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Kınaytürk NK, Kalaycı T, Tunalı B, Altuğ DT. A spectroscopic approach to compare the quantum chemical calculations and experimental characteristics of some organic molecules; Benzene, Toluene, P-Xylene, P-Toluidine. Chem Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2023.111905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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2
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Le DV, de la Perrelle JM, Do TN, Leng X, Tapping PC, Scholes GD, Kee TW, Tan HS. Characterization of the ultrafast spectral diffusion and vibronic coherence of TIPS-pentacene using 2D electronic spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:014302. [PMID: 34241376 DOI: 10.1063/5.0055528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
TIPS-pentacene is a small-molecule organic semiconductor that is widely used in optoelectronic devices. It has been studied intensely owing to its ability to undergo singlet fission. In this study, we aim to develop further understanding of the coupling between the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom of TIPS-pentacene (TIPS-Pn). We measured and analyzed the 2D electronic spectra of TIPS-Pn in solutions. Using center line slope (CLS) analysis, we characterized the frequency-fluctuation correlation function of the 0-0 vibronic transition. Strong oscillations in the CLS values were observed for up to 5 ps with a frequency of 264 cm-1, which are attributable to a large vibronic coupling with the TIPS-Pn ring-breathing vibrational mode. In addition, detailed analysis of the CLS values allowed us to retrieve two spectral diffusion lifetimes, which are attributed to the inertial and diffusive dynamics of solvent molecules. Amplitude beating analysis also uncovered couplings with another vibrational mode at 1173 cm-1. The experimental results can be described using the displaced harmonic oscillator model. By comparing the CLS values of the simulated data with the experimental CLS values, we estimated a Huang-Rhys factor of 0.1 for the ring-breathing vibrational mode. The results demonstrated how CLS analysis can be a useful method for characterizing the strength of vibronic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Viet Le
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | | | - Thanh Nhut Do
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Xuan Leng
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Patrick C Tapping
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Tak W Kee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Howe-Siang Tan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
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3
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Takele WM, Piatkowski L, Wackenhut F, Gawinkowski S, Meixner AJ, Waluk J. Scouting for strong light-matter coupling signatures in Raman spectra. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16837-16846. [PMID: 34323915 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01863a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Strong coupling between vibrational transitions and a vacuum field of a cavity mode leads to the formation of vibrational polaritons. These hybrid light-matter states have been widely explored because of their potential to control chemical reactivity. However, the possibility of altering Raman scattering through the formation of vibrational polaritons has been rarely reported. Here, we present the Raman scattering properties of different molecules under vibrational strong coupling conditions. The polariton states are clearly observed in the IR transmission spectra of the coupled system for benzonitrile and methyl salicylate in liquid phase and for polyvinyl acetate in a solid polymer film. However, none of the studied systems exhibits a signature of the polariton states in the Raman spectra. For the solid polymer film, we have used cavities with different layer structures to investigate the influence of vibrational strong coupling on the Raman spectra. The only scenario where alterations of the Raman spectra are observed is for a thin Ag layer being in direct contact with the polymer film. This shows that, even though the system is in the vibrational strong coupling regime, changes in the Raman spectra do not necessarily result from the strong coupling, but are caused by the surface enhancement effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassie Mersha Takele
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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4
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Barclay MS, Elles CG, Caricato M. On the Discrepancy between Experimental and Calculated Raman Intensities for Conjugated Phenyl and Thiophene Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4678-4689. [PMID: 32392419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Compared with experimental spectra, calculations for conjugated phenyl and thiophene oligomers tend to overestimate the ground state Raman intensities of higher-frequency vibrations (1200-1800 cm-1) relative to the intensities at lower frequencies (<1200 cm-1). The discrepancy was observed in previous benchmarking work that examined the method dependence of the calculated Raman spectra for a series of aromatic molecules. This paper further investigates the nature of the discrepancy by examining the role of anharmonic corrections and the dependence of the calculated Raman spectra on the inter-ring torsion angle for the representative molecules biphenyl (BP), 2-phenylthiophene (PT), and 2,2'-bithiophene (BT). Perturbative anharmonic corrections to the spectra calculated using density functional theory (DFT) provide only slightly better agreement with experiment. On the other hand, calculations at larger torsion angles give up to 30% improvement in the relative Raman intensities compared with the spectra calculated at the optimized geometries. The torsion-angle dependence of the Raman intensities is most pronounced for delocalized C-C and C-S stretching modes, and less pronounced for bending and ring distortion modes that do not involve inter-ring stretching. Higher-level calculations using the coupled cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] method indicate that DFT underestimates the energy barrier for torsion isomerization at small angles, and it overestimates the barriers at large angles, thus predicting minimum geometries at torsion angles that are too small. Therefore, the results suggest that the discrepancy in relative Raman intensities may be related to an overestimation of inter-ring conjugation by DFT, which also tends to favor geometries that are too planar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Barclay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christopher G Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Marco Caricato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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5
