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Kumar N, He J, Rusling JF. Electrochemical transformations catalyzed by cytochrome P450s and peroxidases. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5135-5171. [PMID: 37458261 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (Cyt P450s) and peroxidases are enzymes featuring iron heme cofactors that have wide applicability as biocatalysts in chemical syntheses. Cyt P450s are a family of monooxygenases that oxidize fatty acids, steroids, and xenobiotics, synthesize hormones, and convert drugs and other chemicals to metabolites. Peroxidases are involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and can oxidize organic compounds during this process. Both heme-containing enzymes utilize active FeIVO intermediates to oxidize reactants. By incorporating these enzymes in stable thin films on electrodes, Cyt P450s and peroxidases can accept electrons from an electrode, albeit by different mechanisms, and catalyze organic transformations in a feasible and cost-effective way. This is an advantageous approach, often called bioelectrocatalysis, compared to their biological pathways in solution that require expensive biochemical reductants such as NADPH or additional enzymes to recycle NADPH for Cyt P450s. Bioelectrocatalysis also serves as an ex situ platform to investigate metabolism of drugs and bio-relevant chemicals. In this paper we review biocatalytic electrochemical reactions using Cyt P450s including C-H activation, S-oxidation, epoxidation, N-hydroxylation, and oxidative N-, and O-dealkylation; as well as reactions catalyzed by peroxidases including synthetically important oxidations of organic compounds. Design aspects of these bioelectrocatalytic reactions are presented and discussed, including enzyme film formation on electrodes, temperature, pH, solvents, and activation of the enzymes. Finally, we discuss challenges and future perspective of these two important bioelectrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
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2
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Cytochromes P450 in biosensing and biosynthesis applications: Recent progress and future perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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3
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4
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On the Development of All-Cellulose Capsules by Vesicle-Templated Layer-by-Layer Assembly. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040589. [PMID: 33669230 PMCID: PMC7919828 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric multilayer capsules formed by the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technique are interesting candidates for the purposes of storage, encapsulation, and release of drugs and biomolecules for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. In the current study, cellulose-based core-shell particles were developed via the LbL technique alternating two cellulose derivatives, anionic carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and cationic quaternized hydroxyethylcellulose ethoxylate (QHECE), onto a cationic vesicular template made of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB). The obtained capsules were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), ζ potential measurements, and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). DLS measurements reveal that the size of the particles can be tuned from a hundred nanometers with a low polydispersity index (deposition of 2 layers) up to micrometer scale (deposition of 6 layers). Upon the deposition of each cellulose derivative, the particle charge is reversed, and pH is observed to considerably affect the process thus demonstrating the electrostatic driving force for LbL deposition. The HR-SEM characterization suggests that the shape of the core-shell particles formed is reminiscent of the spherical vesicle template. The development of biobased nano- and micro-containers by the alternating deposition of oppositely charged cellulose derivatives onto a vesicle template offers several advantages, such as simplicity, reproducibility, biocompatibility, low-cost, mild reaction conditions, and high controllability over particle size and composition of the shell.
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5
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Preparation of multilayer films using the negative charge of phenylboronic acid and its response to pH change, fructose, and hydrogen peroxide. Colloid Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-018-4380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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6
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Robb AJ, Vinogradov S, Danell AS, Anderson E, Blackledge MS, Melander C, Hvastkovs EG. Electrochemical Detection of Small Molecule Induced Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Dispersion. Electrochim Acta 2018; 268:276-282. [PMID: 30504968 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A simple electrochemical assay to monitor the dispersion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 biofilm is described. Pyrolytic graphite (PG) electrodes were modified with P. aeruginosa PA01 using layer-by-layer (LbL) methods. The presence of the bacteria on the electrodes was directly monitored using square wave voltammetry (SWV) via the electrochemical reduction of electroactive phenazine compounds expressed by the bacteria, which indicate the presence of biofilm. Upon treatment of bacteria-modified electrodes with a 2-aminoimidazole (2-AI) derivative with known Pseudomonas anti-biofilm properties, the bacteria-related electrochemical reduction peaks decreased in a concentration dependent manner, indicating dispersal of the biofilm on the electrode surface. A similar 2-AI compound with negligible anti-biofilm activity was used as a comparative control and produced muted electrochemical results. Electrochemical responses mirrored previously established bioassay-derived half maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) and half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values.. Biofilm dispersal detection via the electrochemical response was validated by monitoring crystal violet absorbance after its release from electrode confined P. aeruginosa biofilm. Mass spectrometry data showing multiple redox active phenazine compounds are presented to provide insight into the surface reaction complexity. Overall, we present a very simple assay to monitor the anti-biofilm activity of compounds of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Robb
