1
|
Kahkashan S, Wang X, Ya M, Chen J, Wu Y, Cai Y, Saleem M, Inam A, Aftab J. Evaluation of marine sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons along the Karachi coast, Pakistan, 11 years after the Tasman Spirit oil spill. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:652-659. [PMID: 31195269 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
On July 27, 2003, a spill of approximately 31,000 tons of Iranian light crude oil affected the coast of Karachi, Pakistan. Approximately 11 years after the spill, we analyzed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated homologues (alkyl-PAHs) as the indicators to evaluate the residual effect of oil spill to the sediment along the Karachi coast. The total concentrations (dry weight) of parent PAHs and alkyl-PAHs ranged from 121.9 to 735.4 and 42.3-1149.9 ng/g, respectively. The estuary and harbor were the two regions with the highest levels of PAHs in the sediment. Conversely, sedimentary PAHs in the oil spill areas and remote coastal areas showed significantly lower levels. Although the results of the source identification indicated the up to 75.2% of the contribution from petroleum and its derivatives, this could only reflect the direct impact of the Karachi city on the presence of PAHs in the coastal sedimentary environment and did not indicated that the oil spill continues to stay 11 years later. Compared with 11 years ago, the sharply reduced PAH content, great changed composition, and the degradation driven trend of diagnostic ratios all indicated a sharp decrease in the influence of PAHs caused by the oil spill. Finally, the ecological risk caused by the PAH residual in the marine sedimentary ecosystem had disappeared along the Karachi coasts, Pakistan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanober Kahkashan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China; National Institute of Oceanography, Clifton, Block 1, Karachi-75600, Pakistan
| | - Xinhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Miaolei Ya
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jianfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yuling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yizhi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Monawwar Saleem
- National Institute of Oceanography, Clifton, Block 1, Karachi-75600, Pakistan
| | - Asif Inam
- National Institute of Oceanography, Clifton, Block 1, Karachi-75600, Pakistan
| | - Javed Aftab
- National Institute of Oceanography, Clifton, Block 1, Karachi-75600, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hassan HM, Castillo AB, Yigiterhan O, Elobaid EA, Al-Obaidly A, Al-Ansari E, Obbard JP. Baseline concentrations and distributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Qatar marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 126:58-62. [PMID: 29421134 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Coastal sediments in marine waters of Qatar have the potential of being contaminated by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to extensive petroleum exploration and transportation activities within Qatar's Marine Exclusive Economic Zone. In this study, the concentration and distribution of sixteen PAHs classed as USEPA priority pollutants were measured in sediments from the eastern Qatari coast. PAHs were recovered from sediments via accelerated solvent extraction and then analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Total concentrations of the PAHs were in the range of 3.15-14.35μg/kg, and the spatial distribution of PAHs is evaluated in the context of sediment total organic content, depth and the grain size together with and the proximity of petroleum exploration and transportation activities. The data show that the concentrations of PAHs within the study area were in the low-range, suggesting a low risk to marine organisms and limited transfer of PAHs into the food web.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oguz Yigiterhan
- Environmental Science Center (ESC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Z, Liu Z, Xu K, Mayer LM, Zhang Z, Kolker AS, Wu W. Concentrations and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface coastal sediments of the northern Gulf of Mexico. GEOCHEMICAL TRANSACTIONS 2014; 15:2. [PMID: 24641695 PMCID: PMC3994594 DOI: 10.1186/1467-4866-15-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coastal sediments in the northern Gulf of Mexico have a high potential of being contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), due to extensive petroleum exploration and transportation activities. In this study we evaluated the spatial distribution and contamination sources of PAHs, as well as the bioavailable fraction in the bulk PAH pool, in surface marsh and shelf sediments (top 5 cm) of the northern Gulf of Mexico. RESULTS PAH concentrations in this region ranged from 100 to 856 ng g-1, with the highest concentrations in Mississippi River mouth sediments followed by marsh sediments and then the lowest concentrations in shelf sediments. The PAH concentrations correlated positively with atomic C/N ratios of sedimentary organic matter (OM), suggesting that terrestrial OM preferentially sorbs PAHs relative to marine OM. PAHs with 2 rings were more abundant than those with 5-6 rings in continental shelf sediments, while the opposite was found in marsh sediments. This distribution pattern suggests different contamination sources between shelf and marsh sediments. Based on diagnostic ratios of PAH isomers and principal component analysis, shelf sediment PAHs were petrogenic and those from marsh sediments were pyrogenic. The proportions of bioavailable PAHs in total PAHs were low, ranging from 0.02% to 0.06%, with higher fractions found in marsh than shelf sediments. CONCLUSION PAH distribution and composition differences between marsh and shelf sediments were influenced by grain size, contamination sources, and the types of organic matter associated with PAHs. Concentrations of PAHs in the study area were below effects low-range, suggesting a low risk to organisms and limited transfer of PAHs into food web. From the source analysis, PAHs in shelf sediments mainly originated from direct petroleum contamination, while those in marsh sediments were from combustion of fossil fuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zucheng Wang
- Department of Geography, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, USA
| | - Zhanfei Liu
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, USA
| | - Kehui Xu
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Lawrence M Mayer
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Walpole, ME 04573, USA
| | | | | | - Wei Wu
- Department of Coastal Sciences, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, The University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Boitsov S, Petrova V, Jensen HKB, Kursheva A, Litvinenko I, Klungsøyr J. Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments from southern and northern areas of the Norwegian continental shelf. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 87-88:73-84. [PMID: 23623160 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Variability in levels and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in sediments from one large sea area off the coast of northern Norway ("North area", NA) have been compared to similar data from another large area off the coast of southern Norway ("South area", SA). Samples from NA were collected at the Norwegian continental shelf in south-western Barents Sea and north-eastern Norwegian Sea. Samples from SA were from the Norwegian Trench and the Skagerrak. Sediment cores have been dated, characterised by grain size distribution (GS) and organic carbon content (TOC), and the composition of PAH and geochemical biomarkers (alkanes and triterpanes) studied to provide an insight into the different sources of PAH. Generally, PAH levels are higher in sediments from SA compared to NA. A mixture of pyrogenic and petrogenic sources contribute to PAH levels in SA, while the contents of petrogenic PAH is negligible in surface sediments in NA. At some locations in NA, petrogenic PAH levels are elevated in the deepest sediment layers from pre-industrial times, indicating a natural input of petroleum through seepage. Occurrence of elevated levels of microbial hopanoids (hopenes) in the deepest sediment layers at some locations both in the north and the south indicate the presence of petroleum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Boitsov
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Webster L, Russell M, Walsham P, Phillips LA, Hussy I, Packer G, Dalgarno EJ, Moffat CF. An assessment of persistent organic pollutants in Scottish coastal and offshore marine environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1288-307. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10100e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
6
|
Enwere R, Pollard P, Webster L, Davies I, Moffat C. Oil spill management: elimination kinetics of PAHs in mussels (Mytilus edulis). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:1284-91. [DOI: 10.1039/b821346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|