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Alekseeva P, Makarov V, Efendiev K, Shiryaev A, Reshetov I, Loschenov V. Devices and Methods for Dosimetry of Personalized Photodynamic Therapy of Tumors: A Review on Recent Trends. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2484. [PMID: 39001546 PMCID: PMC11240380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Significance: Despite the widespread use of photodynamic therapy in clinical practice, there is a lack of personalized methods for assessing the sufficiency of photodynamic exposure on tumors, depending on tissue parameters that change during light irradiation. This can lead to different treatment results. Aim: The objective of this article was to conduct a comprehensive review of devices and methods employed for the implicit dosimetric monitoring of personalized photodynamic therapy for tumors. Methods: The review included 88 peer-reviewed research articles published between January 2010 and April 2024 that employed implicit monitoring methods, such as fluorescence imaging and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Additionally, it encompassed computer modeling methods that are most often and successfully used in preclinical and clinical practice to predict treatment outcomes. The Internet search engine Google Scholar and the Scopus database were used to search the literature for relevant articles. Results: The review analyzed and compared the results of 88 peer-reviewed research articles presenting various methods of implicit dosimetry during photodynamic therapy. The most prominent wavelengths for PDT are in the visible and near-infrared spectral range such as 405, 630, 660, and 690 nm. Conclusions: The problem of developing an accurate, reliable, and easily implemented dosimetry method for photodynamic therapy remains a current problem, since determining the effective light dose for a specific tumor is a decisive factor in achieving a positive treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Alekseeva
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.)
| | - Vladimir Makarov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.)
- Department of Laser Micro-Nano and Biotechnologies, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kanamat Efendiev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.)
- Department of Laser Micro-Nano and Biotechnologies, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Shiryaev
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Reshetov
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.)
- Department of Laser Micro-Nano and Biotechnologies, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Moscow, Russia
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Szczygieł M, Kalinowska B, Szczygieł D, Krzykawska-Serda M, Fiedor L, Murzyn AA, Sopel J, Matuszak Z, Elas M. EPR Monitoring of Oxygenation Levels in Tumors After Chlorophyllide-Based Photodynamic Therapy May Allow for Early Prediction of Treatment Outcome. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:411-423. [PMID: 38296885 PMCID: PMC11211189 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular oxygen, besides a photosensitizer and light of appropriate wavelength, is one of the three factors necessary for photodynamic therapy (PDT). In tumor tissue, PDT leads to the killing of tumor cells, destruction of endothelial cells and vasculature collapse, and the induction of strong immune responses. All these effects may influence the oxygenation levels, but it is the vasculature changes that have the main impact on pO2. The purpose of our study was to monitor changes in tumor oxygenation after PDT and explore its significance for predicting long-term treatment response. PROCEDURES Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy enables direct, quantitative, and sequential measurements of partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the same animal. The levels of chlorophyll derived photosensitizers in tumor tissue were determined by transdermal emission measurements. RESULTS The noninvasive monitoring of pO2 in the tumor tissue after PDT showed that the higher ΔpO2 (pO2 after PDT minus pO2 before PDT), the greater the inhibition of tumor growth. ΔpO2 also correlated with higher levels of the photosensitizers in the tumor and with the occurrence of a severe edema/erythema after PDT. CONCLUSION Monitoring of PDT-induced changes in tumor oxygenation is a valuable prognostic factor and could be also used to identify potentially resistant tumors, which is important in predicting long-term treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szczygieł
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Barbara Kalinowska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Szczygieł
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Leszek Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Anna Murzyn
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Sopel
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zenon Matuszak
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics and Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martyna Elas
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Li Q, Ming R, Huang L, Zhang R. Versatile Peptide-Based Nanosystems for Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:218. [PMID: 38399272 PMCID: PMC10892956 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become an important therapeutic strategy because it is highly controllable, effective, and does not cause drug resistance. Moreover, precise delivery of photosensitizers to tumor lesions can greatly reduce the amount of drug administered and optimize therapeutic outcomes. As alternatives to protein antibodies, peptides have been applied as useful targeting ligands for targeted biomedical imaging, drug delivery and PDT. In addition, other functionalities of peptides such as stimuli responsiveness, self-assembly, and therapeutic activity can be integrated with photosensitizers to yield versatile peptide-based nanosystems for PDT. In this article, we start with a brief introduction to PDT and peptide-based nanosystems, followed by more detailed descriptions about the structure, property, and architecture of peptides as background information. Finally, the most recent advances in peptide-based nanosystems for PDT are emphasized and summarized according to the functionalities of peptide in the system to reveal the design and development principle in different therapeutic circumstances. We hope this review could provide useful insights and valuable reference for the development of peptide-based nanosystems for PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Li
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruiqi Ming
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lili Huang
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Dos Santos DNS, Naskar N, Delgado-Pinar E, Reess K, Seixas de Melo JS, Rueck A. Bromine indirubin FLIM/PLIM sensors to measure oxygen in normoxic and hypoxic PDT conditions. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103964. [PMID: 38218570 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.103964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The induction of phototoxicity during photodynamic therapy (PDT) is dependent on oxygen availability. For this reason, the development of sensors to measure oxygen and oxygen consumption is extremely important. APPROACH In this project we have used Fluorescence Lifetime imaging (FLIM) and Phosphorescence Lifetime Imaging/ delayed Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (PLIM/dFLIM) to investigate the ability of bromine indirubin derivatives as oxygen sensors. RESULTS The oxygen sensitivity of bromine indirubins was detected through PLIM/dFLIM. Moreover, we have observed, by measuring nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) FLIM, that bromine indirubin has a significant impact on cellular metabolism by shifting the SCC-4 Cells metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study successfully achieves its goals and provides important insights into the use of indirubin as a potential oxygen consumption sensor with the capability to identify and differentiate between normoxic and hypoxic regions within the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N S Dos Santos
- University Ulm, Core Facility Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy N24, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; University of Coimbra, CQC-ISM, Department of Chemistry, Coimbra, P3004-535, Portugal.