- East Carolina University, Department of Chemistry
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7
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Lactate-induced decomposition of layer-by-layer films composed of phenylboronic acid-modified poly(allylamine) and poly(vinyl alcohol) under extracellular tumor conditions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 510:302-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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8
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Li Z, Ashraf KM, Collinson MM, Higgins DA. Single Molecule Catch and Release: Potential-Dependent Plasmid DNA Adsorption along Chemically Graded Electrode Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8651-8662. [PMID: 28383916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Single molecule detection methods were employed to study the potential dependent adsorption and desorption of dye labeled plasmid DNA along chemical gradients prepared on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. Gradients were formed over silica-base-layer-coated ITO surfaces by exposing them in a directional fashion to aminopropyltrimethoxysilane from the vapor phase. Sessile drop water contact angle measurements, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to verify that a gradient was formed and to characterize its wettability, thickness, and composition as a function of position. The gradient-coated ITO electrode served as both the working electrode and a window into the electrochemical cell used to manipulate DNA adsorption. For single molecule studies, the electrochemical cell was filled with buffer solution containing YOYO-1-labeled plasmid DNA. Fluorescence videos acquired along the gradients depicted clear position-, potential-, and pH-dependent variations in DNA adsorption and desorption. The results demonstrate that DNA adsorption was largely independent of applied potential and irreversible at high amine coverage (i.e., multilayers), under pH ∼ 6 buffer. DNA adsorption became more reversible as the amine coverage decreased and the solution pH increased. Potential dependent control over DNA adsorption and desorption was best achieved at monolayer-to-submonolayer aminosilane coverage under pH ∼ 8 buffer. The knowledge gained in these studies will aid in the development of electrochemical methods for the capture and release of DNA and other polyelectrolytes at electrode surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas 66506-0401, United States
| | - Kayesh M Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - Maryanne M Collinson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - Daniel A Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas 66506-0401, United States
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9
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Varmira K, Saed-Mocheshi M, Jalalvand AR. Electrochemical sensing and bio-sensing of bisphenol A and detection of its damage to DNA: A comprehensive review. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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10
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Construction of electrochemical DNA biosensors for investigation of potential risk chemical and physical agents. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-2012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Hvastkovs EG, Rusling JF. Modern Approaches to Chemical Toxicity Screening. CURRENT OPINION IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2017; 3:18-22. [PMID: 29250606 PMCID: PMC5729768 DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical toxicity has a serious impact on public health, and toxicity failures of drug candidates drive up drug development costs. Many in vitro bioassays exist for toxicity screening, and newer versions of these tend to be high throughput or high content assays, some of which rely on electrochemical detection. Toxicity very often results from metabolites of the chemicals we are exposed to, so it is important that assays feature metabolic conversion. Combining bioassays, computational predictions, and accurate chemical pathway elucidation presents our best chance for reliable toxicity prediction. Employing electrochemical and electrochemiluminescent approaches, cell-free microfluidic arrays can measure relative rates of formation of DNA-metabolite adduct formation (a measure of genotoxicity) as well as DNA oxidation levels resulting from enzyme-generated metabolites. Enzymes for several organ types can be studied simultaneously. These arrays can be used to identify the most reactive metabolites, and subsequent mechanistic details can then be investigated with high throughput LC-HPLC using enzyme/DNA-coated magnetic beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli G Hvastkovs
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Ireland
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12
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Screening Genotoxicity Chemistry with Microfluidic Electrochemiluminescent Arrays. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17051008. [PMID: 28467352 PMCID: PMC5469531 DOI: 10.3390/s17051008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review describes progress in the development of electrochemiluminescent (ECL) arrays aimed at sensing DNA damage to identify genotoxic chemistry related to reactive metabolites. Genotoxicity refers to chemical or photochemical processes that damage DNA with toxic consequences. Our arrays feature DNA/enzyme films that form reactive metabolites of test chemicals that can subsequently react with DNA, thus enabling prediction of genotoxic chemical reactions. These high-throughput ECL arrays incorporating representative cohorts of human metabolic enzymes provide a platform for determining chemical toxicity profiles of new drug and environmental chemical candidates. The arrays can be designed to identify enzymes and enzyme cascades that produce the reactive metabolites. We also describe ECL arrays that detect oxidative DNA damage caused by metabolite-mediated reactive oxygen species. These approaches provide valuable high-throughput tools to complement modern toxicity bioassays and provide a more complete toxicity prediction for drug and chemical product development.
