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Bai J, Huang J, Jiang Q, Li Y, Wang H, Yu H, Zhang Q, Cao Y, Peng F. Radical Propagation Facilitating Aerobic Oxidation of Substituted Aromatics Promoted by Tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiatong Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jiangnan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Qi Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Yuhang Li
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Hao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy and Green Catalysis School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yonghai Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Feng Peng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for New Energy and Green Catalysis School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
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2
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Viegas LP. Simplified Protocol for the Calculation of Multiconformer Transition State Theory Rate Constants Applied to Tropospheric OH-Initiated Oxidation Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4499-4512. [PMID: 33902279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical kinetics plays a fundamental role in the understanding and modeling of tropospheric chemical processes, one of the most important being the atmospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds. These potentially harmful molecules are emitted into the troposphere by natural and anthropogenic sources and are chemically removed by undergoing oxidation processes, most frequently initiated by reaction with OH radicals, the atmosphere's "detergent". Obtaining the respective rate constants is therefore of critical importance, with calculations based on transition state theory (TST) often being the preferred choice. However, for molecules with rich conformational variety, a single-conformer method such as lowest-conformer TST is unsuitable while state-of-the-art TST-based methodologies easily become unmanageable. In this Feature Article, the author reviews his own cost-effective protocol for the calculation of bimolecular rate constants of OH-initiated reactions in the high-pressure limit based on multiconformer transition state theory. The protocol, which is easily extendable to other oxidation reactions involving saturated organic molecules, is based on a variety of freeware and open-source software and tested against a series of oxidation reactions of hydrofluoropolyethers, computationally very challenging molecules with potential environmental relevance. The main features, advantages and disadvantages of the protocol are presented, along with an assessment of its predictive utility based on a comparison with experimental rate constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís P Viegas
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, Buildings 1630-1632, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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3
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Church JR, Vaida V, Skodje RT. Gas-Phase Reaction Kinetics of Pyruvic Acid with OH Radicals: The Role of Tunneling, Complex Formation, and Conformational Structure. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:790-800. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Church
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Rex T. Skodje
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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4
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Sapunov VN, Kurganova EA, Koshel GN. Kinetics and Mechanism of Cumene Oxidation Initiated by N
-Hydroxyphthalimide. INT J CHEM KINET 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. N. Sapunov
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia; Moscow 125047 Russian Federation
| | - E. A. Kurganova
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia; Moscow 125047 Russian Federation
- Yaroslavl State Technical University; Yaroslavl 150023 Russian Federation
| | - G. N. Koshel
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia; Moscow 125047 Russian Federation
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5
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Chen K, Mao J, Shen S, Fei L, Xie H, Jiang K. Mechanistic elucidation of the origins of the hydrogen-abstraction reactivity of hydroxyimide organocatalysts and its application in catalyst design. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Structure-reactivity relationships of N -hydroxysaccharin analogues as organocatalysts for aerobic oxidation. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Chen K, Xie H. Selective aerobic oxidation promoted by highly efficient multi-nitroxy organocatalysts. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(17)62777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Chen K, Xie H, Mao J, Jiang K. Structure–performance landscape of N-alkoxyphthalimides as organocatalysts in aerobic oxidation. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Theoretical study on the catalytic reactivity of N-hydroxyphthalimide tuned by different heterocyclic substitutions on its phenyl ring for aerobic oxidation. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Menta S, Carradori S, Siani G, Secci D, Mannina L, Sobolev AP, Cirilli R, Pierini M. Elucidation of the mechanisms governing the thermal diastereomerization of bioactive chiral 1,3,4-thiadiazoline spiro-cyclohexyl derivatives towards their anancomeric stereoisomers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13727j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of bioactive 1,3,4-thiadiazoline-spiro-cyclohexyl-alkyl-substituted diastereomers by effective switching between kinetic and thermodynamic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Menta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - S. Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy
