interdisciplinary field is located at the borderline between chemistry, biochemistry, biology and medicine. In this tutorial review, various aspects of bioorganometallic chemistry are introduced, with the main emphasis on medicinal organometallic compounds. Organometallic therapeutics for cancer, HIV and malaria and other medicinal applications are described. It is also shown how rational ligand design has led to new improved therapies much in the same way that an organometallic chemist working in catalysis will design new ligands for improved activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Hartinger
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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