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13
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Sato K, Awaji K, Ito M, Anzai JI. Preparation of H2O2-induced poly (amidoamine) dendrimer-release multilayer films. Colloid Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-017-4073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Reinicke S, Rees HC, Espeel P, Vanparijs N, Bisterfeld C, Dick M, Rosencrantz RR, Brezesinski G, de Geest BG, Du Prez FE, Pietruszka J, Böker A. Immobilization of 2-Deoxy-d-ribose-5-phosphate Aldolase in Polymeric Thin Films via the Langmuir-Schaefer Technique. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:8317-8326. [PMID: 28186396 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic protocol for the fabrication of ultrathin polymeric films containing the enzyme 2-deoxy-d-ribose-5-phosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli (DERAEC) is presented. Ultrathin enzymatically active films are useful for applications in which only small quantities of active material are needed and at the same time quick response and contact times without diffusion limitation are wanted. We show how DERA as an exemplary enzyme can be immobilized in a thin polymer layer at the air-water interface and transferred to a suitable support by the Langmuir-Schaefer technique under full conservation of enzymatic activity. The polymer in use is a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N-2-thiolactone acrylamide) (P(NIPAAm-co-TlaAm)) statistical copolymer in which the thiolactone units serve a multitude of purposes including hydrophobization of the polymer, covalent binding of the enzyme and the support and finally cross-linking of the polymer matrix. The application of this type of polymer keeps the whole approach simple as additional cocomponents such as cross-linkers are avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reinicke
- Department of Functional Protein Systems and Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research (IAP) , Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Huw C Rees
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Pieter Espeel
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nane Vanparijs
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carolin Bisterfeld
- Institut of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich , Stetternicher Forst, D-52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Dick
- Institut of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich , Stetternicher Forst, D-52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ruben R Rosencrantz
- Department of Functional Protein Systems and Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research (IAP) , Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies, University of Potsdam , 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Gerald Brezesinski
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Science Park Potsdam-Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bruno G de Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institut of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich , Stetternicher Forst, D-52426 Jülich, Germany
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Department of Functional Protein Systems and Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research (IAP) , Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies, University of Potsdam , 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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15
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Trumbo-White CM, Hvastkovs EG. Electrochemical Assessment of Sequence Selective DNA Damage from Myoglogin and Cytochrome P450 Bioactivated Benzo[ a]pyrene at TP53 Oligomers. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eli G. Hvastkovs
- Department of Chemistry; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC
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16
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Gobbo P, Antonello S, Guryanov I, Polo F, Soldà A, Zen F, Maran F. Dipole Moment Effect on the Electrochemical Desorption of Self-Assembled Monolayers of 310-Helicogenic Peptides on Gold. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierangelo Gobbo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Sabrina Antonello
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Ivan Guryanov
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
- Institute of Chemistry; St. Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskij Pr.; 198504 Saint-Petersburg Russia
| | - Federico Polo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
- National Cancer Institute-Centro di Riferimento Oncologico; Via Franco Gallini 2 33081 Aviano Italy
| | - Alice Soldà
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Federico Zen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
- School of Chemistry; Trinity College Dublin, College Green; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Flavio Maran
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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17
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Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of cytochrome P450s immobilized on gold/graphene-based nanocomposites. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Routine in vitro bioassays and animal toxicity studies of drug and environmental chemical candidates fail to reveal toxicity in ∼30% of cases. This Feature article addresses research on new approaches to in vitro toxicity testing as well as our own efforts to produce high-throughput genotoxicity arrays and LC-MS/MS approaches to reveal possible chemical pathways of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli G. Hvastkovs
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
- Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
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19
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Fojta M, Daňhel A, Havran L, Vyskočil V. Recent progress in electrochemical sensors and assays for DNA damage and repair. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Microscopic imaging and tuning of electrogenerated chemiluminescence with boron-doped diamond nanoelectrode arrays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7085-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Bittencourt CR, de Oliveira Farias EA, Bezerra KC, Véras LMC, Silva VC, Costa CHN, Bemquerer MP, Silva LP, Souza de Almeida Leite JRD, Eiras C. Immobilization of cationic antimicrobial peptides and natural cashew gum in nanosheet systems for the investigation of anti-leishmanial activity. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 59:549-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Electrochemical Detection of Alginate Penetration in Immobilized Layer-by-Layer Films by Unnatural Amino Acid Containing Antimicrobial Peptides. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Rusling JF, Wasalathanthri DP, Schenkman JB. Thin multicomponent films for functional enzyme devices and bioreactor particles. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:8145-8156. [PMID: 25209428 PMCID: PMC4183705 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01679c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Complex functional films containing enzymes and other biomolecules are easily fabricated in nm-scale thicknesses by using layer-by-layer (LbL) methodologies first popularized by Lvov and Decher. In this review, we highlight the high level functional capabilities possible with LbL films of biomolecules based on our own research experiences. We first describe the basics of enzyme film fabrication by LbL alternate electrostatic adsorption, then discuss how to make functional enzyme-polyion films of remarkably high stability. Focusing on cytochrome P450s, we discuss films developed to electrochemically activate the natural catalytic cycle of these key metabolic enzymes. We then describe multifunctional, multicomponent DNA/enzyme/polyion films on arrays and particle surfaces for high throughput metabolic toxicity screening using electrochemiluminescence and LC-MS/MS. Using multicomponent LbL films, complex functionality for bioanalytical and biochemical purposes can be achieved that is difficult or impossible using conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Cui D, Mi L, Xu X, Lu J, Qian J, Liu S. Nanocomposites of graphene and cytochrome P450 2D6 isozyme for electrochemical-driven tramadol metabolism. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:11833-11840. [PMID: 25222611 DOI: 10.1021/la502699m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (cyt P450s) with an active center of iron protoheme are involved in most clinical drugs metabolism process. Herein, an electrochemical platform for the investigation of drug metabolism in vitro was constructed by immobilizing cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) with cyt P450 reductase (CPR) on graphene modified glass carbon electrode. Direct and reversible electron transfer of the immobilized CYP2D6 with the direct electron transfer constant of 0.47 s(-1) and midpoint potential of -0.483 V was obtained. In the presence of substrate tramadol, the electrochemical-driven CYP2D6 mediated catalytic behavior toward the conversion of tramadol to o-demethyl-tramadol was confirmed. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km(app)) and heterogeneous reaction rate constant during the metabolism of tramadol were calculated to be 23.85 μM and 1.96 cm s(-1), respectively. The inhibition effect of quinidine on CYP2D6 catalyze-cycle was also investigated. Furthermore, this system was applied to studying the metabolism of other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Cui
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University , Jiangning District 211189, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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25
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Huffnagle IM, Joyner A, Rumble B, Hysa S, Rudel D, Hvastkovs EG. Dual electrochemical and physiological apoptosis assay detection of in vivo generated nickel chloride induced DNA damage in Caenorhabditis elegans. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8418-24. [PMID: 25048399 DOI: 10.1021/ac502007g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental nickel exposure is known to cause allergic reactions, respiratory illness, and may be responsible for some forms of cancer in humans. Nematodes are an excellent model organism to test for environmental toxins, as they are prevalent in many different environments. Nickel exposure has previously been shown to impact nematode life processes. In this study, Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes exposed to NiCl2 featured high levels of programmed cell death (PCD) in a concentration-dependent manner as measured by counting apoptotic corpses in the nematode germ line. A green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter transgene was used that highlights cell corpse engulfment by fluorescence microscopy. Analysis of the reporter in a p53 mutant strain putatively indicates that the PCDs are a result of genomic DNA damage. In order to assay the potential genotoxic actions of NiCl2, DNA was extracted from nematodes exposed to increasing concentrations of NiCl2 and electrochemically assayed. In vivo damaged DNA was immobilized on pyrolytic graphite electrodes using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. Square-wave voltammograms were obtained in the presence of redox mediator, ruthenium trisbipyridine (Ru(bpy)3(2+)), that catalytically oxidizes guanines in DNA. Oxidative peak currents were shown to increase as a function of NiCl2 exposure, which further suggests that the extracted DNA from nematodes exposed to the nickel was damaged. This report demonstrates that our electrochemical biosensor can detect damage at lower Ni concentrations than our physiological PCD assay and that the results are predictive of physiological responses at higher concentrations. Thus, a biological model for toxicity and animal disease can be assayed using an electrochemical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Huffnagle
- Department of Biology, and ‡Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University , Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
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Abstract
Increasing interest in detecting metal ions in many chemical and biomedical fields has created demands for developing sensors and imaging agents for metal ions with high sensitivity and selectivity. This review covers recent progress in DNA-based sensors and imaging agents for metal ions. Through both combinatorial selection and rational design, a number of metal-ion-dependent DNAzymes and metal-ion-binding DNA structures that can selectively recognize specific metal ions have been obtained. By attachment of these DNA molecules with signal reporters such as fluorophores, chromophores, electrochemical tags, and Raman tags, a number of DNA-based sensors for both diamagnetic and paramagnetic metal ions have been developed for fluorescent, colorimetric, electrochemical, and surface Raman detection. These sensors are highly sensitive (with a detection limit down to 11 ppt) and selective (with selectivity up to millions-fold) toward specific metal ions. In addition, through further development to simplify the operation, such as the use of "dipstick tests", portable fluorometers, computer-readable disks, and widely available glucose meters, these sensors have been applied for on-site and real-time environmental monitoring and point-of-care medical diagnostics. The use of these sensors for in situ cellular imaging has also been reported. The generality of the combinatorial selection to obtain DNAzymes for almost any metal ion in any oxidation state and the ease of modification of the DNA with different signal reporters make DNA an emerging and promising class of molecules for metal-ion sensing and imaging in many fields of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Fax: 217-244-3186; Tel: 217-333-2619
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Fax: 217-244-3186; Tel: 217-333-2619
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Farias EAO, Dionisio NA, Quelemes PV, Leal SH, Matos JME, Filho ECS, Bechtold IH, Leite JRS, Eiras C. Development and characterization of multilayer films of polyaniline, titanium dioxide and CTAB for potential antimicrobial applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 35:449-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Shi S, Wang X, Sun W, Wang X, Yao T, Ji L. Label-free fluorescent DNA biosensors based on metallointercalators and nanomaterials. Methods 2013; 64:305-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Pan S, Li D, Zhao L, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Genotoxicity-related chemistry of human metabolites of benzo[ghi]perylene (B[ghi]P) investigated using electro-optical arrays and DNA/microsome biocolloid reactors with LC-MS/MS. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1229-39. [PMID: 23879290 PMCID: PMC3763812 DOI: 10.1021/tx400147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is limited and sometimes contradictory information about the genotoxicity of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[ghi]perylene (B[ghi]P). Using recently developed metabolic toxicity screening arrays and a biocolloid reactor-LC-MS/MS approach, both featuring films of DNA and human metabolic enzymes, we demonstrated the relatively low reactivity of metabolically activated B[ghi]P toward DNA. Electro-optical toxicity screening arrays showed that B[ghi]P metabolites damage DNA at a 3-fold lower rate than benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), whose metabolites have a strong and well-understood propensity for DNA damage. Metabolic studies using magnetic bead biocolloid reactors coated with microsomal enzymes in 96-well plates showed that cyt P450s 1A1 and 1B1 provide high activity for B[ghi]P and B[a]P conversion. Consistent with published results, the major metabolism of B[ghi]P involved oxidations at 3,4 and 11,12 positions, leading to the formation of B[ghi]P 3,4-oxide and B[ghi]P 3,4,11,12-bisoxide. B[ghi]P 3,4-oxide was synthesized and reacted with deoxyadenosine at N6 and N7 positions and with deoxyguanosine at the N2 position. B[ghi]P 3,4-oxide is hydrolytically unstable and transforms into the 3,4-diol or converts to 3- or 4-hydroxy B[ghi]P. LC-MS/MS of reaction products from the magnetic biocolloid reactor particles coated with DNA and human enzymes revealed for the first time that a major DNA adduct results from the reaction between B[ghi]P 3,4,11,12-bisoxide and deoxyguanosine. Results also demonstrated 5-fold lower formation rates of the major DNA adduct for B[ghi]P metabolites compared to B[a]P. Overall, results from both the electro-optical array and biocolloid reactor-LC-MS/MS consistently suggest a lower human genotoxicity profile of B[ghi]P than B[a]P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenmin Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - John B. Schenkman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032
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30
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Wasalathanthri DP, Faria RC, Malla S, Joshi AA, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Screening reactive metabolites bioactivated by multiple enzyme pathways using a multiplexed microfluidic system. Analyst 2013; 138:171-8. [PMID: 23095952 PMCID: PMC3509269 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35993f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A multiplexed, microfluidic platform to detect reactive metabolites is described, and its performance is illustrated for compounds metabolized by oxidative and bioconjugation enzymes in multi-enzyme pathways to mimic natural human drug metabolism. The device features four 8-electrode screen printed carbon arrays coated with thin films of DNA, a ruthenium-polyvinylpyridine (RuPVP) catalyst, and multiple enzyme sources including human liver microsomes (HLM), cytochrome P450 (cyt P450) 1B1 supersomes, microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EH), human S9 liver fractions (Hs9) and N-acetyltransferase (NAT). Arrays are arranged in parallel to facilitate multiple compound screening, enabling up to 32 enzyme reactions and measurements in 20-30 min. In the first step of the assay, metabolic reactions are achieved under constant flow of oxygenated reactant solutions by electrode driven natural catalytic cycles of cyt P450s and cofactor-supported bioconjugation enzymes. Reactive metabolites formed in the enzyme reactions can react with DNA. Relative DNA damage is measured in the second assay step using square wave voltammetry (SWV) with RuPVP as catalyst. Studies were done on chemicals known to require metabolic activation to induce genotoxicity, and results reproduced known features of metabolite DNA-reactivity for the test compounds. Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) by cyt P450s and epoxide hydrolase showed an enhanced relative DNA damage rate for DNA compared to cyt P450s alone. DNA damage rates for arylamines by pathways featuring both oxidative and conjugative enzymes at pH 7.4 gave better correlation with rodent genotoxicity metric TD(50). Results illustrate the broad utility of the reactive metabolite screening device.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronaldo C. Faria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Spundana Malla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Amit A. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - John B. Schenkman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- NationalUniversity of Ireland at Galway, Ireland
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
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31
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Coupling of pyrroloquinoline quinone dependent glucose dehydrogenase to (cytochrome c/DNA)-multilayer systems on electrodes. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 88:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Quinn JF, Pas SJ, Quinn A, Yap HP, Suzuki R, Tuomisto F, Shekibi BS, Mardel JI, Hill AJ, Caruso F. Tailoring the Chain Packing in Ultrathin Polyelectrolyte Films Formed by Sequential Adsorption: Nanoscale Probing by Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19808-19. [DOI: 10.1021/ja308716v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John F. Quinn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Steven J. Pas
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering and CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Private Bag 33, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials
Science, School of Chemistry and Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Anthony Quinn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Heng Pho Yap
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ryoichi Suzuki
- Advanced Defect Characterization
Group, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Tsukuba Central 2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568,
Japan
| | - Filip Tuomisto
- Department of Applied
Physics, Aalto University, POB 11100, FI-00076
Aalto, Finland
| | - Bijan S. Shekibi
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering and CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Private Bag 33, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials
Science, School of Chemistry and Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - James I. Mardel
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering and CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Private Bag 33, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Anita J. Hill
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering and CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Private Bag 33, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials
Science, School of Chemistry and Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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33
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Wasalathanthri DP, Malla S, Faria RC, Rusling JF. Electrochemical Activation of the Natural Catalytic Cycle of Cytochrome P450s in Human Liver Microsomes. ELECTROANAL 2012; 24:2049-2052. [PMID: 23626453 DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The natural catalytic cycle of cytochrome (cyt) P450 enzymes in human liver microsome (HLM) films was activated electrochemically via the electron transfer sequence electrode→cyt P450 reductase (CPR)→cyt P450. Cyclic voltammograms for HLM films had midpoint potentials of -0.50 V vs. SCE at pH 7.4 characteristic of CPR, not cyt P450s. HLM and CPR microsomes without cyt P450s did not electrocatalytically reduce H2O2, and did not shift midpoint potential when CO was added, also indicating that the peaks do not correspond to iron heme cyt P450 enzymes. Electrochemical activation of the natural cyt P450 cycle for substrate conversion via CPR in HLM films was confirmed by catalytic electrolysis in an electrochemical microfluidic array designed to generate and detect reactive metabolites by measuring their reactivity with DNA.
