1
|
Mass OA, Watt DR, Patten LK, Pensack RD, Lee J, Turner DB, Yurke B, Knowlton WB. Exciton delocalization in a fully synthetic DNA-templated bacteriochlorin dimer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28437-28451. [PMID: 37843877 PMCID: PMC10599410 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01634j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A bacteriochlorophyll a (Bchla) dimer is a basic functional unit in the LH1 and LH2 photosynthetic pigment-protein antenna complexes of purple bacteria, where an ordered, close arrangement of Bchla pigments-secured by noncovalent bonding to a protein template-enables exciton delocalization at room temperature. Stable and tunable synthetic analogs of this key photosynthetic subunit could lead to facile engineering of exciton-based systems such as in artificial photosynthesis, organic optoelectronics, and molecular quantum computing. Here, using a combination of synthesis and theory, we demonstrate that exciton delocalization can be achieved in a dimer of a synthetic bacteriochlorin (BC) featuring stability, high structural modularity, and spectral properties advantageous for exciton-based devices. The BC dimer was covalently templated by DNA, a stable and highly programmable scaffold. To achieve exciton delocalization in the absence of pigment-protein interactions critical for the Bchla dimer, we relied on the strong transition dipole moment in BC enabled by two auxochromes along the Qy transition, and omitting the central metal and isocyclic ring. The spectral properties of the synthetic "free" BC closely resembled those of Bchla in an organic solvent. Applying spectroscopic modeling, the exciton delocalization in the DNA-templated BC dimer was evaluated by extracting the excitonic hopping parameter, J to be 214 cm-1 (26.6 meV). For comparison, the same method applied to the natural protein-templated Bchla dimer yielded J of 286 cm-1 (35.5 meV). The smaller value of J in the BC dimer likely arose from the partial bacteriochlorin intercalation and the difference in medium effect between DNA and protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Mass
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
| | - Devan R Watt
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
| | - Lance K Patten
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
| | - Ryan D Pensack
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
| | - Jeunghoon Lee
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA
| | - Daniel B Turner
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
| | - Bernard Yurke
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA
| | - William B Knowlton
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nguyen KU, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Zhang R, Jin X, Taniguchi M, Miller ES, Lindsey JS. Tolyporphins-Exotic Tetrapyrrole Pigments in a Cyanobacterium-A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:6132. [PMID: 37630384 PMCID: PMC10459692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolyporphins were discovered some 30 years ago as part of a global search for antineoplastic compounds from cyanobacteria. To date, the culture HT-58-2, comprised of a cyanobacterium-microbial consortium, is the sole known producer of tolyporphins. Eighteen tolyporphins are now known-each is a free base tetrapyrrole macrocycle with a dioxobacteriochlorin (14), oxochlorin (3), or porphyrin (1) chromophore. Each compound displays two, three, or four open β-pyrrole positions and two, one, or zero appended C-glycoside (or -OH or -OAc) groups, respectively; the appended groups form part of a geminal disubstitution motif flanking the oxo moiety in the pyrroline ring. The distinct structures and repertoire of tolyporphins stand alone in the large pigments-of-life family. Efforts to understand the cyanobacterial origin, biosynthetic pathways, structural diversity, physiological roles, and potential pharmacological properties of tolyporphins have attracted a broad spectrum of researchers from diverse scientific areas. The identification of putative biosynthetic gene clusters in the HT-58-2 cyanobacterial genome and accompanying studies suggest a new biosynthetic paradigm in the tetrapyrrole arena. The present review provides a comprehensive treatment of the rich science concerning tolyporphins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy-Uyen Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Qihui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Xiaohe Jin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Eric S. Miller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7612, USA;
