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Detecting macroevolutionary genotype-phenotype associations using error-corrected rates of protein convergence. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:155-170. [PMID: 36604553 PMCID: PMC9834058 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
On macroevolutionary timescales, extensive mutations and phylogenetic uncertainty mask the signals of genotype-phenotype associations underlying convergent evolution. To overcome this problem, we extended the widely used framework of non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rate ratios and developed the novel metric ωC, which measures the error-corrected convergence rate of protein evolution. While ωC distinguishes natural selection from genetic noise and phylogenetic errors in simulation and real examples, its accuracy allows an exploratory genome-wide search of adaptive molecular convergence without phenotypic hypothesis or candidate genes. Using gene expression data, we explored over 20 million branch combinations in vertebrate genes and identified the joint convergence of expression patterns and protein sequences with amino acid substitutions in functionally important sites, providing hypotheses on undiscovered phenotypes. We further extended our method with a heuristic algorithm to detect highly repetitive convergence among computationally non-trivial higher-order phylogenetic combinations. Our approach allows bidirectional searches for genotype-phenotype associations, even in lineages that diverged for hundreds of millions of years.
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2
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Martelli G, Cirillo M, Giraldi V, Giacomini D. Chemoenzymatic enantioselective route to get (+) and (-) 4-acetoxy-azetidin-2-one by Lipase-catalysed kinetic resolution and their applications. Bioorg Chem 2021; 120:105580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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3
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Kuskovsky R, Lloyd D, Arora K, Plotkin BJ, Green JM, Boshoff HI, Barry C, Deschamps J, Konaklieva MI. C4-Phenylthio β-lactams: Effect of the chirality of the β-lactam ring on antimicrobial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115050. [PMID: 31474471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
C4-phenylthio β-lactams are a new family of antibacterial agents that have activity against two phylogenetically distant bacteria - Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Moraxella catarrhalis (M. cat). These compounds are effective against β-lactamase producing Mtb and M. cat unlike the clinically relevant β-lactam antibiotics. The structure-activity relationship for the C4 phenylthio β-lactams has not yet been completely defined. Earlier efforts in our laboratories established that the C4-phenylthio substituent is essential for antimicrobial activity, while the N1 carbamyl substituent plays a more subtle role. In this present study, we investigated the role that the stereochemistry at C4 plays in these compounds' antibacterial activity. This was achieved by synthesizing and testing the antimicrobial activity of diastereomers with a chiral carbamyl group at N1. Our findings indicate that a strict stereochemistry for the C4-phenylthio β-lactams is not required to obtain optimal anti-Mtb and anti-M. cat activity. Furthermore, the structure-bioactivity profiles more closely relate to the electronic requirement of the phenylthiogroup. In addition, the MICs of Mtb are sensitive to growth medium composition. Select compounds showed activity against non-replicating and multi-drug resistant Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dina Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Kriti Arora
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM, NIAID, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Balbina J Plotkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Chicago, IL 60515, USA
| | - Jacalyn M Green
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwestern University, Chicago, IL 60515, USA
| | - Helena I Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM, NIAID, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clifton Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM, NIAID, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey Deschamps
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6930 4555 Overlook Ave., Washington, DC 20375, USA
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4
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Hofbauer S, Brito JA, Mulchande J, Nogly P, Pessanha M, Moreira R, Archer M. Stabilization of porcine pancreatic elastase crystals by glutaraldehyde cross-linking. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2015; 71:1346-51. [PMID: 26457529 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15017045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Elastase is a serine protease from the chymotrypsin family of enzymes with the ability to degrade elastin, an important component of connective tissues. Excessive elastin proteolysis leads to a number of pathological diseases. Porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) is often used for drug development as a model for human leukocyte elastase (HLE), with which it shares high sequence identity. Crystals of PPE were grown overnight using sodium sulfate and sodium acetate at acidic pH. Cross-linking the crystals with glutaraldehyde was needed to resist the soaking procedure with a diethyl N-(methyl)pyridinyl-substituted oxo-β-lactam inhibitor. Crystals of PPE bound to the inhibitor belonged to the orthorhombic space group P2₁2₁2₁, with unit-cell parameters a = 51.0, b = 58.3, c = 74.9 Å, and diffracted to 1.8 Å resolution using an in-house X-ray source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hofbauer
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica - António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - José A Brito