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34
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Wang H, Ishihara S, Ariga K, Yamauchi Y. All-Metal Layer-by-Layer Films: Bimetallic Alternate Layers with Accessible Mesopores for Enhanced Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:10819-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303773z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjing Wang
- World Premier International
(WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1
Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555,
Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ishihara
- World Premier International
(WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1
Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International
(WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1
Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Precursory Research
for Embryonic
Science and Technology (PRESTO) and Core Research for Evolutional
Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012,
Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- World Premier International
(WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1
Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555,
Japan
- Precursory Research
for Embryonic
Science and Technology (PRESTO) and Core Research for Evolutional
Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012,
Japan
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35
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Chai H, Liu H, Guo X, Zheng D, Kutes Y, Huey BD, Rusling JF, Hu N. Long Distance Electron Transfer Across >100 nm Thick Au Nanoparticle/Polyion Films to a Surface Redox Protein. ELECTROANAL 2012; 24:1129-1140. [PMID: 23730120 PMCID: PMC3666353 DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione-decorated 5 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and oppositely charged poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) were assembled into {PAH/AuNP} n films fabricated layer-by-layer (LbL) on pyrolytic graphite (PG) electrodes. These AuNP/polyion films utilized the AuNPs as electron hopping relays to achieve direct electron transfer between underlying electrodes and redox proteins on the outer film surface across unprecedented distances >100 nm for the first time. As film thickness increased, voltammetric peak currents for surface myoglobin (Mb) on these films decreased but the electron transfer rate was relatively constant, consistent with a AuNP-mediated electron hopping mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Chai
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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36
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Cathodic electrochemiluminescence and reversible electrochemistry of [Ru(bpy)3](2+/1+) in aqueous solutions on tricresyl phosphate-based carbon paste electrode with extremely high hydrogen evolution potential. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:3427-30. [PMID: 22532062 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Many cathodic electrochemiluminescence (ECL) systems require very negative potentials; it is difficult to achieve stable cathodic ECL in aqueous solutions because of hydrogen evolution and instability of intermediates. In this study, tricresyl phosphate-based carbon paste electrode (CPE) was used to achieve cathodic ECL. It exhibits no obvious hydrogen evolution even at a potential up to -1.6 V and dramatically stabilizes electrogenerated [Ru(bpy)3](+). Therefore, a reversible wave of [Ru(bpy)3](2+/1+) in aqueous solutions at carbon electrode has been observed for the first time, and cathodic ECL of [Ru(bpy)3](2+)/S2O8(2-) has been achieved. Under the optimum conditions, the plots of the ECL versus the concentration of S2O8(2-) are linear in the range of 10(-6) to 10(-2) M with the detection limit of 3.98 × 10(-7) M. Common anions have no effect on the ECL intensity of the [Ru(bpy)3](2+)/S2O8(2-) system. Since CPEs have been widely used, CPEs with high hydrogen evolution potential are versatile platforms for electrochemical study and cathodic ECL study.
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37
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Li M, Ishihara S, Ji Q, Ma Y, Hill JP, Ariga K. Electrochemical Coupling Layer-by-layer (ECC-LbL) Assembly in Patterning Mode. CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2012.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- World Premier International (WPI) Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
| | - Shinsuke Ishihara
- World Premier International (WPI) Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
| | - Qingmin Ji
- World Premier International (WPI) Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
| | - Yuguang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University
| | - Jonathan P. Hill
- World Premier International (WPI) Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- CREST, JST
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International (WPI) Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- CREST, JST
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38
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Hvastkovs EG, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Metabolic toxicity screening using electrochemiluminescence arrays coupled with enzyme-DNA biocolloid reactors and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2012; 5:79-105. [PMID: 22482786 PMCID: PMC3399491 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
New chemicals or drugs must be guaranteed safe before they can be marketed. Despite widespread use of bioassay panels for toxicity prediction, products that are toxic to a subset of the population often are not identified until clinical trials. This article reviews new array methodologies based on enzyme/DNA films that form and identify DNA-reactive metabolites that are indicators of potentially genotoxic species. This molecularly based methodology is designed in a rapid screening array that utilizes electrochemiluminescence (ECL) to detect metabolite-DNA reactions, as well as biocolloid reactors that provide the DNA adducts and metabolites for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. ECL arrays provide rapid toxicity screening, and the biocolloid reactor LC-MS approach provides a valuable follow-up on structure, identification, and formation rates of DNA adducts for toxicity hits from the ECL array screening. Specific examples using this strategy are discussed. Integration of high-throughput versions of these toxicity-screening methods with existing drug toxicity bioassays should allow for better human toxicity prediction as well as more informed decision making regarding new chemical and drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli G. Hvastkovs
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858;
| | - John B. Schenkman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06269;
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06269;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269;
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Paleček
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 612
65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bartošík
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 612
65 Brno, Czech Republic
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40
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Lee T, Yun T, Park B, Sharma B, Song HK, Kim BS. Hybrid multilayer thin film supercapacitor of graphene nanosheets with polyaniline: importance of establishing intimate electronic contact through nanoscale blending. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33111j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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41
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Wasalathanthri DP, Mani V, Tang CK, Rusling JF. Microfluidic electrochemical array for detection of reactive metabolites formed by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9499-506. [PMID: 22040095 DOI: 10.1021/ac202269t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel, simple, rapid microfluidic array using bioelectronically driven cytochrome P450 enzyme catalysis for reactive metabolite screening is reported for the first time. The device incorporates an eight-electrode screen-printed carbon array coated with thin films of DNA, [Ru(bpy)(2)(PVP)(10)](ClO(4)) {RuPVP}, and rat liver microsomes (RLM) as enzyme sources. Catalysis features electron donation to cyt P450 reductase in the RLMs and subsequent cyt P450 reduction while flowing an oxygenated substrate solution past sensor electrodes. Metabolites react with DNA in the film if they are able, and damaged DNA is detected by catalytic square wave voltammetry (SWV) utilizing the RuPVP polymer. The microfluidic device was tested for a set of common pollutants known to form DNA-reactive metabolites. Logarithmic turnover rates based on SWV responses gave excellent correlation with the rodent liver TD(50) toxicity metric, supporting the utility of the device for toxicity screening. The microfluidic array gave much better S/N and reproducibility than single-electrode sensors based on similar principles.