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martin MI, Pham TN, Ward KN, Rice AT, Hertler PR, Yap GPA, Gilmartin PH, Rosenthal J. Mapping the influence of ligand electronics on the spectroscopic and 1O 2 sensitization characteristics of Pd(II) biladiene complexes bearing phenyl-alkynyl groups at the 2- and 18-positions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:7512-7523. [PMID: 37199710 PMCID: PMC10263192 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00691c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment for certain cancers that proceeds via sensitization of ground state 3O2 to generate reactive 1O2. Classic macrocyclic tetrapyrrole ligand scaffolds, such as porphyrins and phthalocyanines, have been studied in detail for their 1O2 photosensitization capabilities. Despite their compelling photophysics, these systems have been limited in PDT applications because of adverse biological side effects. Conversely, the development of non-traditional oligotetrapyrrole ligands metalated with palladium (Pd[DMBil1]) have established new candidates for PDT that display excellent biocompatibility. Herein, the synthesis, electrochemical, and photophysical characterization of a new family of 2,18-bis(phenylalkynyl)-substituted PdII 10,10-dimethyl-5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-biladiene (Pd[DMBil2-R]) complexes is presented. These second generation biladienes feature extended conjugation relative to previously characterized PdII biladiene scaffolds (Pd[DMBil1]). We show that these new derivatives can be prepared in good yield and, that the electronic nature of the phenylalkynyl appendages dramatically influence the PdII biladiene photophysics. Extending the conjugation of the Pd[DMBil1] core through installation of phenylacetylene resulted in a ∼75 nm red-shift of the biladiene absorption spectrum into the phototherapeutic window (600-900 nm), while maintaining the PdII biladiene's steady-state spectroscopic 1O2 sensitization characteristics. Varying the electronics of the phenylalkyne groups via installation of electron donating or withdrawing groups dramatically influences the steady-state spectroscopic and photophysical properties of the resulting Pd[DMBil2-R] family of complexes. The most electron rich variants (Pd[DMBil2-N(CH3)2]) can absorb light as far red as ∼700 nm but suffer from significantly reduced ability to sensitize formation of 1O2. By contrast, Pd[DMBil2-R] derivatives bearing electron withdrawing functionalities (Pd[DMBil2-CN] and Pd[DMBil2-CF3]) display 1O2 quantum yields above 90%. The collection of results we report suggest that excited state charge transfer from more electron-rich phenyl-alkyne appendages to the electron deficient biladiene core circumvents triplet sensitization. The spectral and redox properties, as well as the triplet sensitization efficiency of each Pd[DMBil2-R] derivative is considered in relation to the Hammett value (σp) for each biladiene's R-group. More broadly, the results reported in this study clearly demonstrate that biladiene redox properties, spectral properties, and photophysics can be perturbed greatly by relatively minor alterations to biladiene structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell I Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Trong-Nhan Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Kaytlin N Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Anthony T Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Phoebe R Hertler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Philip H Gilmartin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kato T, Riahin C, Furusawa A, Fukushima H, Wakiyama H, Okuyama S, Takao S, Choyke PL, Ptaszek M, Rosenzweig Z, Kobayashi H. Simultaneous multicolor imaging of lymph node chains using hydroporphyrin-doped near-infrared-emitting polymer dots. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:659-666. [PMID: 37254845 PMCID: PMC10283015 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Evaluation of lymphatic drainage can be challenging to differentiate between separate drainage basins because only one 'color' is typically employed in sentinel node studies. This study aimed to test the feasibility of multicolor in vivo lymphangiography using newly developed organic polymer dots. Materials & methods: Biocompatible, purely organic, hydroporphyrin-doped near-infrared-emitting polymer dots were developed and evaluated for in vivo multicolor imaging in mouse lymph nodes. Results & conclusion: The authors demonstrated successful multicolor in vivo fluorescence lymphangiography using polymer dots, each tuned to a different emission spectrum. This allows minimally invasive visualization of at least four separate lymphatic drainage basins using fluorescent nanoparticles, which have the potential for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Connor Riahin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Seiichiro Takao
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Zeev Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chau Nguyen K, Nguyen Tran AT, Wang P, Zhang S, Wu Z, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Four Routes to 3-(3-Methoxy-1,3-dioxopropyl)pyrrole, a Core Motif of Rings C and E in Photosynthetic Tetrapyrroles. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031323. [PMID: 36770988 PMCID: PMC9920783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetic tetrapyrroles share a common structural feature comprised of a β-ketoester motif embedded in an exocyclic ring (ring E). As part of a total synthesis program aimed at preparing native structures and analogues, 3-(3-methoxy-1,3-dioxopropyl)pyrrole was sought. The pyrrole is a precursor to analogues of ring C and the external framework of ring E. Four routes were developed. Routes 1-3 entail a Pd-mediated coupling process of a 3-iodopyrrole with potassium methyl malonate, whereas route 4 relies on electrophilic substitution of TIPS-pyrrole with methyl malonyl chloride. Together, the four routes afford considerable latitude. A long-term objective is to gain the capacity to create chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls and analogues thereof by facile de novo means for diverse studies across the photosynthetic sciences.