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica - António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jalmira Mulchande
- Research Institute for Medicines (i-Med.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Przemyslaw Nogly
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica - António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel Pessanha
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica - António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (i-Med.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida Archer
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica - António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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5
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Murphy-Benenato KE, Dangel B, Davis HE, Durand-Réville TF, Ferguson AD, Gao N, Jahić H, Mueller JP, Manyak EL, Quiroga O, Rooney M, Sha L, Sylvester M, Wu F, Zambrowski M, Zhao SX. SAR and Structural Analysis of Siderophore-Conjugated Monocarbam Inhibitors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PBP3. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:537-42. [PMID: 26005529 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A main challenge in the development of new agents for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections is the identification of chemotypes that efficiently penetrate the cell envelope and are not susceptible to established resistance mechanisms. Siderophore-conjugated monocarbams are attractive because of their ability to hijack the bacteria's iron uptake machinery for transport into the periplasm and their inherent stability to metallo-β-lactamases. Through development of the SAR we identified a number of modifications to the scaffold that afforded active anti-P. aeruginosa agents with good physicochemical properties. Through crystallographic efforts we gained a better understanding into how these compounds bind to the target penicillin binding protein PBP3 and factors to consider for future design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry E. Murphy-Benenato
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Brian Dangel
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Hajnalka E. Davis
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Thomas F. Durand-Réville
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | | | - Haris Jahić
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - John P. Mueller
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Olga Quiroga
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Michael Rooney
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Li Sha
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Mark Sylvester
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Frank Wu
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Mark Zambrowski
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Shannon X. Zhao
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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Beck TN, Lloyd D, Kuskovsky R, Minah J, Arora K, Plotkin BJ, Green JM, Boshoff HI, Barry C, Deschamps J, Konaklieva MI. Non-transpeptidase binding arylthioether β-lactams active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Moraxella catarrhalis. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:632-47. [PMID: 25549898 PMCID: PMC6415315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of drug resistance in both clinical and community settings as a consequence of alterations of biosynthetic pathways, enzymes or cell wall architecture is a persistent threat to human health. We have designed, synthesized, and tested a novel class of non-transpeptidase, β-lactamase resistant monocyclic β-lactams that carry an arylthio group at C4. These thioethers exhibit inhibitory and cidal activity against serine β-lactamase producing Mycobacterium tuberculosis wild type strain (Mtb) and multiple (n=8) β-lactamase producing Moraxella catarrhalis clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim N Beck
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Dina Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | | | - Jeanette Minah
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Kriti Arora
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCID, NIAID, NIH 33 North Drive, Bldg 33, Rm 2W20C, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Balbina J Plotkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Chicago, IL 60515, USA
| | - Jacalyn M Green
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Chicago, IL 60515, USA
| | - Helena I Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCID, NIAID, NIH 33 North Drive, Bldg 33, Rm 2W20C, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clifton Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCID, NIAID, NIH 33 North Drive, Bldg 33, Rm 2W20C, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey Deschamps
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6930 4555 Overlook Ave., Washington, DC 20375, USA
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7
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N-Acyl and N-sulfonyloxazolidine-2,4-diones are pseudo-irreversible inhibitors of serine proteases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3993-7. [PMID: 22595175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, inhibitory activity and mode of action of oxazolidine-2,4-diones against porcine pancreatic elastase, here used as a model for human neutrophil elastase, are reported. The nature of N-substitution at the oxazolidine-2,4-dione scaffold has large effect on the inhibitory potency against elastase. N-Acyl and N-sulfonyloxazolidine-2,4-diones emerged as potent pseudo-irreversible inhibitors, displaying high second-order rate constants for PPE inactivation. The title compounds were also shown to be potent inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and proteinase-3, and weak inhibitors of human cathepsin G. The results herein presented show that the oxazolidine-2,4-diones represent a new promising class of serine protease inhibitors.