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42
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Hong J, Han JY, Yoon H, Joo P, Lee T, Seo E, Char K, Kim BS. Carbon-based layer-by-layer nanostructures: from films to hollow capsules. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:4515-31. [PMID: 21845276 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10575b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly has been widely developed as one of the most powerful techniques to prepare multifunctional films with desired functions, structures and morphologies because of its versatility in the process steps in both material and substrate choices. Among various functional nanoscale objects, carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene sheets, are promising candidates for emerging science and technology with their unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. In particular, carbon-based functional multilayer coatings based on the LbL assembly are currently being actively pursued as conducting electrodes, batteries, solar cells, supercapacitors, fuel cells and sensor applications. In this article, we give an overview on the use of carbon materials in nanostructured films and capsules prepared by the LbL assembly with the aim of unraveling the unique features and their applications of carbon multilayers prepared by the LbL assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkee Hong
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, The WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
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43
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Dey D, Goswami T. Optical biosensors: a revolution towards quantum nanoscale electronics device fabrication. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:348218. [PMID: 22131802 PMCID: PMC3205924 DOI: 10.1155/2011/348218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dimension of biomolecules is of few nanometers, so the biomolecular devices ought to be of that range so a better understanding about the performance of the electronic biomolecular devices can be obtained at nanoscale. Development of optical biomolecular device is a new move towards revolution of nano-bioelectronics. Optical biosensor is one of such nano-biomolecular devices that has a potential to pave a new dimension of research and device fabrication in the field of optical and biomedical fields. This paper is a very small report about optical biosensor and its development and importance in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dey
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tripura Institute of Technology, Narsingarh, Tripura-799009, India.
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44
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Kepplinger C, Lisdat F, Wollenberger U. Cytochrome c/polyelectrolyte multilayers investigated by E-QCM-D: effect of temperature on the assembly structure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:8309-8315. [PMID: 21634413 DOI: 10.1021/la200860p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein multilayers, consisting of cytochrome c (cyt c) and poly(aniline sulfonic acid) (PASA), are investigated by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (E-QCM-D). This technique reveals that a four-bilayer assembly has rather rigid properties. A thickness of 16.3 ± 0.8 nm is calculated with the Sauerbrey equation and is found to be in good agreement with a viscoelastic model. The electroactive amount of cyt c is estimated by the deposited mass under the assumption of 50% coupled water. Temperature-induced stabilization of the multilayer assembly has been investigated in the temperature range between 30 and 45 °C. The treatment results in a loss of material and a contraction of the film. The electroactive amount of cyt c also decreases during heating and remains constant after the cooling period. The contraction of the film is accompanied by the enhanced stability of the assembly. In addition, it is found that cyt c and PASA can be assembled at higher temperatures, resulting in the formation of multilayer systems with less dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kepplinger
- Biosystems Technology, Wildau University of Applied Science, Bahnhofstrasse 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany
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Yuan Y, Li H, Han S, Hu L, Parveen S, Xu G. Vitamin C derivatives as new coreactants for tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescence. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 701:169-73. [PMID: 21801884 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C derivatives (VCDs) have been widely used as the alternative and stable sources of vitamin C, and accordingly exhibit many new applications, such as anti-tumor and central nervous system drug delivery. In this study, their Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) properties have been investigated for the first time using well-known ascorbyl phosphate and ascorbyl palmitate as representative VCDs. Ascorbyl phosphate and ascorbyl palmitate are VCDs with different substituted positions. Both of them increase Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL, indicating that other VCDs may also enhance Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL signal. The calibration plot for ascorbyl phosphate is linear from 3×10(-6) to 1.0×10(-3) M with a detection limit of 1.4×10(-6) M at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The relative standard deviation is 3.6% for six replicate measurements of 0.01mM ascorbyl 2-phosphate solution. The proposed method is about one order of magnitude more sensitive than electrochemical and UV-vis methods for the determination of ascorbyl phosphate, and is used successfully for the determination of ascorbyl phosphate in whitening and moisturising body wash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022,