Collapse
|
6
|
Jing H, Magdaong NCM, Diers JR, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Dyads with tunable near-infrared donor-acceptor excited-state energy gaps: molecular design and Förster analysis for ultrafast energy transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1827-1847. [PMID: 36601996 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04689j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorophylls, nature's near-infrared absorbers, play an essential role in energy transfer in photosynthetic antennas and reaction centers. To probe energy-transfer processes akin to those in photosynthetic systems, nine synthetic bacteriochlorin-bacteriochlorin dyads have been prepared wherein the constituent pigments are joined at the meso-positions by a phenylethyne linker. The phenylethyne linker is an unsymmetric auxochrome, which differentially shifts the excited-state energies of the phenyl- or ethynyl-attached bacteriochlorin constituents in the dyad. Molecular designs utilized known effects of macrocycle substituents to engineer bacteriochlorins with S0 → S1 (Qy) transitions spanning 725-788 nm. The design-predicted donor-acceptor excited-state energy gaps in the dyads agree well with those obtained from time dependent density functional theory calculations and with the measured range of 197-1089 cm-1. Similar trends with donor-acceptor excited-state energy gaps are found for (1) the measured ultrafast energy-transfer rates of (0.3-1.7 ps)-1, (2) the spectral overlap integral (J) in Förster energy-transfer theory, and (3) donor-acceptor electronic mixing manifested in the natural transition orbitals for the S0 → S1 transition. Subtle outcomes include the near orthogonal orientation of the π-planes of the bacteriochlorin macrocycles, and the substituent-induced shift in transition-dipole moment from the typical coincidence with the NH-NH axis; the two features together afforded the Förster orientation term κ2 ranging from 0.55-1.53 across the nine dyads, a value supportive of efficient excited-state energy transfer. The molecular design and collective insights on the dyads are valuable for studies relevant to artificial photosynthesis and other processes requiring ultrafast energy transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Jing
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA.
| | | | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA.
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA.
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA.
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nanoformulation of Tetrapyrroles Derivatives in Photodynamic Therapy: A Focus on Bacteriochlorin. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3011918. [PMID: 36212948 PMCID: PMC9546677 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3011918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-known remedial treatment for cancer, infections, and various other diseases. PDT uses nontoxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS) that are activated in visible light at the proper wavelength to generate ROS (reactive oxygen species) that aid in killing tumor cells and destroying pathogenic microbes. Deciding a suitable photosensitizer is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy. It is challenging to choose the photosensitizer that is appropriate for specific pathological circumstances, such as different cancer species. Porphyrin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin are tetrapyrroles used with proper functionalization in PDT, among which some compound has been clinically approved. Most photosensitizers are hydrophobic, have minimum solubility, and exhibit cytotoxicity due to the dispersion in biological fluid. This paper reviewed some nanotechnology-based strategies to overcome these drawbacks. In PDT, metal nanoparticles are widely used due to their enhanced surface plasmon resonance. The self-assembled nano-drug carriers like polymeric micelles, liposomes, and metal-based nanoparticles play a significant role in solubilizing the photosensitizer to make them biocompatible.