| | - N Naskar
- University Ulm, Core Facility Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy N24, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - E Delgado-Pinar
- University of Coimbra, CQC-ISM, Department of Chemistry, Coimbra, P3004-535, Portugal; Molecular Science Institute, Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - K Reess
- University Ulm, Core Facility Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy N24, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - J S Seixas de Melo
- University of Coimbra, CQC-ISM, Department of Chemistry, Coimbra, P3004-535, Portugal
| | - A Rueck
- University Ulm, Core Facility Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy N24, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Lintern N, Smith AM, Jayne DG, Khaled YS. Photodynamic Stromal Depletion in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4135. [PMID: 37627163 PMCID: PMC10453210 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest solid malignancies, with a five-year survival of less than 10%. The resistance of the disease and the associated lack of therapeutic response is attributed primarily to its dense, fibrotic stroma, which acts as a barrier to drug perfusion and permits tumour survival and invasion. As clinical trials of chemotherapy (CT), radiotherapy (RT), and targeted agents have not been successful, improving the survival rate in unresectable PDAC remains an urgent clinical need. Photodynamic stromal depletion (PSD) is a recent approach that uses visible or near-infrared light to destroy the desmoplastic tissue. Preclinical evidence suggests this can resensitise tumour cells to subsequent therapies whilst averting the tumorigenic effects of tumour-stromal cell interactions. So far, the pre-clinical studies have suggested that PDT can successfully mediate the destruction of various stromal elements without increasing the aggressiveness of the tumour. However, the complexity of this interplay, including the combined tumour promoting and suppressing effects, poses unknowns for the clinical application of photodynamic stromal depletion in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lintern
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew M. Smith
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - David G. Jayne
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Yazan S. Khaled
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Lima E, Reis LV. Photodynamic Therapy: From the Basics to the Current Progress of N-Heterocyclic-Bearing Dyes as Effective Photosensitizers. Molecules 2023; 28:5092. [PMID: 37446758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy, an alternative that has gained weight and popularity compared to current conventional therapies in the treatment of cancer, is a minimally invasive therapeutic strategy that generally results from the simultaneous action of three factors: a molecule with high sensitivity to light, the photosensitizer, molecular oxygen in the triplet state, and light energy. There is much to be said about each of these three elements; however, the efficacy of the photosensitizer is the most determining factor for the success of this therapeutic modality. Porphyrins, chlorins, phthalocyanines, boron-dipyrromethenes, and cyanines are some of the N-heterocycle-bearing dyes' classes with high biological promise. In this review, a concise approach is taken to these and other families of potential photosensitizers and the molecular modifications that have recently appeared in the literature within the scope of their photodynamic application, as well as how these compounds and their formulations may eventually overcome the deficiencies of the molecules currently clinically used and revolutionize the therapies to eradicate or delay the growth of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eurico Lima
- CQ-VR-Chemistry Centre of Vila Real, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Lucinda V Reis
- CQ-VR-Chemistry Centre of Vila Real, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Guo S, Song Z, Ji DK, Reina G, Fauny JD, Nishina Y, Ménard-Moyon C, Bianco A. Combined Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer Treatment Using a Multifunctional Graphene Oxide. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1365. [PMID: 35890259 PMCID: PMC9318106 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is one of the most studied nanomaterials in many fields, including the biomedical field. Most of the nanomaterials developed for drug delivery and phototherapies are based on noncovalent approaches that lead to an unspecific release of physisorbed molecules in complex biological environments. Therefore, preparing covalently functionalized GO using straightforward and versatile methods is highly valuable. Phototherapies, including photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), have shown great potential as effective therapeutic approaches against cancer. To overcome the limits of a single method, the combination of PTT and PDT can lead to a combined effect with a higher therapeutic efficiency. In this work, we prepare a folic acid (FA) and chlorin e6 (Ce6) double-functionalized GO for combined targeted PTT/PDT. This conjugate can penetrate rapidly into cancer cells and macrophages. A combined effect of PTT and PDT is observed, leading to a higher killing efficiency toward different types of cells involved in cancer and other diseases. Our work provides a simple protocol to prepare multifunctional platforms for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Guo
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (S.G.); (Z.S.); (D.-K.J.); (G.R.); (J.-D.F.); (C.M.-M.)
| | - Zhengmei Song
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (S.G.); (Z.S.); (D.-K.J.); (G.R.); (J.-D.F.); (C.M.-M.)
| | - Ding-Kun Ji
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (S.G.); (Z.S.); (D.-K.J.); (G.R.); (J.-D.F.); (C.M.-M.)
| | - Giacomo Reina
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (S.G.); (Z.S.); (D.-K.J.); (G.R.); (J.-D.F.); (C.M.-M.)
| | - Jean-Daniel Fauny
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (S.G.); (Z.S.); (D.-K.J.); (G.R.); (J.-D.F.); (C.M.-M.)
| | - Yuta Nishina
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Cécilia Ménard-Moyon
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (S.G.); (Z.S.); (D.-K.J.); (G.R.); (J.-D.F.); (C.M.-M.)
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (S.G.); (Z.S.); (D.-K.J.); (G.R.); (J.-D.F.); (C.M.-M.)
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VİTHANAGE V, C.D. J, M.D.P. DE. C, RAJENDRAM S. Photodynamic Therapy : An Overview and Insights into a Prospective Mainstream Anticancer Therapy. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) procedure has minimum invasiveness in contrast to conventional anticancer surgical procedures. Although clinically approved a few decades ago, it is not commonly used due to its poor efficacy, mainly due to poor light penetration into deeper tissues. PDT uses a photosensitizer (PS), which is photoactivated on illumination by light of appropriate wavelength and oxygen in the tissue, leading to a series of photochemical reactions producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggering various mechanisms resulting in lethal effects on tumor cells. This review looks into the fundamental aspects of PDT, such as photochemistry, photobiological effects, and the current clinical applications in the light of improving PDT to become a mainstream therapeutic procedure against a broad spectrum of cancers and malignant lesions. The side effects of PDT, both early and late-onset, are elaborated on in detail to highlight the available options to minimize side effects without compromising therapeutic efficacy. This paper summarizes the benefits, drawbacks, and limitations of photodynamic therapy along with the recent attempts to achieve improved therapeutic efficacy via monitoring various cellular and molecular processes through fluorescent imagery aided by suitable biomarkers, prospective nanotechnology-based targeted delivery methods, the use of scintillating nanoparticles to deliver light to remote locations and also combining PDT with conventional anticancer therapies have opened up new dimensions for PDT in treating cancers. This review inquires and critically analyses prospective avenues in which a breakthrough would finally enable PDT to be integrated into mainstream anticancer therapy.
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Hartmann T, Perron R, Razavi M. Utilization of Nanoparticles, Nanodevices, and Nanotechnology in the Treatment Course of Cutaneous Melanoma. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartmann
- College of Medicine University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32827 USA
| | - Rebecca Perron
- College of Medicine University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32827 USA
| | - Mehdi Razavi
- College of Medicine University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32827 USA
- Biionix™ (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32827 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32816 USA
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Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy Monitoring of Experimental Tumor Oxygenation after Red and Blue Light Photodynamic Therapy. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective technique for cancer treatment based on photoactivation of photosensitizer accumulated in pathological tissues resulting in singlet oxygen production. Employment of red (660 nm) or blue (405 nm) light differing in typical penetration depth within the tissue for PDT performance provides wide opportunities for improving PDT protocols. Oxygenation dynamics in the treated area can be monitored using diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) which allows evaluating tumor response to treatment. In this study, we report on monitoring oxygenation dynamics in experimental tumors after PDT treatment with chlorin-based photosensitizers using red or blue light. The untreated and red light PDT groups demonstrate a gradual decrease in tumor oxygen saturation during the 7-day observation period, however, the reason is different: in the untreated group, the effect is explained by the excessive tumor growth, while in the PDT group, the effect is caused by the blood flow arrest preventing delivery of oxygenated blood to the tumor. The blue light PDT procedure, on the contrary, demonstrates the preservation of the blood oxygen saturation in the tumor during the entire observation period due to superficial action of the blue-light PDT and weaker tumor growth inhibition. Irradiation-only regimes show a primarily insignificant decrease in tumor oxygen saturation owing to partial inhibition of tumor growth. The DOS observations are interpreted based on histology analysis.