- “G. D'Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara
- 66100 Chieti
- Italy
| | - G. Siani
- Department of Pharmacy
- “G. D'Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara
- 66100 Chieti
- Italy
| | - D. Secci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - L. Mannina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - A. P. Sobolev
- Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica “AnnalauraSegre”
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche CNR Area della Ricerca di Roma
- 00015 Monterotondo
- Italy
| | - R. Cirilli
- Dipartimento del Farmaco
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità
- 00161 Rome
- Italy
| | - M. Pierini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
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11
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Menta S, Carradori S, Secci D, Faggi C, Mannina L, Cirilli R, Pierini M. The Anancomeric Character of the Pharmacophore 1,3,4-Thiadiazoline Framework in Chiral Spiro-Cyclohexyl Derivatives: Effects on Stereochemistry and Spiro-Junction Lability. Thermodynamic Aspects. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11932-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Menta
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department
of Pharmacy, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniela Secci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Faggi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli studi di Firenze, Via della
Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Dipartimento
del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pierini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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12
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Structure–reactivity landscape of N -hydroxyphthalimides with ionic-pair substituents as organocatalysts in aerobic oxidation. J Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Peeters J, Nguyen VS, Müller JF. Atmospheric Vinyl Alcohol to Acetaldehyde Tautomerization Revisited. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4005-11. [PMID: 26722769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric oxidation of vinyl alcohol (VA) produced by photoisomerization of acetaldehyde (AA) is thought to be a source of formic acid (FA). Nevertheless, a recent theoretical study predicted a high rate coefficient k1(298 K) of ≈10(-14) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for the FA-catalyzed tautomerization reaction 1 of VA back into AA, which suggests that FA buffers its own production from VA. However, the unusually high frequency factor implied by that study prompted us to reinvestigate reaction 1 . On the basis of a high-level ab initio potential energy profile, we first established that transition state theory is applicable, and derived a k1(298 K) of only ≈2 × 10(-20) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), concluding that the reaction is negligible. Instead, we propose and rationalize another important VA sink: its uptake by aqueous aerosol and cloud droplets followed by fast liquid-phase tautomerization to AA; global modeling puts the average lifetime by this sink at a few hours, similar to oxidation by OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Peeters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven , B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Vinh Son Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven , B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Müller
- Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy , Avenue Circulaire 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Chen K, Jia L, Wang C, Yao J, Chen Z, Li H. Theoretical design of multi-nitroxyl organocatalysts with enhanced reactivity for aerobic oxidation. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:1673-80. [PMID: 24616051 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201301141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Higher catalytic performances of N,N',N''-trihydroxyisocyanuric acid (THICA), N,N-dihydroxypyromellitimide (NDHPI), and N-hydroxynaphthalimide (NHNI) than that of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) have been demonstrated recently in aerobic oxidation. Herein, the rational design of reactive multi-nitroxyl organocatalysts has been addressed theoretically by using systematic analysis of some important properties and catalytic activities of yet-to-be-synthesized catalysts. Our results show that 1) NHNI and its analogue, similar to THICA, unlike NHPI and others, are unsuitable for solvent- or mediator-free catalysis due to their strong intramolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions; 2) increasing the reactive hydroxyimide groups on the same aromatic ring, or doped N atoms or ionic-pair groups onto the aromatic ring, can improve catalytic reactivity, whereas appropriate enlargement of conjugated aromatic systems results in unchanged activity; 3) the newly designed catalysts are more active than NHPI and NHNI and have catalytic activities comparable to NDHPI and THICA; 4) the ionic-pair supported case is suggested to be a very active catalyst, even towards inert propane, and can be used as a novel model catalyst for further improvements. The present work will be helpful in designing reactive hydroxyimide organocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexian Chen
- Department of Chemistry, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 (China); State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 (China)
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15