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Barclay MS, Elles CG, Caricato M. Benchmark Study of Ground-State Raman Spectra in Conjugated Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 16:612-620. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Barclay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christopher G. Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Marco Caricato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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6
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Zeng Z, Li W, Wang Q, Liu X. Programmed Design of a Lithium-Sulfur Battery Cathode by Integrating Functional Units. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900711. [PMID: 31508280 PMCID: PMC6724479 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is considered to be one of the most promising cathode materials due to its high theoretical specific capacity and low cost. However, the insulating nature of sulfur and notorious "shuttle effect" of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) lead to severe loss of active sulfur, poor redox kinetics, and rapid capacity fade. Herein, a hierarchical electrode design is proposed to address these issues synchronously, which integrates multiple building blocks with specialized functions into an ensemble to construct a self-supported versatile cathode for lithium-sulfur batteries. Nickel foam acts as a robust conductive scaffold. The heteroatom-doped host carbon with desired lithiophilicity and electronic conductivity serving as a reservoir for loading sulfur can trap LiPSs and promote electron transfer to interfacial adsorbed LiPSs and Ni3S2 sites. The sulfurized carbon nanofiber forest can facilitate the Li-ion and electron transport and retard the LiPSs diffusion as a barrier layer. Sulfiphilic Ni3S2 acts as both a chemical anchor with strong adsorption affinity to LiPSs and an efficient electrocatalyst for accelerating kinetics for redox conversion reactions. Synergistically, all functional units promote the lithium ion coupled electron transfer for binding and redox conversion of LiPSs, resulting in high reversible capacities, remarkable cycle stability, and excellent rate capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zeng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWV26506USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWV26506USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Physics and AstronomyWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWV26506USA
- Shared Research FacilitiesWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWV26506USA
| | - Xingbo Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWV26506USA
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Gnanaprakasa TJ, Sridhar D, Beck WJ, Runge K, Potter BG, Zega TJ, Deymier PA, Raghavan S, Muralidharan K. Graphene mediated self-assembly of fullerene nanorods. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:1858-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09362c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A simple procedure for solution-based self-assembly of C60 fullerene nanorods on graphene substrates is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J. Gnanaprakasa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The University of Arizona
- Tucson
- USA
| | - Deepak Sridhar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- The University of Arizona
- Tucson
- USA
| | | | - Keith Runge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The University of Arizona
- Tucson
- USA
| | - Barrett G. Potter
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The University of Arizona
- Tucson
- USA
| | - Thomas J. Zega
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The University of Arizona
- Tucson
- USA
- Department of Planetary Sciences
| | - Pierre A. Deymier
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The University of Arizona
- Tucson
- USA
| | - Srini Raghavan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The University of Arizona
- Tucson
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
| | - Krishna Muralidharan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The University of Arizona
- Tucson
- USA
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8
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Rudolph WW, Fischer D, Irmer G. Vibrational spectroscopic studies and DFT calculations on NaCH3CO2(aq) and CH3COOH(aq). Dalton Trans 2014; 43:3174-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52580e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NaCH3CO2(aq) and CH3COOH(aq) were studied using Raman and infrared spectroscopy over a large concentration range, in the terahertz region and up to 4000 cm−1. Band assignments for CH3CO2−(aq) and CH3COOH(aq) were carried out under guidance of DFT frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram W. Rudolph
- Medizinische Fakultät der TU Dresden
- Institut für Virologie im MTZ
- 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dieter Fischer
- Institute of Polymer Research Dresden
- 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gert Irmer
- Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg
- Institut für Theoretische Physik
- 09596 Freiberg, Germany
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9
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Dračínský M, Procházková E, Kessler J, Šebestík J, Matějka P, Bouř P. Resolution of Organic Polymorphic Crystals by Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:7297-307. [DOI: 10.1021/jp404382f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences,
Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United
Kingdom
| | - Eliška Procházková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences,
Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kessler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences,
Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Šebestík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences,
Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Matějka
- Department of Physical
Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická
5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bouř
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences,
Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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Yamamoto S, Kaminský J, Bouř P. Structure and Vibrational Motion of Insulin from Raman Optical Activity Spectra. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2440-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2032436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Yamamoto
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Kaminský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bouř
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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11
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Parchaňský V, Bouř P. Transferability of anharmonic force fields in simulations of molecular vibrations. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:044117. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3464759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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12