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11
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Alternative methods of photodynamic therapy and oxygen consumption measurements-A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 134:111095. [PMID: 33341048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photooxidation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the interaction of dyes or surfaces with light radiation of appropriate wavelength. The reaction is of wide utility and is highly effective in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of various types of cancer and skin disease. Understanding generation of singlet oxygen has contributed to the development of PDT and its subsequent use in vivo. However, this therapy has some limitations that prevent its use in the treatment of cancers located deep within the body. The limited depth of light penetration through biological tissue limits initiation of PDT action in deep tissue. Measurement of oxygen photo consumption is critical due to tumor hypoxia, and use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is particularly attractive since it is non-invasive. This article presents bioluminescence (BL) and chemiluminescence (CL) phenomena based on publications from the last 20 years, and preliminary results from our lab in the use of MRI to measure oxygen concentration in water. Current work is aimed at improving the effectiveness of singlet oxygen delivery to deep tissue cancer.
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12
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De Silva P, Saad MA, Thomsen HC, Bano S, Ashraf S, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy, priming and optical imaging: Potential co-conspirators in treatment design and optimization - a Thomas Dougherty Award for Excellence in PDT paper. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020; 24:1320-1360. [PMID: 37425217 PMCID: PMC10327884 DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620300098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a photochemistry-based approach, approved for the treatment of several malignant and non-malignant pathologies. It relies on the use of a non-toxic, light activatable chemical, photosensitizer, which preferentially accumulates in tissues/cells and, upon irradiation with the appropriate wavelength of light, confers cytotoxicity by generation of reactive molecular species. The preferential accumulation however is not universal and, depending on the anatomical site, the ratio of tumor to normal tissue may be reversed in favor of normal tissue. Under such circumstances, control of the volume of light illumination provides a second handle of selectivity. Singlet oxygen is the putative favorite reactive molecular species although other entities such as nitric oxide have been credibly implicated. Typically, most photosensitizers in current clinical use have a finite quantum yield of fluorescence which is exploited for surgery guidance and can also be incorporated for monitoring and treatment design. In addition, the photodynamic process alters the cellular, stromal, and/or vascular microenvironment transiently in a process termed photodynamic priming, making it more receptive to subsequent additional therapies including chemo- and immunotherapy. Thus, photodynamic priming may be considered as an enabling technology for the more commonly used frontline treatments. Recently, there has been an increase in the exploitation of the theranostic potential of photodynamic therapy in different preclinical and clinical settings with the use of new photosensitizer formulations and combinatorial therapeutic options. The emergence of nanomedicine has further added to the repertoire of photodynamic therapy's potential and the convergence and co-evolution of these two exciting tools is expected to push the barriers of smart therapies, where such optical approaches might have a special niche. This review provides a perspective on current status of photodynamic therapy in anti-cancer and anti-microbial therapies and it suggests how evolving technologies combined with photochemically-initiated molecular processes may be exploited to become co-conspirators in optimization of treatment outcomes. We also project, at least for the short term, the direction that this modality may be taking in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpamali De Silva
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Saad
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hanna C. Thomsen
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shazia Bano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shoaib Ashraf
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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13
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Scholz M, Petusseau AF, Gunn JR, Shane Chapman M, Pogue BW. Imaging of hypoxia, oxygen consumption and recovery in vivo during ALA-photodynamic therapy using delayed fluorescence of Protoporphyrin IX. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101790. [PMID: 32344195 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic lesions often respond poorly to cancer therapies. Particularly, photodynamic therapy (PDT) consumes oxygen in treated tissues, which in turn lowers its efficacy. Tools for online monitoring of intracellular pO2 are desirable. METHODS The pO2 changes were tracked during photodynamic therapy (PDT) with δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in mouse skin, xenograft tumors, and human skin. ALA was applied either topically as Ameluz cream or systemically by injection. Mitochondrial pO2 was quantified by time-gated lifetime-based imaging of delayed fluorescence (DF) of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). RESULTS pO2-weighted images were obtained with capture-times of several seconds, radiant exposures near 10 mJ/cm2, spatial resolution of 0.3 mm, and a broad dynamic range 1-50 mmHg, corresponding to DF lifetimes ≈20-2000 μs. The dose-rate effect on oxygen consumption was investigated in mouse skin. A fluence rate of 1.2 mW/cm2 did not cause any appreciable oxygen depletion, whereas 6 mW/cm2 and 12 mW/cm2 caused severe oxygen depletion after radiant exposures of only 0.4-0.8 J/cm2 and <0.2 J/cm2, respectively. Reoxygenation after PDT was studied too. With a 5 J/cm2 radiant exposure, the recovery times were 10-60 min, whereas with 2 J/cm2 they were only 1-6 min. pO2 distribution was spatially non-uniform at (sub)-millimeter scale, which underlines the necessity of tracking pO2 changes by imaging rather than point-detection. CONCLUSIONS Time-gated imaging of PpIX DF seems to be a unique tool for direct online monitoring of pO2 changes during PDT with a promising potential for research purposes as well as for comparatively easy clinical translation to improve efficacy in PDT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Scholz
- Center for Imaging Medicine, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA.
| | - Arthur F Petusseau
- Center for Imaging Medicine, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Jason R Gunn
- Center for Imaging Medicine, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - M Shane Chapman
- Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Center for Imaging Medicine, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA.
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14
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Stephens R, Holmes J, Eadie E. Lesion compression during light activation may improve efficacy of photodynamic treatment of basal cell carcinoma: preliminary results and rationale. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:e628-e630. [PMID: 32311807 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Stephens
- North West Sydney Dermatology & Laser, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J Holmes
- Michelson Diagnostics Ltd, Maidstone, Kent, UK
| | - E Eadie
- Photobiology Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
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15
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Penjweini R, Kim MM, Ong YH, Zhu TC. 1O 2 determined from the measured PDT dose and 3O 2 predicts long-term response to Photofrin-mediated PDT. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:03LT01. [PMID: 31751964 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab59f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) that employs the photochemical interaction of light, photosensitizer and oxygen is an established modality for the treatment of cancer. However, dosimetry for PDT is becoming increasingly complex due to the heterogeneous photosensitizer uptake by the tumor, and complicated relationship between the tissue oxygenation ([3O2]), interstitial light distribution, photosensitizer photobleaching and PDT effect. As a result, experts argue that the failure to realize PDT's true potential is, at least partly due to the complexity of the dosimetry problem. In this study, we examine the efficacy of singlet oxygen explicit dosimetry (SOED) based on the measurements of the interstitial light fluence rate distribution, changes of [3O2] and photosensitizer concentration during Photofrin-mediated PDT to predict long-term control rates of radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors. We further show how variation in tissue [3O2] between animals induces variation in the treatment response for the same PDT protocol. PDT was performed with 5 mg kg-1 Photofrin (a drug-light interval of 24 h), in-air fluence rates (ϕ air) of 50 and 75 mW cm-2 and in-air fluences from 225 to 540 J cm-2. The tumor regrowth was tracked for 90 d after the treatment and Kaplan-Meier analyses for local control rate were performed based on a tumor volume ⩽100 mm3 for the two dosimetry quantities of PDT dose and SOED. Based on the results, SOED allowed for reduced subject variation and improved treatment evaluation as compared to the PDT dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozhin Penjweini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard TRC 4W, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America. Laboratory of Advanced Microscopy and Biophotonics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 10, Room 5D14, Bethesda, MD 20892-1412, United States of America
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16