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Habibi D, Faraji A, Arshadi M, Veisi H, Gil A. Manganese nanocatalyst and N-hydroxyphthalimide as an efficient catalytic system for selective oxidation of ethylbenzene, cyclohexene and oximes under aerobic condition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Jia L, Chen K, Wang C, Yao J, Chen Z, Li H. Unexpected oxidation of β-isophorone with molecular oxygen promoted by TEMPO. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47901c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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17
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Bernini R, Crisante F, Gentili P, Menta S, Morana F, Pierini M. Unexpected different chemoselectivity in the aerobic oxidation of methylated planar catechin and bent epicatechin derivatives catalysed by the Trametes villosa laccase/1-hydroxybenzotriazole system. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47753c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Melone L, Franchi P, Lucarini M, Punta C. Sunlight Induced Oxidative Photoactivation ofN-Hydroxyphthalimide Mediated by Naphthalene Imides. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Melone L, Punta C. Metal-free aerobic oxidations mediated by N-hydroxyphthalimide. A concise review. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1296-310. [PMID: 23843925 PMCID: PMC3701383 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the century, N-hydroxyphthalimide and related compounds have been revealed to be efficient organocatalysts for free-radical processes and have found ample application in promoting the aerobic oxidation of a wide range of organic substrates. When combined with different co-catalysts, they are activated to the corresponding N-oxyl radical species and become able to promote radical chains, involving molecular oxygen, directly or indirectly. Most of the examples reported in the literature describe the use of these N-hydroxy derivatives in the presence of transition-metal complexes. However, eco-friendly standards, including the demand for highly selective transformations, impose the development of metal-free processes, especially for large-scale productions, as in the case of the oxygenation of hydrocarbons. For this reason, many efforts have been devoted in the past decade to the design of new protocols for the activation of N-hydroxy imides in the presence of nonmetal initiators. Herein we provide a concise overview of the most significant and successful examples in this field, with the final aim to furnish a useful instrument for all scientists actively involved in the O2-mediated selective oxidation of organic compounds and looking for environmentally safe alternatives to metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Melone
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, Milano 20131, Italy ; INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, Italy
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21
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D’Alfonso C, Bietti M, DiLabio GA, Lanzalunga O, Salamone M. Reactions of the Phthalimide N-Oxyl Radical (PINO) with Activated Phenols: The Contribution of π-Stacking Interactions to Hydrogen Atom Transfer Rates. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1026-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302483s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D’Alfonso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza
Università di Roma and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche
(IMC−CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento
di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro, 5 I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie
Chimiche, Università ″Tor Vergata″, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gino A. DiLabio
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2M9
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Osvaldo Lanzalunga
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza
Università di Roma and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche
(IMC−CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento
di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro, 5 I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie
Chimiche, Università ″Tor Vergata″, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
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22
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Shul'pin GB. C–H functionalization: thoroughly tuning ligands at a metal ion, a chemist can greatly enhance catalyst's activity and selectivity. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:12794-818. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51004b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Chen K, Jia L, Dao R, Yao J, Wang C, Chen Z, Li H. Theoretical Studies on Muti-Hydroxyimides as Highly Efficient Catalysts for Aerobic Oxidation. Chemphyschem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chen K, Sun Y, Wang C, Yao J, Chen Z, Li H. Aerobic oxidation of β-isophorone catalyzed by N-hydroxyphthalimide: the key features and mechanism elucidated. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:12141-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41617d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Melone L, Gambarotti C, Prosperini S, Pastori N, Recupero F, Punta C. Hydroperoxidation of Tertiary Alkylaromatics Catalyzed By N-Hydroxyphthalimide and Aldehydes under Mild Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Sun Y, Zhang W, Hu X, Li H. Correlation Analysis of the Substituent Electronic Effects on the Allylic H-Abstraction in Cyclohexene by Phthalimide-N-oxyl Radicals: a DFT Study. J Phys Chem B 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/jp100259v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wensong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xingbang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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