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Ladhari N, Ringwald C, Ersen O, Florea I, Hemmerlé J, Ball V. Reactive layer-by-layer deposition of poly(ethylene imine) and a precursor of TiO2: influence of the sodium chloride concentration on the film growth, interaction with hexacyanoferrate anions, and particle distribution in the film. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:7934-7943. [PMID: 21619015 DOI: 10.1021/la201106r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Films prepared according to a layer-by-layer (LBL) manner find increasing importance in many applications such as coatings with dedicated optical or electronic properties, particularly when including nanomaterials. An alternative way to prepare such hybrid layer-by-layer coatings is to perform sol-gel chemistry in a layer-by-layer manner. In this article, we highlight the importance of the NaCl concentration as a parameter to control the growth as well as the properties of LBL films made from poly(ethylene imine) as the organic counterpart and titanium IV (bisammoniumlactato)dihydroxyde ([Ti(lac)(2)(OH)(2)](2-)) as the precursor of TiO(2). An increase in the sodium chloride concentration leads to the faster growth of the film and to a decrease in the number of hexacyanoferrate anions remaining in the film after a buffer rinse. This may be due to a progressive increase in the fraction of negatively charged TiO(2) as suggested by transmission electron microscopy. In the presence of 0.5 M NaCl, the fraction of TiO(2) is close to 60% in mass. As a surprising finding, the films produced from 0.15 M NaCl are not homogeneously filled with TiO(2) even if the film is produced in an LBL fashion. The increased concentration of TiO(2) at the film-solution interface could constitute a barrier for the incorporation of the negatively charged redox probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ladhari
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 977, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, Cédex, France
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Krishnan S, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Bioelectronic delivery of electrons to cytochrome P450 enzymes. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:8371-80. [PMID: 21591685 DOI: 10.1021/jp201235m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (cyt P450s) are the major oxidative enzymes in human oxidative metabolism of drugs and xenobiotic chemicals. In nature, the iron heme cyt P450s utilize oxygen and electrons delivered from NADPH by a reductase enzyme to oxidize substrates stereo- and regioselectively. Significant research has been directed toward achieving these events electrochemically. This Feature Article discusses the direct electrochemistry of cyt P450s in thin films and the utilization of such films for electrochemically driven biocatalysis. Maintaining and confirming structural integrity and catalytic activity of cyt P450s in films is an essential feature of these efforts. We highlight here our efforts to elucidate the influence of iron heme spin state and secondary structure of human cyt P450s on voltammetric and biocatalytic properties, using methodologies to quantitatively describe the dynamics of these processes in thin films. We also describe the first cyt P450/reductase films that accurately mimic the natural biocatalytic pathway and show how they can be used with voltammetry to elucidate key mechanistic features. Such bioelectronic cyt P450 systems have high value for future drug development, toxicity screening, fundamental investigations, and chemical synthesis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Wegerich F, Turano P, Allegrozzi M, Möhwald H, Lisdat F. Electroactive multilayer assemblies of bilirubin oxidase and human cytochrome C mutants: insight in formation and kinetic behavior. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4202-11. [PMID: 21401056 DOI: 10.1021/la104964z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report on cytochrome c/bilirubin oxidase multilayer electrodes with different cytochrome c (cyt c) forms including mutant forms of human cyt c, which exhibit different reaction rates with bilirubin oxidase (BOD) in solution. The multilayer formation via the layer-by-layer technique and the kinetic behavior of the mono (only cyt c) and biprotein (cyt c and BOD) multilayer systems are studied by SPR and cyclic voltammetry. For the layer construction, sulfonated polyaniline is used. The only cyt c containing multilayer electrodes show that the quantity of deposited protein and the kinetic behavior depend on the cyt c form incorporated. In the case of the biprotein multilayer with BOD, it is demonstrated that the catalytic signal chain from the electrode via cyt c to BOD and oxygen can be established with all chosen cyt c forms. However, the magnitude of the catalytic current as well as the kinetic behavior differ significantly. We conclude that the different cytochrome c forms affect three parameters, identified here, to be important for the functionality of the multilayer system: the amount of molecules per layer, which can be immobilized on the electrodes, the cyt c self-exchange rate, and the rate constant for the reaction with BOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Wegerich
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Lynch AM, Sasaki JC, Elespuru R, Jacobson-Kram D, Thybaud V, De Boeck M, Aardema MJ, Aubrecht J, Benz RD, Dertinger SD, Douglas GR, White PA, Escobar PA, Fornace A, Honma M, Naven RT, Rusling JF, Schiestl RH, Walmsley RM, Yamamura E, van Benthem J, Kim JH. New and emerging technologies for genetic toxicity testing. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2011; 52:205-223. [PMID: 20740635 DOI: 10.1002/em.20614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Project Committee on the Relevance and Follow-up of Positive Results in In Vitro Genetic Toxicity (IVGT) Testing established an Emerging Technologies and New Strategies Workgroup to review the current State of the Art in genetic toxicology testing. The aim of the workgroup was to identify promising technologies that will improve genotoxicity testing and assessment of in vivo hazard and risk, and that have the potential to help meet the objectives of the IVGT. As part of this initiative, HESI convened a workshop in Washington, DC in May 2008 to discuss mature, maturing, and emerging technologies in genetic toxicology. This article collates the abstracts of the New and Emerging Technologies Workshop together with some additional technologies subsequently considered by the workgroup. Each abstract (available in the online version of the article) includes a section addressed specifically to the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with the respective technology. Importantly, an overview of the technologies and an indication of how their use might be aligned with the objectives of IVGT are presented. In particular, consideration was given with regard to follow-up testing of positive results in the standard IVGT tests (i.e., Salmonella Ames test, chromosome aberration assay, and mouse lymphoma assay) to add weight of evidence and/or provide mechanism of action for improved genetic toxicity risk assessments in humans.
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Kulterer MR, Reischl M, Reichel VE, Hribernik S, Wu M, Köstler S, Kargl R, Ribitsch V. Nanoprecipitation of cellulose acetate using solvent/nonsolvent mixtures as dispersive media. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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