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Wiehe A, O'Brien JM, Senge MO. Trends and targets in antiviral phototherapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2565-2612. [PMID: 31397467 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment option in the treatment of certain cancerous and pre-cancerous lesions. Though best-known for its application in tumor therapy, historically the photodynamic effect was first demonstrated against bacteria at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, in light of spreading antibiotic resistance and the rise of new infections, this photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, is gaining considerable attention. This review focuses on the PDI of viruses as an alternative treatment in antiviral therapy, but also as a means of viral decontamination, covering mainly the literature of the last decade. The PDI of viruses shares the general action mechanism of photodynamic applications: the irradiation of a dye with light and the subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are the effective phototoxic agents damaging virus targets by reacting with viral nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Interestingly, a light-independent antiviral activity has also been found for some of these dyes. This review covers the compound classes employed in the PDI of viruses and their various areas of use. In the medical area, currently two fields stand out in which the PDI of viruses has found broader application: the purification of blood products and the treatment of human papilloma virus manifestations. However, the PDI of viruses has also found interest in such diverse areas as water and surface decontamination, and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Wiehe
- biolitec research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany. and Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica M O'Brien
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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17
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Ożóg Ł, Domka W, Truszkiewicz A, Tarbarkiewicz J, Aebisher D. Monitoring photodynamic oxygen consumption by endogenous oxygen contrast MRI. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 25:492-498. [PMID: 30738846 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic oxygen consumption was measured by changes in spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) in aqueous solution in a clinical GE scanner at 1.5 T. Similar measurements were attempted in excised laryngeal and thyroid tissues that were infused with Rose Bengal. First, T1 was measured as a function of dissolved oxygen in argon and in oxygen pre-saturated water samples that were opened to the atmosphere in a series of steps allowing air to diffuse into or out of solution; for both argon and oxygen saturated water solutions, stepwise air re-equilibration resulted in a return to air-saturated water T1. Secondly, T1 was measured as a function of time under type II photooxidative conditions in aqueous solution. Under type II photooxidative conditions, a 492 ± 53 ms increase in T1 was measured following 300 s of visible light illumination of aqueous solutions containing the photosensitizer Rose Bengal (2.5 × 10-6 M) and the singlet oxygen trap methionine (0.0012 M). The 492 ± 53 ms increase in T1 corresponded to consumption of all the measurable dissolved oxygen (˜ 0.1 mg O2 in 15.0 mL of H2O) during photooxidation of methionine in air saturated water. This rapid oxygen consumption, indicated by an increase in T1, is due to irreversible trapping of photogenerated singlet oxygen by methionine. Thirdly, an increase in T1 was observed in Rose Bengal infused normal laryngeal tissue, and in normal and cancerous thyroid tissue samples following 20 min of exposure to visible light. An increase in T1 was not observed after 40 min of illumination which suggests that the increases in T1 observed after 20 min were not due to water uptake, but rather to photoconsumption of interstitial dissolved oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Ożóg
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Warzywna 1A, 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Wojciech Domka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Frederic Chopin Clinical Hospital No 1 in Rzeszów, Chopin 1, 35-057, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Adrian Truszkiewicz
- Institute of Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Aleja Rejtana 16A, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jacek Tarbarkiewicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Warzywna 1A, 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland; Department of Human Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Aleja Rejtana 16A, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Aleja Rejtana 16A, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland.
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18
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Sakamaki Y, Ozdemir J, Heidrick Z, Watson O, Shahsavari HR, Fereidoonnezhad M, Khosropour AR, Beyzavi MH. Metal–Organic Frameworks and Covalent Organic Frameworks as Platforms for Photodynamic Therapy. COMMENT INORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02603594.2018.1542597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Sakamaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - John Ozdemir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Zachary Heidrick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Olivia Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hamid R. Shahsavari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran
| | - Masood Fereidoonnezhad
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad R. Khosropour
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M. Hassan Beyzavi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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19
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Yang Z, Wen J, Wang Q, Li Y, Zhao Y, Tian Y, Wang X, Cao X, Zhang Y, Lu G, Teng Z, Zhang L. Sensitive, Real-Time, and In-Vivo Oxygen Monitoring for Photodynamic Therapy by Multifunctional Mesoporous Nanosensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:187-194. [PMID: 30525413 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of oxygen consumption is beneficial to predict treatment responses and optimize therapeutic protocols for photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this work, we first demonstrate that deformable hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (HMONs) can be used to load [(Ru(dpp)3)]Cl2 for detecting oxygen (denoted as HMON-[(Ru(dpp)3)]Cl2). This nanoprobe shows significantly improved biocompatibility and high cellular uptake. In-vitro experiments demonstrate that the HMON-[(Ru(dpp)3)]Cl2 can sensitively detect oxygen changes between 1% and 20%. On this basis, photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) and [(Ru(dpp)3)]Cl2 are simultaneously loaded in the HMONs (denoted as HMON-Ce6-[(Ru(dpp)3)]Cl2) for real-time oxygen monitoring during photodynamic therapy. The HMON-Ce6-[(Ru(dpp)3)]Cl2 can reflects oxygen consumption in solution and cells in photodynamic therapy. Furthermore, the ability of the HMON-Ce6-[(Ru(dpp)3)]Cl2 nanosensor to monitor oxygen changes is demonstrated in tumor-bearing nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlu Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210002 Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210002 Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Urology , Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430030 Hubei , P. R. China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- Department of Medical Imaging of Southeast Hospital , Medical College of Xiamen University , Zhangzhou 363000 , Fujian , P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210002 Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210002 Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Xiaofen Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210002 Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Xiongfeng Cao
- Department of Medical Imaging, School of Medicine , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , 212000 Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Yunlei Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210002 Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Guangming Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210002 Jiangsu , P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P.R. China
| | - Zhaogang Teng
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210002 Jiangsu , P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P.R. China
| | - Longjiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210002 Jiangsu , P. R. China
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20
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Li SY, Xie BR, Cheng H, Li CX, Zhang MK, Qiu WX, Liu WL, Wang XS, Zhang XZ. A biomimetic theranostic O 2 -meter for cancer targeted photodynamic therapy and phosphorescence imaging. Biomaterials 2018; 151:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Lesion oxygenation associates with clinical outcomes in premalignant and early stage head and neck tumors treated on a phase 1 trial of photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 21:28-35. [PMID: 29113960 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report on a Phase 1 trial of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for superficial head and neck (H&N) lesions. Due to known oxygen dependencies of PDT, translational measurements of lesion hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2) and blood volume (tHb) were studied for associations with patient outcomes. METHODS PDT with aminolevulinc acid (ALA) and escalating light doses was evaluated for high-grade dysplasia, carcinoma-in-situ, and microinvasive carcinomas of the H&N. Among 29 evaluable patients, most (18) had lesions of the tongue or floor of mouth (FOM). Disease was intact in 18 patients and present at surgical margins in 11 patients. In 26 patients, lesion StO2 and tHb was measured. RESULTS Local control (LC) at 24 months was 57.5% among all patients. In patients with tongue/FOM lesions LC was 42.7%, and it was 50.1% for those with intact lesions. Lesion tHb was not associated with 3-month complete response (CR), but StO2 was higher in patients with CR. In tongue/FOM lesions, baseline StO2 [mean(SE)] was 54(4)% in patients (n=12) with CR versus 23(8)% in patients (n=6) with local recurrence/persistence (p=0.01). Similarly, for intact disease, baseline StO2 was 54(3)% in patients (n=10) with CR versus 28(8)% in patients (n=5) without CR (p=0.03). In patients with intact disease, higher baseline StO2 associated with 24-month local control (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Measurement of the physiologic properties of target lesions may allow for identification of patients with the highest probability of benefiting from PDT. This provides opportunity for optimizing light delivery based on lesion characteristics and/or informing ongoing clinical decision-making in patients who would most benefit from PDT.