Collapse
|
8
|
Dihydrooxazine Byproduct of a McMurry–Melton Reaction en Route to a Synthetic Bacteriochlorin. ORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/org3030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic route to gem-dimethyl-substituted bacteriochlorins—models of native bacteriochlorophylls—relies on the formation of a dihydrodipyrrin precursor via a series of established reactions: van Leusen pyrrole formation, Vilsmeier formylation, Henry reaction, borohydride reduction, Michael addition, and McMurry–Melton pyrroline formation. The latter is the least known of the series. Here, the McMurry–Melton reaction of a 2-(6-oxo-2-nitrohexyl)pyrrole in the presence of TiCl3 and an ammonium acetate buffer formed the expected Δ1-pyrroline, as well as an unexpected polar, cyclic byproduct (a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,2-oxazin-6-ol), each attached to the 2-methylpyrrole unit. Both species were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The McMurry–Melton reaction is a type of intercepted Nef reaction (the transformation of a nitroalkyl motif into a carbonyl group), where both the Δ1-pyrroline and the dihydrooxazine derive from the reaction of the nitrogen derived from the nitro group upon complete or partial reductive deoxygenation, respectively, with the γ-keto group. The report also considers competing Nef and McMurry–Melton reactions, the nature of available TiCl3 reagents, and the use of ammonium acetate for buffering the TiCl3/HCl reagent.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun R, Liu M, Wang P, Qin Y, Schnedermann C, Maher AG, Zheng SL, Liu S, Chen B, Zhang S, Dogutan DK, Lindsey JS, Nocera DG. Syntheses and Properties of Metalated Tetradehydrocorrins. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12308-12317. [PMID: 35892197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The monoanionic tetrapyrrolic macrocycle B,C-tetradehydrocorrin (TDC) resides chemically between corroles and corrins. This chemical space remains largely unexplored due to a lack of reliable synthetic strategies. We now report the preparation and characterization of Co(II)- and Ni(II)-metalated TDC derivatives ([Co-TDC]+ and [Ni-TDC]+, respectively) with a combination of crystallographic, electrochemical, computational, and spectroscopic techniques. [Ni-TDC]+ was found to undergo primarily ligand-centered electrochemical reduction, leading to hydrogenation of the macrocycle under cathodic electrolysis in the presence of acid. Transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy reveals that [Ni-TDC]+ and the two-electron-reduced [Ni-TDC]- possess long-lived excited states, whereas the excited state of singly reduced [Ni-TDC] exhibits picosecond dynamics. The Co(I) compound [Co-TDC] is air stable, highlighting the notable property of the TDC ligand to stabilize low-valent metal centers in contradistinction to other tetrapyrroles such as corroles, which typically stabilize metals in higher oxidation states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Pengzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yangzhong Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christoph Schnedermann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Andrew G Maher
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Shao-Liang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Boyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Shaofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Dilek K Dogutan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Riahin C, Meares A, Esemoto NN, Ptaszek M, LaScola M, Pandala N, Lavik E, Yang M, Stacey G, Hu D, Traeger JC, Orr G, Rosenzweig Z. Hydroporphyrin-Doped Near-Infrared-Emitting Polymer Dots for Cellular Fluorescence Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20790-20801. [PMID: 35451825 PMCID: PMC9210996 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent semiconductor polymer dots (Pdots) have shown great potential for fluorescence imaging due to their exceptional chemical and photophysical properties. This paper describes the synthesis of NIR-emitting Pdots with great control and tunability of emission peak wavelength. The Pdots were prepared by doping poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(1,4-benzo-(2,1',3)-thiadiazole)] (PFBT), a semiconducting polymer commonly used as a host polymer in luminescent Pdots, with a series of chlorins and bacteriochlorins with varying functional groups. Chlorins and bacteriochlorins are ideal dopants due to their high hydrophobicity, which precludes their use as molecular probes in aqueous biological media but on the other hand prevents their leakage when doped into Pdots. Additionally, chlorins and bacteriochlorins have narrow deep red to NIR-emission bands and the wide array of synthetic modifications available for modifying their molecular structure enables tuning their emission predictably and systematically. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements show the chlorin- and bacteriochlorin-doped Pdots to be nearly spherical with an average diameter of 46 ± 12 nm. Efficient energy transfer between PFBT and the doped chlorins or bacteriochlorins decreases the PFBT donor emission to near baseline level and increases the emission of the doped dyes that serve as acceptors. The chlorin- and bacteriochlorin-doped Pdots show narrow emission bands ranging from 640 to 820 nm depending on the doped dye. The paper demonstrates the utility of the systematic chlorin and bacteriochlorin synthesis approach by preparing Pdots of varying emission peak wavelength, utilizing them to visualize multiple targets using wide-field fluorescence microscopy, binding them to secondary antibodies, and determining the binding of secondary antibody-conjugated Pdots to primary antibody-labeled receptors in plant cells. Additionally, the chlorin- and bacteriochlorin-doped Pdots show a blinking behavior that could enable their use in super-resolution imaging methods like STORM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor Riahin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Nopondo N Esemoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Michael LaScola
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Narendra Pandala
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Erin Lavik
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Mengran Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Dehong Hu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jeremiah C Traeger
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Zeev Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jing H, Wang P, Chen B, Jiang J, Vairaprakash P, Liu S, Rong J, Chen CY, Nalaoh P, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of bacteriochlorins bearing diverse β-substituents. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05852e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eleven bacteriochlorins have been prepared for surface attachment, bioconjugation, water-solubilization, vibrational studies, and elaboration into multichromophore arrays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Jing
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Pengzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Boyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Pothiappan Vairaprakash
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jie Rong
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Chih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Phattananawee Nalaoh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jing H, Liu S, Jiang J, Tran VP, Rong J, Wang P, Lindsey JS. Meso bromination and derivatization of synthetic bacteriochlorins. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05853c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Twelve bacteriochlorin building blocks featuring meso-substitution have been prepared including a set with finely tuned long-wavelength absorption (725–757 nm) for studies in photonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Jing
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Vy-Phuong Tran
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jie Rong
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Pengzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang P, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of AD-Dihydrodipyrrins Equipped with Latent Substituents of Native Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11794-11811. [PMID: 34347485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Native chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls share a common trans-substituted pyrroline ring D (17-propionic acid, 18-methyl), whereas diversity occurs in ring A particularly at the 3-position. Two dihydrodipyrrins equipped with native-like D-ring substituents and tailorable A-ring substituents have been synthesized. The synthesis relies on a Schreiber-modified Nicholas reaction to construct the stereochemically defined precursor to ring D, a dialkyl-substituted pent-4-ynoic acid. The carboxylic acid group of the intact propionic acid proved unworkable, whereupon protected propionate (-CO2tBu) and several latent propyl ethers were examined. The tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-protected propanol substituent proved satisfactory for reaction of the chiral N-acylated oxazolidinone, affording (2S,3S)-2-(3-((tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)propyl)-3-methylpent-4-ynoic acid in ∼30% yield over 8 steps. Two variants for ring A, 2-tert-butoxycarbonyl-3-Br/H-5-iodo-4-methylpyrrole, were prepared via the Barton-Zard route. Dihydrodipyrrin formation from the pyrrole and pentynoic acid entailed Jacobi Pd-mediated lactone formation, Petasis methenylation, and Paal-Knorr-type pyrroline formation. The two AD-dihydrodipyrrins bear the D-ring methyl and protected propanol groups with a stereochemical configuration identical to that of native (bacterio)chlorophylls, and a bromine or no substitution in ring A corresponding to the 3-position of (bacterio)chlorophylls. The analogous β-position of a lactone-pyrrole intermediate on the path to the dihydrodipyrrin also was successfully brominated, opening opportunities for late-stage diversification in the synthesis of (bacterio)chlorophylls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yu Z, Uthe B, Gelfand R, Pelton M, Ptaszek M. Weakly conjugated bacteriochlorin-bacteriochlorin dyad: Synthesis and photophysical properties. