One Step Closer to an Ideal Insensitive Energetic Molecule: 3,5-Diamino-6-hydroxy-2-oxide-4-nitropyrimidone and its Derivatives

Reaching the goal of developing an insensitive high-energy molecule (IHEM) is a major challenge. In this study, 3,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-2-oxide-4-nitropyrimidone (IHEM-1) was synthesized in one step from 2,4,6-triamino-5-nitropyrimidine-1,3-dioxide hydrate (ICM-102 hydrate). The density of compound IHEM-1 is 1.95 g cm^-3 with a decomposition temperature of 271 °C. Its detonation velocity and pressure are 8660 m s^-1 and 33.64 GPa, respectively, which are far superior to the detonation performance of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), while its sensitivity is identical with that of TATB. In addition, four derivatives (1a, chloride; 1b, nitrate; 1c, perchlorate; and 1d, dinitramide) were prepared on the basis of the weak base site (N-O group) and show excellent energetic properties. By combining a series of advantages, including simple preparation, high yield, high density, very low solubility in aqueous solution, high thermostability, insensitivity, and excellent detonation performance, IHEM-1 approaches an ideal insensitive high-energy molecule. Compounds 1b-1d are also competitive as new high-energy-density materials.

Oxygen-rich anion based energetic salts with high detonation performances

Novel energetic salts based on 2,2,2-trinitroethyl nitrocarbamate anion were synthesized, which exhibited promising detonation performances (detonation pressure: 29.4 to 33.1 GPa; detonation velocity: 8213 to 8596 m s⁻¹).

Novel dinitromethyl-featured polynitro energetic salts

An unique and facile method was developed to synthesize a new class of energetic salts based on 2-amino-1,1,5,5-tetranitro-4-oxo-3-aza-pentene (ATNP) anion in one-pot reaction. These salts exhibited promising detonation performances (detonation pressure: 28.6 to 34.3 GPa; detonation velocity: 8037 to 8674 m s⁻¹) which were comparable to those of RDX.

Nitrogen-rich energetic monoanionic salts of 3,4-bis(1H-5-tetrazolyl)furoxan

3,4-Bis(1H-5-tetrazolyl)furoxan (H(2)BTF, 2) and its monoanionic salts that contain nitrogen-rich cations were readily synthesized and fully characterized by multinuclear NMR ((1)H, (13)C) and IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and elemental analyses. Hydrazinium (3) and 4-amino-1,2,4-triazolium (7) salts crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n and have calculated densities of 1.820 and 1.764 g cm(-3), respectively. The densities of the energetic salts range between 1.63 and 1.79 g cm(-3), as measured by a gas pycnometer. Detonation pressures and detonation velocities were calculated to be 23.1-32.5 GPa and 7740-8790 m s(-1), respectively.

Towards new green high energy materials. Computational chemistry on nitro-substituted urea

As part of a series of studies on new potential green high energy materials, we have calculated the structures and properties of a series of nitro-substituted urea molecules. Our results indicate that nitrated urea molecules have specific enthalpies of decomposition commensurate with current high energy materials. At the same time, they are all low in carbon, suggesting an application as a "green" high energy material.

Energetic salts based on dipicrylamine and its amino derivative

Energetic salts based on dipicrylamine and its amino derivative were synthesized. All salts were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy ((1)H, (13)C), vibrational spectroscopy (IR), and elemental analysis. Ethylenediammonium di-DPA (DPA=dipicrylamine) and 1,3-diaminoguanidinium DPA were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These salts exhibit reasonable physical properties, such as high densities (1.71-1.81 g cm(-3)), good thermal stabilities (T(d) =155-285 °C), and low solubilities in water. The impact sensitivity of 1-methyl-3,4,5-triamino-1,2,4-triazolium DPA is lower than that of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and for some other energetic salts their impact sensitivities are comparable to that of TNT. Based on experimental densities and theoretical calculations carried out by using the Gaussian 03 suite of programs, all the salts have calculated detonation pressures (22.5-27.8 GPa) and velocities (7226-7917 m s(-1)) that exceed those of conventional TNT. The toxicities of these salts measured by luminescent bacteria toxicity tests are much lower than that of TNT, and two binary eutectic mixtures with melting points that fall between 70 and 100 °C were identified.

[Hydrogen bis-(1,2,4-triazole)] 1,2,4-triazolium bis-(3-carb-oxy-4-hy-droxy-benzene-sulfonate) 1,2,4-triazole disolvate

The title compound, C(2)H(4)N(3) (+)·[H(C(2)H(3)N(3))(2)](+)·2C(7)H(5)O(6)S(-)·2C(2)H(3)N(3), consists of two types of 1,2,4-triazole monocation, one protonated at the 2-site lying across a twofold axis and the other protonated at the 4-site with the H atom disordered over a center of symmetry, a 5-sulfosalicylate anion and a neutral 1,2,4-triazole mol-ecule. The component ions are linked into a three-dimensional network by a combination of N-H⋯O, N-H⋯N, O-H⋯O, O-H⋯N, C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. In addition, benzene-benzene π-π inter-actions of 3.942 (2) Å [inter-planar spacing = 3.390 (2) Å] and C-O⋯π (3.331 Å) inter-actions are observed.