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22
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Thong PSP, Lee K, Toh HJ, Dong J, Tee CS, Low KP, Chang PH, Bhuvaneswari R, Tan NC, Soo KC. Early assessment of tumor response to photodynamic therapy using combined diffuse optical and diffuse correlation spectroscopy to predict treatment outcome. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19902-19913. [PMID: 28423634 PMCID: PMC5386732 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer involves the use of a photosensitizer that can be light-activated to eradicate tumors via direct cytotoxicity, damage to tumor vasculature and stimulating the body's immune system. Treatment outcome may vary between individuals even under the same regime; therefore a non-invasive tumor response monitoring system will be useful for personalization of the treatment protocol. We present the combined use of diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) to provide early assessment of tumor response. The relative tissue oxygen saturation (rStO2) and relative blood flow (rBF) in tumors were measured using DOS and DCS respectively before and after PDT with reference to baseline values in a mouse model. In complete responders, PDT-induced decreases in both rStO2 and rBF levels were observed at 3 h post-PDT and the rBF remained low until 48 h post-PDT. Recovery of these parameters to baseline values was observed around 2 weeks after PDT. In partial responders, the rStO2 and rBF levels also decreased at 3 h post PDT, however the rBF values returned toward baseline values earlier at 24 h post-PDT. In contrast, the rStO2 and rBF readings in control tumors showed fluctuations above the baseline values within the first 48 h. Therefore tumor response can be predicted at 3 to 48 h post-PDT. Recovery or sustained decreases in the rBF at 48 h post-PDT corresponded to long-term tumor control. Diffuse optical measurements can thus facilitate early assessment of tumor response. This approach can enable physicians to personalize PDT treatment regimens for best outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kijoon Lee
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Current address: Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Korea
| | - Hui-Jin Toh
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Jing Dong
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Current address: Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
| | - Chuan-Sia Tee
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Kar-Perng Low
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Pui-Haan Chang
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | | | - Ngian-Chye Tan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Khee-Chee Soo
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
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23
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Liu JN, Bu W, Shi J. Chemical Design and Synthesis of Functionalized Probes for Imaging and Treating Tumor Hypoxia. Chem Rev 2017; 117:6160-6224. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-nan Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Bu
- State
Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
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24
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Mallidi S, Anbil S, Bulin AL, Obaid G, Ichikawa M, Hasan T. Beyond the Barriers of Light Penetration: Strategies, Perspectives and Possibilities for Photodynamic Therapy. Theranostics 2016; 6:2458-2487. [PMID: 27877247 PMCID: PMC5118607 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemistry based treatment modality that involves the generation of cytotoxic species through the interactions of a photosensitizer molecule with light irradiation of an appropriate wavelength. PDT is an approved therapeutic modality for several cancers globally and in several cases has proved to be effective where traditional treatments have failed. The key parameters that determine PDT efficacy are 1. the photosensitizer (nature of the molecules, selectivity, and macroscopic and microscopic localization etc.), 2. light application (wavelength, fluence, fluence rate, irradiation regimes etc.) and 3. the microenvironment (vascularity, hypoxic regions, stromal tissue density, molecular heterogeneity etc.). Over the years, several groups aimed to monitor and manipulate the components of these critical parameters to improve the effectiveness of PDT treatments. However, PDT is still misconstrued to be a surface treatment primarily due to the limited depths of light penetration. In this review, we present the recent advances, strategies and perspectives in PDT approaches, particularly in cancer treatment, that focus on increasing the 'damage zone' beyond the reach of light in the body. This is enabled by a spectrum of approaches that range from innovative photosensitizer excitation strategies, increased specificity of phototoxicity, and biomodulatory approaches that amplify the biotherapeutic effects induced by photodynamic action. Along with the increasing depth of understanding of the underlying physical, chemical and physiological mechanisms, it is anticipated that with the convergence of these strategies, the clinical utility of PDT will be expanded to a powerful modality in the armamentarium for the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivalleesha Mallidi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Sriram Anbil
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815
- The University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Anne-Laure Bulin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Girgis Obaid
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Megumi Ichikawa
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
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25
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Letuta S, Pashkevich S, Ishemgulov A, Lantukh Y, Alidzhanov E, Sokabaeva S, Bryukhanov V. Delayed luminescence of erythrosine in biological tissue and photodynamic therapy dosimetry. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 163:232-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Pogue BW, Elliott JT, Kanick SC, Davis SC, Samkoe KS, Maytin EV, Pereira SP, Hasan T. Revisiting photodynamic therapy dosimetry: reductionist & surrogate approaches to facilitate clinical success. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:R57-89. [PMID: 26961864 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/7/r57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be a highly complex treatment, with many parameters influencing treatment efficacy. The extent to which dosimetry is used to monitor and standardize treatment delivery varies widely, ranging from measurement of a single surrogate marker to comprehensive approaches that aim to measure or estimate as many relevant parameters as possible. Today, most clinical PDT treatments are still administered with little more than application of a prescribed drug dose and timed light delivery, and thus the role of patient-specific dosimetry has not reached widespread clinical adoption. This disconnect is at least partly due to the inherent conflict between the need to measure and understand multiple parameters in vivo in order to optimize treatment, and the need for expedience in the clinic and in the regulatory and commercialization process. Thus, a methodical approach to selecting primary dosimetry metrics is required at each stage of translation of a treatment procedure, moving from complex measurements to understand PDT mechanisms in pre-clinical and early phase I trials, towards the identification and application of essential dose-limiting and/or surrogate measurements in phase II/III trials. If successful, identifying the essential and/or reliable surrogate dosimetry measurements should help facilitate increased adoption of clinical PDT. In this paper, examples of essential dosimetry points and surrogate dosimetry tools that may be implemented in phase II/III trials are discussed. For example, the treatment efficacy as limited by light penetration in interstitial PDT may be predicted by the amount of contrast uptake in CT, and so this could be utilized as a surrogate dosimetry measurement to prescribe light doses based upon pre-treatment contrast. Success of clinical ALA-based skin lesion treatment is predicted almost uniquely by the explicit or implicit measurements of photosensitizer and photobleaching, yet the individualization of treatment based upon each patients measured bleaching needs to be attempted. In the case of ALA, lack of PpIX is more likely an indicator that alternative PpIX production methods must be implemented. Parsimonious dosimetry, using surrogate measurements that are clinically acceptable, might strategically help to advance PDT in a medical world that is increasingly cost and time sensitive. Careful attention to methodologies that can identify and advance the most critical dosimetric measurements, either direct or surrogate, are needed to ensure successful incorporation of PDT into niche clinical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Penjweini R, Kim MM, Finlay JC, Zhu TC. Investigating the impact of oxygen concentration and blood flow variation on photodynamic therapy. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2016; 9694:96940L. [PMID: 27453622 PMCID: PMC4955668 DOI: 10.1117/12.2211120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Type II photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used for cancer treatment based on the combined action of a photosensitizer, a special wavelength of light, oxygen (3O2) and generation of singlet oxygen (1O2). Intra-patient and inter-patient variability of oxygen concentration ([3O2]) before and after the treatment as well as photosensitizer concentration and hemodynamic parameters such as blood flow during PDT has been reported. Simulation of these variations is valuable, as it would be a means for the rapid assessment of treatment effect. A mathematical model has been previously developed to incorporate the diffusion equation for light transport in tissue and the macroscopic kinetic equations for simulation of [3O2], photosensitizers in ground and triplet states and concentration of the reacted singlet oxygen ([1O2]rx) during PDT. In this study, the finite-element based calculation of the macroscopic kinetic equations is done for 2-(1-Hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide (HPPH)-mediated PDT by incorporating the information of the photosensitizer photochemical parameters as well as the tissue optical properties, photosensitizer concentration, initial oxygen concentration ([3O2]0), blood flow changes and ϕ that have been measured in mice bearing radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumors. Then, [1O2]rx calculated by using the measured [3O2] during the PDT is compared with [1O2]rx calculated based on the simulated [3O2]; both calculations showed a reasonably good agreement. Moreover, the impacts of the blood flow changes and [3O2]0 on [1O2]rx have been investigated, which showed no pronounced effect of the blood flow changes on the long-term 1O2 generation. When [3O2]0 becomes limiting, small changes in [3O2] have large effects on [1O2]rx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozhin Penjweini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michele M. Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jarod C. Finlay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy C. Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- ; phone 215-662-4043
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Petri M, Stoffels I, Jose J, Leyh J, Schulz A, Dissemond J, Schadendorf D, Klode J. Photoacoustic imaging of real-time oxygen changes in chronic leg ulcers after topical application of a haemoglobin spray: a pilot study. J Wound Care 2016; 25:87, 89-91. [DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2016.25.2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Petri
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - I. Stoffels
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - J. Jose
- FujiFilm VisualSonics Inc., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Leyh
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - A. Schulz
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - J. Dissemond
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - D. Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - J. Klode
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
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29
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Grossman CE, Carter SL, Czupryna J, Wang L, Putt ME, Busch TM. Fluence Rate Differences in Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy and Activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor after Treatment of the Tumor-Involved Murine Thoracic Cavity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010101. [PMID: 26784170 PMCID: PMC4730343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of the thoracic cavity can be performed in conjunction with surgery to treat cancers of the lung and its pleura. However, illumination of the cavity results in tissue exposure to a broad range of fluence rates. In a murine model of intrathoracic PDT, we studied the efficacy of 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH; Photochlor®)-mediated PDT in reducing the burden of non-small cell lung cancer for treatments performed at different incident fluence rates (75 versus 150 mW/cm). To better understand a role for growth factor signaling in disease progression after intrathoracic PDT, the expression and activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was evaluated in areas of post-treatment proliferation. The low fluence rate of 75 mW/cm produced the largest reductions in tumor burden. Bioluminescent imaging and histological staining for cell proliferation (anti-Ki-67) identified areas of disease progression at both fluence rates after PDT. However, increased EGFR activation in proliferative areas was detected only after treatment at the higher fluence rate of 150 mW/cm. These data suggest that fluence rate may affect the activation of survival factors, such as EGFR, and weaker activation at lower fluence rate could contribute to a smaller tumor burden after PDT at 75 mW/cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Grossman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Shirron L Carter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Julie Czupryna
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Mary E Putt
- Department of Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Quartarolo AD, Sicilia E, Russo N. On the Potential Use of Squaraine Derivatives as Photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy: A TDDFT and RICC2 Survey. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 5:1849-57. [PMID: 26610009 DOI: 10.1021/ct900199j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and the second-order approximated coupled-cluster model with the resolution of identity approximation (RICC2) studies are reported here for some classes of squaraine derivatives. These compounds have a sharp electronic band, ranging from the visible to near-red part of the spectrum, with an high molar absorption coefficient. These features make them potential photosensitizers in the photodynamic therapy of cancer (PDT), in which a light source, a photosensitizer, and molecular oxygen ((3)O2) are combined to give cytotoxic singlet oxygen ((1)O2) as a final result in a photochemical process. For the examined structures, the introduction of different substituents (electron donating, electron withdrawing, or fused rings) in the parent molecule, in order to give different squaraine derivatives, changes the maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) from 620 to 730 nm, giving a near-red absorbing photosensitizer that can better penetrate human tissue to damage tumor cells. Theoretical results, obtained from both TDDFT/PBE0 and RICC2, are able to reproduce qualitatively the substitution effect on λmax, resulting in a useful tool for testing different structure modifications and, in general, for the molecular design of PDT photosensitizers. Calculated vertical excitation energies (singlet-singlet transitions) generally agree with experimental data within 0.3 eV. The singlet oxygen generation ability of these compounds requires that their triplet energy, for a type II reaction mechanism, should be greater than 0.98 eV. Theoretical triplet energies from the RICC2 method suggests that this requisite is fulfilled for all compounds, though the results are generally overestimated with respect to experiment by 0.7 eV, whereas TDDFT/PBE0 triplet energies, which are underestimated within 0.2 eV in few cases, lie close to the above-mentioned limit and can be considered suitable for PDT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Domenico Quartarolo
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni per Elaborazioni Parallele e Distribuite-Centro d'Eccellenza MURST, Università della Calabria, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni per Elaborazioni Parallele e Distribuite-Centro d'Eccellenza MURST, Università della Calabria, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni per Elaborazioni Parallele e Distribuite-Centro d'Eccellenza MURST, Università della Calabria, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Mallidi S, Spring BQ, Hasan T. Optical Imaging, Photodynamic Therapy and Optically Triggered Combination Treatments. Cancer J 2015; 21:194-205. [PMID: 26049699 PMCID: PMC4459538 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Optical imaging is becoming increasingly promising for real-time image-guided resections, and combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT), a photochemistry-based treatment modality, optical approaches can be intrinsically "theranostic." Challenges in PDT include precise light delivery, dosimetry, and photosensitizer tumor localization to establish tumor selectivity, and like all other modalities, incomplete treatment and subsequent activation of molecular escape pathways are often attributable to tumor heterogeneity. Key advances in molecular imaging, target-activatable photosensitizers, and optically active nanoparticles that provide both cytotoxicity and a drug release mechanism have opened exciting avenues to meet these challenges. The focus of the review is optical imaging in the context of PDT, but the general principles presented are applicable to many of the conventional approaches to cancer management. We highlight the role of optical imaging in providing structural, functional, and molecular information regarding photodynamic mechanisms of action, thereby advancing PDT and PDT-based combination therapies of cancer. These advances represent a PDT renaissance with increasing applications of clinical PDT as a frontline cancer therapy working in concert with fluorescence-guided surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivalleesha Mallidi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Bryan Q. Spring
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
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Bovis MJ, Noimark S, Woodhams JH, Kay CWM, Weiner J, Peveler WJ, Correia A, Wilson M, Allan E, Parkin IP, MacRobert AJ. Photosensitisation studies of silicone polymer doped with methylene blue and nanogold for antimicrobial applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09045h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
2 nm gold nanoparticle (AuNP) and methylene blue (MB) incorporated into medical-grade silicone polymer for antimicrobial applications.