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8
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Lucas SD, Gonçalves LM, Cardote TAF, Correia HF, Moreira R, Guedes RC. Structure based virtual screening for discovery of novel human neutrophil elastase inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20090b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Kostova MB, Myers CJ, Beck TN, Plotkin BJ, Green JM, Boshoff HI, Barry CE, Deschamps JR, Konaklieva MI. C4-alkylthiols with activity against Moraxella catarrhalis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6842-52. [PMID: 22014754 PMCID: PMC3701103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance represents a global threat to healthcare. The ability to adequately treat infectious diseases is increasingly under siege due to the emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms. New approaches to drug development are especially needed to target organisms that exhibit broad antibiotic resistance due to expression of β-lactamases which is the most common mechanism by which bacteria become resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. We designed and synthesized 20 novel monocyclic β-lactams with alkyl- and aryl-thio moieties at C4, and subsequently tested these for antibacterial activity. These compounds demonstrated intrinsic activity against serine β-lactamase producing Mycobacterium tuberculosis wild type strain (Mtb) and multiple (n=6) β-lactamase producing Moraxella catarrhalis clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya B. Kostova
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Carey J. Myers
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Tim N. Beck
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Balbina J. Plotkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Jacalyn M. Green
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Helena I.M. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCID, NIAID, NIH, 33 North Drive, Bldg 33, Rm 2W20C, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCID, NIAID, NIH, 33 North Drive, Bldg 33, Rm 2W20C, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Deschamps
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6930, 4555 Overlook Ave., Washington, DC 20375, USA
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10
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Lucas SD, Costa E, Guedes RC, Moreira R. Targeting COPD: advances on low-molecular-weight inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase. Med Res Rev 2011; 33 Suppl 1:E73-101. [PMID: 21681767 DOI: 10.1002/med.20247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major increasing health problem and the World Health Organization (WHO) reports COPD as the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. COPD refers to a condition of inflammation and progressive weakening of the structure of the lung as well as irreversible narrowing of the airways. Current treatment is only palliative and no available drug halts the progression of the disease. Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is a serine protease, which plays a major role in the COPD inflammatory process. The protease/anti-protease imbalance leads to an excess of extracellular HNE hydrolyzing elastin, the structural protein that confers elasticity to the lung tissue. Although HNE was identified as a therapeutic target for COPD more than 30 years ago, only Sivelestat (ONO-5046), an HNE inhibitor from Ono Pharmaceutical, has been approved for clinical use. Nevertheless, Sivelestat is only approved in Japan and its development in the USA was terminated in 2003. Other inhibitors in pre-clinical or phase I trials were discontinued for various reasons. Hence, there is an urgent need for low-molecular-weight synthetic elastase inhibitors and the present review discusses the recent advances on this field covering acylating agents, transition-state inhibitors, mechanism-based inhibitors, relevant natural products, and major patent disclosures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana D Lucas
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, iMed UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av Prof Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Flanagan ME, Brickner SJ, Lall M, Casavant J, Deschenes L, Finegan SM, George DM, Granskog K, Hardink JR, Huband MD, Hoang T, Lamb L, Marra A, Mitton-Fry M, Mueller JP, Mullins LM, Noe MC, O'Donnell JP, Pattavina D, Penzien JB, Schuff BP, Sun J, Whipple DA, Young J, Gootz TD. Preparation, gram-negative antibacterial activity, and hydrolytic stability of novel siderophore-conjugated monocarbam diols. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:385-90. [PMID: 24900319 DOI: 10.1021/ml200012f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of monocarbam compounds exhibiting promising antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant Gram-negative microorganisms is reported, along with the synthesis of one such molecule MC-1 (1). Also reported are structure-activity relationships associated with the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of 1 and related analogues in addition to the hydrolytic stability of such compounds and possible implications thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Marra
- Rib-X Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David A. Whipple
- Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | | | - Thomas D. Gootz
- Thomas Gootz Consulting, LLC, Estes Park, Colorado 80517, United States
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12
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Mulchande J, Simões SI, Gaspar MM, Eleutério CV, Oliveira R, Cruz MEM, Moreira R, Iley J. Synthesis, stability, biochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of a new potent and selective 4-oxo-β-lactam inhibitor of human leukocyte elastase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 26:169-75. [PMID: 20545486 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.486794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 4-oxo-β-lactams (azetidine-2,4-diones) are potent acylating agents of the human leukocyte elastase (HLE), a neutrophil serine protease that plays a key role in several inflammatory diseases. A novel 4-oxo-β-lactam containing a N-(4-(phenylsulphonylmethyl)phenyl) group, 3, was designed as a potential mechanism-based inhibitor capable of undergoing elimination of phenylsulphinate upon Ser-195 acylation. Compound 3 was found to be a potent slow-tight binding inhibitor of HLE, presenting a remarkable second-order rate constant of 1.46 x 10⁶ M⁻¹s⁻¹ and displaying selectivity over the proteinase 3 and cathepsin G. However, liberation of phenylsulphinate was not observed in the hydrolysis of 3 in both pH 7.4 phosphate buffer and human plasma. The C(max) values of 1207 μg/total blood, 179 μg/g spleen and 106 μg/g lung were determined by HPLC, following a single 30 mg/kg dose of 3 given intraperitoneally to NMRI mice, suggesting that the inhibitor distributes well into tissues. Although being a powerful selective inhibitor of HLE, 4-oxo-β-lactam 3 has a limited stability, being susceptible to off-target reactions (plasma and liver enzymes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalmira Mulchande
- Medicinal Chemistry, iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisbon, Portugal.
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13
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Mulchande J, Oliveira R, Carrasco M, Gouveia L, Guedes RC, Iley J, Moreira R. 4-Oxo-β-lactams (Azetidine-2,4-diones) Are Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Human Leukocyte Elastase. J Med Chem 2009; 53:241-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901082k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalmira Mulchande
- iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rudi Oliveira
- iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Carrasco
- iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Gouveia
- iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita C. Guedes
- iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jim Iley
- Department of Chemistry and Analytical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, U.K
| | - Rui Moreira
- iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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