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dyads containing two near-infrared absorbing and emitting bacteriochlorins with distinct spectral properties have been prepared and characterized by absorption, emission, and transient-absorption spectroscopies. The dyads exhibit ultrafast ([Formula: see text]3 ps) energy transfer from the bacteriochlorin with the higher-energy S1 state to the bacteriochlorin emitting at the longer wavelength. The dyads exhibit strong fluorescence and relatively long excited state lifetimes ([Formula: see text]4 ns) in both non-polar and polar solvents, which indicates negligible photoinduced electron transfer between the two bacteriochlorins in the dyads. These dyads are thus attractive for the development of light-harvesting arrays and fluorophores for in vivo bioimaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Brian Uthe
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Rachel Gelfand
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Matthew Pelton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Le NA, Babu V, Kalt M, Schneider L, Schumer F, Spingler B. Photostable Platinated Bacteriochlorins as Potent Photodynamic Agents. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6792-6801. [PMID: 33988998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used to treat various cancerous diseases. Recently, we have demonstrated that platinated pyridyl-substituted porphyrins are potent agents for PDT with very high phototoxicity (IC50 down to 17 nM) and excellent phototoxic indices of higher than 5800 (p.i. = IC50(dark)/IC50(light)) [Rubbiani, R. et al., Chem. Commun. 2020, 56, 14373]. However, the absorption of porphyrins is not ideal for the treatment of larger tumors because they essentially do not absorb light between 650 and 850 nm. Herein, we report stable conjugates of a novel bacteriochlorin with cisplatin and transplatin. They exhibit extremely high phototoxicity (IC50 values down to 6 nM, irradiated with a 750 nm LED at a fluence of 5 J/cm2), very low dark toxicity, and thereby extremely high phototoxic indices up to 8300. Based on these exciting results, we believe that platinated bacteriochlorins are promising candidates for further investigation as novel PDT anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc An Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vipin Babu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Kalt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Schumer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ballatore MB, Milanesio ME, Fujita H, Lindsey JS, Durantini EN. Bacteriochlorin-bis(spermine) conjugate affords an effective photodynamic action to eradicate microorganisms. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960061. [PMID: 31602791 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel bacteriochlorin bearing two spermine units (BCS) was synthesized from 3,13-dibromo-8,8,18,18-tetramethylbacteriochlorin (BC-Br 3,13 ). The synthesis involved the Suzuki coupling of BC-Br 3,13 to obtain a bacteriochlorin-dibenzaldehyde (BCA), which was subjected to reductive amination with spermine. The resulting bacteriochlorin BCS presents a strong near-infrared absorption band at 747 nm, emits at 750 nm with fluorescence quantum yield of 0.14, and generates singlet molecular oxygen, O2 (1 Δg ), with a quantum yield of 0.27. Photokilling capacities mediated by BCS were evaluated in microbial cells. The viability of Staphylococcus aureus decreased 7 logs when cells were incubated with 1 μM BCS and irradiated for 15 minutes. Comparable photocytotoxic effect was obtained with Escherichia coli, when cells were treated for 30 minutes with visible light. BCS was also an effective photosensitizer to inactivate Candida albicans. In addition, this bacteriochlorin was able to eradicate bacteria at short incubation times. The structure of BCS contains eight basic amino groups that, when protonated in water, increase the binding to the cell envelope. In summary, the readily accessible bacteriochlorin BCS was highly effective at low concentrations as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial photosensitizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María B Ballatore
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María E Milanesio
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hikaru Fujita