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Mallidi S, Watanabe K, Timerman D, Schoenfeld D, Hasan T. Prediction of tumor recurrence and therapy monitoring using ultrasound-guided photoacoustic imaging. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:289-301. [PMID: 25553116 PMCID: PMC4279192 DOI: 10.7150/thno.10155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection and design of individualized treatments remains a key goal in cancer therapeutics; prediction of response and tumor recurrence following a given therapy provides a basis for subsequent personalized treatment design. We demonstrate an approach towards this goal with the example of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as the treatment modality and photoacoustic imaging (PAI) as a non-invasive, response and disease recurrence monitor in a murine model of glioblastoma (GBM). PDT is a photochemistry-based, clinically-used technique that consumes oxygen to generate cytotoxic species, thus causing changes in blood oxygen saturation (StO2). We hypothesize that this change in StO2 can be a surrogate marker for predicting treatment efficacy and tumor recurrence. PAI is a technique that can provide a 3D atlas of tumor StO2 by measuring oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. We demonstrate that tumors responding to PDT undergo approximately 85% change in StO2 by 24-hrs post-therapy while there is no significant change in StO2 values in the non-responding group. Furthermore, the 3D tumor StO2 maps predicted whether a tumor was likely to regrow at a later time point post-therapy. Information on the likelihood of tumor regrowth that normally would have been available only upon actual regrowth (10-30 days post treatment) in a xenograft tumor model, was available within 24-hrs of treatment using PAI, thus making early intervention a possibility. Given the advances and push towards availability of PAI in the clinical settings, the results of this study encourage applicability of PAI as an important step to guide and monitor therapies (e.g. PDT, radiation, anti-angiogenic) involving a change in StO2.
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Varchola J, Huntosova V, Jancura D, Wagnières G, Miskovsky P, Bánó G. Temperature and oxygen-concentration dependence of singlet oxygen production by RuPhen as induced by quasi-continuous excitation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:1781-7. [PMID: 25350815 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00202d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) by luminescence lifetime measurements of ruthenium coordination complexes has been studied intensively during the last few decades. RuPhen (dichlorotris(1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium(ii) hydrate) is a water soluble molecule that has been tested previously for in vivo pO2 detection. In this work we intended to shed light on the production of singlet oxygen by RuPhen. The quantum yield of singlet oxygen production by RuPhen dissolved in 0.9% aqueous NaCl solution (pH = 6) was measured at physiological temperatures (285-310 K) and various concentrations of molecular oxygen. In order to minimize the bleaching of RuPhen, the samples were excited with low power (<2 mW) laser pulses (20 μs long), created by pulsing a cw laser beam with an acousto-optical modulator. We show that, whereas the RuPhen phosphorescence lifetime decreases rapidly with an increase of temperature (keeping the oxygenation level constant), the quantum yield of singlet oxygen production by RuPhen is almost identical in the temperature range of 285-310 K. For air-saturated conditions at 310 K the measured quantum yield is about 0.25. The depopulation rate constants of the RuPhen (3)MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge-transfer) state are determined in the absence and in the presence of oxygen. We determined that the excitation energy for the RuPhen (3)MLCT→d-d transition is 49 kJ mol(-1) in the 0.9% NaCl solution (pH = 6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Varchola
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5., Košice 041 54, Slovak Republic.
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Photodynamic killing of Enterococcus faecalis in dentinal tubules using mTHPC incorporated in liposomes and invasomes. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:373-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Blake E, Allen J, Curnow A. The effects of protoporphyrin IX-induced photodynamic therapy with and without iron chelation on human squamous carcinoma cells cultured under normoxic, hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:575-82. [PMID: 24284114 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy requires the combined interaction of a photosensitiser, light and oxygen to ablate target tissue. In this study we examined the effect of iron chelation and oxygen environment manipulation on the accumulation of the clinically useful photosensitiser protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) within human squamous epithelial carcinoma cells and the subsequent ablation of these cells on irradiation. METHODS Cells were incubated at concentrations of 5%, 20% or 40% oxygen for 24h prior to and for 3h following the administration of the PpIX precursors aminolevulinic acid (ALA), methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) or hexylaminolevulinate (HAL) with or without the iron chelator 1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one hydrochloride (CP94). PpIX accumulation was monitored using a fluorescence plate reader, cells were irradiated with 37 J/cm(2) red light and cell viability measured using the neutral red uptake assay. RESULTS Manipulation of the oxygen environment and/or co-administration of CP94 with PpIX precursors resulted in significant changes in both PpIX accumulation and photobleaching. Incubation with 5% or 40% oxygen produced the greatest levels of PpIX and photobleaching in cells incubated with ALA/MAL. Incorporation of CP94 also resulted in significant decreases in cell viability following administration of ALA/MAL/HAL, with oxygen concentration predominantly having a significant effect in cells incubated with HAL. CONCLUSIONS Experimentation with human squamous epithelial carcinoma cells has indicated that the iron chelator CP94 significantly increased PpIX accumulation induced by each PpIX congener investigated (ALA/MAL/HAL) at all oxygen concentrations employed (5%/20%/40%) resulting in increased levels of photobleaching and reduced cell viability on irradiation. Further detailed investigation of the complex relationship of PDT cytotoxicity at various oxygen concentrations is required. It is therefore concluded that iron chelation with CP94 is a simple protocol modification with which it may be much easier to enhance clinical PDT efficacy than the complex and less well understood process of oxygen manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Blake
- Clinical Photobiology, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK
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37
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Stacey OJ, Pope SJA. New avenues in the design and potential application of metal complexes for photodynamic therapy. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45219k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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38
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Spyratou E, Makropoulou M, Mourelatou E, Demetzos C. Biophotonic techniques for manipulation and characterization of drug delivery nanosystems in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2012; 327:111-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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Blake E, Allen J, Thorn C, Shore A, Curnow A. Effect of an oxygen pressure injection (OPI) device on the oxygen saturation of patients during dermatological methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy. Lasers Med Sci 2012; 28:997-1005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cauchon N, Turcotte E, Lecomte R, Hasséssian HM, Lier JEV. Predicting efficacy of photodynamic therapy by real-time FDG-PET in a mouse tumour model. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:364-70. [PMID: 22234417 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05294b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) combined with the constant infusion of 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) as a tracer permits real-time monitoring of systemic transient metabolic changes resulting from photodynamic therapy (PDT) in tumour bearing animals. The effect of PDT on tumour FDG uptake rates was evaluated using four different sulfonated phthalocyanine analogs as photosensitizers (PS) in combination with either continuous or fractionated illumination protocols. Mice bearing two EMT-6 tumours were infused with FDG to start PDT 30 min later. Dynamic images were acquired to produce FDG uptake over time for the treated and reference tumours. Practically all PDT protocols induced a reduction in the FDG uptake rates in the treated tumour during PDT, except for the zinc tetrasulfophthalocyanine, when using fractionated light, reflecting the low photodynamic efficacy of this PS. In general, the response to PDT was characterized by a rebound in the FDG uptake rate after illumination. A strong drop in FDG tumour uptake rates during PDT, followed by a strong rebound, together with short delay-to-response times, corresponded to optimal long-term tumour response outcomes. This dynamic FDG-PET protocol provides real-time observations to predict long-term PDT efficacy, while using fewer animals than conventional methods, thus making possible the rapid optimization of treatment parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cauchon
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre, CHUS, and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