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Paulson LO, Kaminský J, Anderson DT, Bouř P, Kubelka J. Theoretical Study of Vibrationally Averaged Dipole Moments for the Ground and Excited C═O Stretching States of trans-Formic Acid. J Chem Theory Comput 2010; 6:817-27. [PMID: 26613309 DOI: 10.1021/ct900608t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent experimental studies of trans-formic acid (FA) in solid para-hydrogen (pH2) highlighted the importance of vibrationally averaged dipole moments for the interpretation of the high-resolution infrared (IR) spectra, in particular for the C═O stretch (ν3) mode. In this report, dipole moments for the ν3 ground (v = 0) and excited (v = 1, 2, 3, and 4) anharmonic vibrational states in trans-FA are investigated using two different approaches: a single mode approximation, where the vibrational states are obtained from the solution of the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation for the harmonic normal coordinate, and a limited vibrational configuration interaction (VCI) approximation. Density functional theory (B3LYP, BPW91) and correlated ab initio (MP2 and CCSD(T)) electronic methods were employed with a number of double- and triple-ζ and correlation consistent basis sets. Both single mode and VCI approaches show comparable agreement with experimental data, which is more dependent on the level of theory used. In particular, the BPW91/cc-pVDZ level appears to perform remarkably well. Effects of solvation of FA in solid state Ar and pH2 matrices were simulated at the BPW91/cc-pVDZ level using a conductor-like polarized continuum model (CPCM). The Ar and pH2 solid-state matrices cause quite a substantial increase in the FA dipole moments. Compared to gas-phase calculations, the CPCM model for pH2 better reproduces the experimental FA spectral shifts caused by interaction with traces of ortho-hydrogen (oH2) species in solid pH2. The validity of the single mode approach is tested against the multidimensional VCI results, suggesting that the isolated (noninteracting) mode approximation is valid up to the third vibrationally excited state (v = 3). Finally, the contribution of the ground anharmonic vibrational states of the remaining modes to the resulting ν3 single mode dipole moments is examined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif O Paulson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, and Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Kaminský
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, and Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David T Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, and Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bouř
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, and Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kubelka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, and Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Yamamoto S, Straka M, Watarai H, Bouř P. Formation and structure of the potassium complex of valinomycin in solution studied by Raman optical activity spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:11021-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c003277h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Dai F, Xu Y, Chen X. Enhanced and broadened SRS spectra of toluene mixed with chloroform in liquid-core fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:19882-19886. [PMID: 19997210 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.019882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering of toluene and its mixture with chloroform is studied in liquid-core optical fiber. The results show a remarkably broadened Raman line of the mixture from about 630 nm to 650 nm by a pumping wavelength at 532 nm, which is assigned to the interaction of CH vibrations of the two liquids. The results suggest that interactions between adjacent vibrations can produce strong and wide Raman spectra in liquid-core fiber which may prove a new simple way for supercontinuum generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Dai
- Department of Physics, The State Key Laboratory on Fiber Optic Local Area Communication Networks and Advanced Optical Communication Systems Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd. Shanghai 200240, China
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15
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Andrushchenko V, Matějka P, Anderson DT, Kaminský J, Horníček J, Paulson LO, Bouř P. Solvent Dependence of the N-Methylacetamide Structure and Force Field. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:9727-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9045512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valery Andrushchenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences,
Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Praha 6, Czech Republic, Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická
5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry,
University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming
82071
| | - Pavel Matějka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences,
Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Praha 6, Czech Republic, Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická
5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry,
University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming
82071
| | - David T. Anderson
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences,
Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Praha 6, Czech Republic, Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická
5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry,
University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming
82071
| | - Jakub Kaminský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences,
Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Praha 6, Czech Republic, Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická
5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry,
University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming
82071
| | - Jan Horníček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences,
Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Praha 6, Czech Republic, Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická
5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry,
University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming
82071
| | - Leif O. Paulson
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences,
Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Praha 6, Czech Republic, Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická
5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry,
University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming
82071
| | - Petr Bouř
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences,
Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Praha 6, Czech Republic, Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická
5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry,
University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming
82071
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