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Edgardo N Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Holzapfel HY, Stern AD, Bouhaddou M, Anglin CM, Putur D, Comer S, Birtwistle MR. Fluorescence Multiplexing with Spectral Imaging and Combinatorics. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:653-659. [PMID: 30339749 PMCID: PMC9827428 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.8b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-to-infrared fluorescence is a versatile and accessible assay modality but is notoriously hard to multiplex due to overlap of wide emission spectra. We present an approach for fluorescence called multiplexing using spectral imaging and combinatorics (MuSIC). MuSIC consists of creating new independent probes from covalently linked combinations of individual fluorophores, leveraging the wide palette of currently available probes with the mathematical power of combinatorics. Probe levels in a mixture can be inferred from spectral emission scanning data. Theory and simulations suggest MuSIC can increase fluorescence multiplexing ∼4-5 fold using currently available dyes and measurement tools. Experimental proof-of-principle demonstrates robust demultiplexing of nine solution-based probes using ∼25% of the available excitation wavelength window (380-480 nm), consistent with theory. The increasing prevalence of white lasers, angle filter-based wavelength scanning, and large, sensitive multianode photomultiplier tubes make acquisition of such MuSIC-compatible data sets increasingly attainable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadassa Y. Holzapfel
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA,Medical School for International Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Alan D. Stern
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mehdi Bouhaddou
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Caitlin M. Anglin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Danielle Putur
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sarah Comer
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marc R. Birtwistle
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Meares A, Bhagavathy GV, Zik SR, Gallagher T, Ptaszek M. Expanding π-Conjugation in Chlorins Using Ethenyl Linker. J Org Chem 2018; 83:9076-9087. [PMID: 30033724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of chlorin monomers and dyads has been prepared to probe the effect of ethenyl vs ethynyl linkers on the electronic conjugation and optical properties in resulting derivatives. Styryl-substituted chlorins have been prepared either by a Heck reaction or by microwave-assisted olefin metathesis, while β-β ethenyl-linked dyads have been synthesized from the corresponding vinyl-substituted chlorin monomer using microwave-assisted olefin metathesis. It has been found that when an ethenyl linker is connected at the β-position of chlorin it provides stronger electronic conjugation than an ethynyl one, which is manifested by a greater bathochromic shift of the longest wavelength absorption (Q y) and emission bands. Stronger electronic coupling is particularly evident for dyads, where ethenyl-linked dyad exhibits a strong near-IR absorption band emission (λabs = 707 nm, λem = 712 nm, Φf = 0.45), compared to the deep-red absorption and emission of a corresponding ethynyl-linked dyad (λabs = 689 nm, λem = 691 nm, Φf = 0.48). The reactivity of ethenyl-linked dyads with singlet oxygen is discussed as well. The results reported here provide further guidelines for molecular design of deep-red and near-IR absorbing and intensely emitting chlorin derivatives and chlorins with extended π-electronic conjugation for a variety of photonic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Ganga Viswanathan Bhagavathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Shannon R Zik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Thomas Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang B, Hewage N, Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Wax T, Gascón JA, Zhao J, Agrios AG, Brückner C. The limited extent of the electronic modulation of chlorins and bacteriochlorins through chromene-annulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18233-18240. [PMID: 29942972 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02712a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical data (UV-vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, including fluorescence yields and lifetimes) and electrochemical measurements are used to quantify the modulation of the electronic properties of meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-chlorin diol and -bacteriochlorin tetraols upon intramolecular chromene-annulation, including the investigation of regio- and stereoisomers. The small modulations of the frontier orbitals of the porphyrinoids are rationalized using DFT computations and can be traced to small electronic effects due to the co-planarized meso-aryl groups in combination with conformational effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