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Karakullukcu B, Kanick SC, Aans JB, Sterenborg HJ, Tan IB, Amelink A, Robinson DJ. Clinical feasibility of monitoring m-THPC mediated photodynamic therapy by means of fluorescence differential path-length spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2011; 4:740-751. [PMID: 21861297 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective quantitative monitoring of light, oxygen, and photosensitizer is challenging in clinical photodynamic therapy settings. We have previously developed fluorescence differential path-length spectroscopy (FDPS), a technique that utilizes reflectance spectroscopy to monitor microvascular oxygen saturation, blood volume fraction, and vessel diameter, and fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor photosensitizer concentration. In this paper the clinical feasibility of the technique is tested on eight healthy volunteers and on three patients undergoing PDT of oral cavity cancers. Model-based analysis of the measured spectra provide quantitative tissue parameters that are corrected for background tissue absorption, autofluorescence, and the transmission of the optical system; this method allows comparison of intra- and inter-subject parameters. The FDPS correctly estimated the absence of m-THPC in volunteers and detected photobleaching in the areas receiving treatment light in patients undergoing PDT treatment. This study demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring clinical photodynamic therapy treatments using optical spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Karakullukcu
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, 121 Plesmanlaan, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Valentine RM, Brown CTA, Moseley H, Ibbotson S, Wood K. Monte Carlo modeling of in vivo protoporphyrin IX fluorescence and singlet oxygen production during photodynamic therapy for patients presenting with superficial basal cell carcinomas. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:048002. [PMID: 21529097 DOI: 10.1117/1.3562540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence measurements acquired from patients presenting with superficial basal cell carcinoma during photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment, facilitating in vivo photobleaching to be monitored. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, taking into account photobleaching, are performed on a three-dimensional cube grid, which represents the treatment geometry. Consequently, it is possible to determine the spatial and temporal changes to the origin of collected fluorescence and generated singlet oxygen. From our clinical results, an in vivo photobleaching dose constant, β of 5-aminolaevulinic acid-induced PpIX fluorescence is found to be 14 ± 1 J/cm(2). Results from our MC simulations suggest that an increase from our typical administered treatment light dose of 75-150 J/cm(2) could increase the effective PDT treatment initially achieved at a depth of 2.7-3.3 mm in the tumor, respectively. Moreover, this increase reduces the surface PpIX fluorescence from 0.00012 to 0.000003 of the maximum value recorded before treatment. The recommendation of administrating a larger light dose, which advocates an increase in the treatment time after surface PpIX fluorescence has diminished, remains valid for different sets of optical properties and therefore should have a beneficial outcome on the total treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan M Valentine
- University of St. Andrews, School of Physics and Astronomy, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
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Juzeniene A, Juzenas P, Iani V, Moan J. Reflectance spectroscopy and fluorescein angiography applied to assess photodynamic response in healthy mouse skin treated with topical hexylaminolevulinate. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2010; 7:239-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Celli JP, Spring BQ, Rizvi I, Evans CL, Samkoe KS, Verma S, Pogue BW, Hasan T. Imaging and photodynamic therapy: mechanisms, monitoring, and optimization. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2795-838. [PMID: 20353192 PMCID: PMC2896821 DOI: 10.1021/cr900300p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1644] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Celli
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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45
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Cauchon N, Ali H, Hasséssian HM, van Lier JE. Structure–activity relationships of mono-substituted trisulfonated porphyrazines for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:331-41. [DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00109c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
The development of tumor hypoxia during illumination for photodynamic therapy (PDT) can negatively affect treatment outcome. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of this hypoxia may impact the balance between tumor cell damage and vascular damage as mechanisms of photodynamic effect. The hypoxia markers EF3 [(2-(2-nitroimidazol-1 [H]-yl)-N-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)acetamide)] or EF5 [(2-(2-nitroimidazol-1 [H]-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide)] can provide a quantitative description of the intratumor distribution of hypoxia during PDT. In vivo perfusion labeling coupled with immunohistochemical staining for vascular structure can provide accompanying information on the status of tumor blood flow at treatment conclusion. Taken together these data can be used to access the relative spatial distributions of hypoxia and perfusion during PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Dandler J, Wilhelm B, Scheer H. Photochemistry of bacteriochlorophylls in human blood plasma: 1. Pigment stability and light-induced modifications of lipoproteins. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 86:331-41. [PMID: 19947966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Transmetalated derivatives of bacteriochlorophyll are promising sensitizers in photodynamic therapy. Protocols using short delay times between injection and irradiation cause interest in the photochemistry of these pigments in the blood. Using near-infrared irradiation where these pigments absorb strongly, we have studied the photochemistry of Zn- and Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (WST09), and of the highly polar taurinated Pd-derivative, WST11, in isolated fractions of human blood plasma. The stability of all pigments is increased in blood plasma, compared with monomeric solutions. Pd-bacteriopheophorbide is much more stable than the other two derivatives. It also has a higher capacity for inducing reactive oxygen species, yet the consumption of oxygen is comparable. There is furthermore evidence for photobleaching under anoxic conditions. The generation of hydroperoxides (ROOH) is faster with Pd- than with Zn-complexes; the formation of endoperoxides (ROOR'), measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, is comparable with the two central metals. Formation of both ROOH and ROOR' is increased in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) compared with high-density lipoproteins (HDL), which is probably related to the higher concentration of target molecules in the former. In HDL, extensive cross-linking is induced among the apolipoproteins; judged from the electrophoretic mobility of LDL and HDL particles, there is also a gross structural change. Photosensitized cross-linking is much less pronounced with high-density proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Dandler
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Busch TM, Xing X, Yu G, Yodh A, Wileyto EP, Wang HW, Durduran T, Zhu TC, Wang KKH. Fluence rate-dependent intratumor heterogeneity in physiologic and cytotoxic responses to Photofrin photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:1683-93. [PMID: 20024165 DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00004f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can lead to the creation of heterogeneous, response-limiting hypoxia during illumination, which may be controlled in part through illumination fluence rate. In the present report we consider (1) regional differences in hypoxia, vascular response, and cell kill as a function of tumor depth and (2) the role of fluence rate as a mediator of depth-dependent regional intratumor heterogeneity. Intradermal RIF murine tumors were treated with Photofrin PDT using surface illumination at an irradiance of 75 or 38 mW cm(-2). Regional heterogeneity in tumor response was examined through comparison of effects in the surface vs. base of tumors, i.e. along a plane parallel to the skin surface and perpendicular to the incident illumination. 75 mW cm(-2) PDT created significantly greater hypoxia in tumor bases relative to their surfaces. Increased hypoxia in the tumor base could not be attributed to regional differences in Photofrin concentration nor effects of fluence rate distribution on photochemical oxygen consumption, but significant depth-dependent heterogeneity in vascular responses and cytotoxic response were detected. At a lower fluence rate of 38 mW cm(-2), no detectable regional differences in hypoxia or cytotoxic responses were apparent, and heterogeneity in vascular response was significantly less than that during 75 mW cm(-2) PDT. This research suggests that the benefits of low-fluence-rate PDT are mediated in part by a reduction in intratumor heterogeneity in hypoxic, vascular and cytotoxic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, B13 Anatomy and Chemistry, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6072, USA.
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50
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Ali H, Cauchon N, van Lier JE. Pd-catalyzed Heck reaction for the synthesis of isomeric metallo tetravinylsulfo phthalocyanines and their photosensitizing properties. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:868-74. [DOI: 10.1039/b902530h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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