McNamara G, Difilippantonio M, Ried T, Bieber FR. Microscopy and Image Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 94:4.4.1-4.4.89. [DOI: 10.1002/cphg.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Difilippantonio
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
| | - Thomas Ried
- Section of Cancer Genomics Genetics Branch Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Meares A, Satraitis A, Ptaszek M. BODIPY-Bacteriochlorin Energy Transfer Arrays: Toward Near-IR Emitters with Broadly Tunable, Multiple Absorption Bands. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13068-13075. [PMID: 29119786 PMCID: PMC5873296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of energy transfer arrays, comprising a near-IR absorbing and emitting bacteriochlorin, and BODIPY derivatives with different absorption bands in the visible region (503-668 nm) have been synthesized. Absorption band of BODIPY was tuned by installation of 0, 1, or 2 styryl substituents [2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl], which leads to derivatives with absorption maxima at 503, 587, and 668 nm, respectively. Efficient energy transfer (>0.90) is observed for each dyad, which is manifested by nearly exclusive emission from bacteriochlorin moiety upon BODIPY excitation. Fluorescence quantum yield of each dyad in nonpolar solvent (toluene) is comparable with that observed for corresponding bacteriochlorin monomer, and is significantly reduced in solvent of high dielectric constants (DMF), most likely by photoinduced electron transfer. Given the availability of diverse BODIPY derivatives, with absorption between 500-700 nm, BODIPY-bacteriochlorin arrays should allow for construction of near-IR emitting agents with multiple and broadly tunable absorption bands. Solvent-dielectric constant dependence of Φf in dyads gives an opportunity to construct environmentally sensitive fluorophores and probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bai Y, Olivier JH, Yoo H, Polizzi NF, Park J, Rawson J, Therien MJ. Molecular Road Map to Tuning Ground State Absorption and Excited State Dynamics of Long-Wavelength Absorbers. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16946-16958. [PMID: 29043788 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Realizing chromophores that simultaneously possess substantial near-infrared (NIR) absorptivity and long-lived, high-yield triplet excited states is vital for many optoelectronic applications, such as optical power limiting and triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC). However, the energy gap law ensures such chromophores are rare, and molecular engineering of absorbers having such properties has proven challenging. Here, we present a versatile methodology to tackle this design issue by exploiting the ethyne-bridged (polypyridyl)metal(II) (M; M = Ru, Os)-(porphinato)metal(II) (PM'; M' = Zn, Pt, Pd) molecular architecture (M-(PM')n-M), wherein high-oscillator-strength NIR absorptivity up to 850 nm, near-unity intersystem crossing (ISC) quantum yields (ΦISC), and triplet excited-state (T1) lifetimes on the microseconds time scale are simultaneously realized. By varying the extent to which the atomic coefficients of heavy metal d orbitals contribute to the one-electron excitation configurations describing the initially prepared singlet and triplet excited-state wave functions, we (i) show that the relative magnitudes of fluorescence (k0F), S1 → S0 nonradiative decay (knr), S1 → T1 ISC (kISC), and T1 → S0 relaxation (kT1→S0) rate constants can be finely tuned in M-(PM')n-M compounds and (ii) demonstrate designs in which the kISC magnitude dominates singlet manifold relaxation dynamics but does not give rise to T1 → S0 conversion dynamics that short-circuit a microseconds time scale triplet lifetime. Notably, the NIR spectral domain absorptivities of M-(PM')n-M chromophores far exceed those of classic coordination complexes and organic materials possessing similarly high yields of triplet-state formation: in contrast to these benchmark materials, this work demonstrates that these M-(PM')n-M systems realize near unit ΦISC at extraordinarily modest S1-T1 energy gaps (∼0.25 eV). This study underscores the photophysical diversity of the M-(PM')n-M platform and presents a new library of long-wavelength absorbers that efficiently populate long-lived T1 states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Bai
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Jean-Hubert Olivier
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Hyejin Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Nicholas F Polizzi
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Jaehong Park
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Jeff Rawson
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Michael J Therien
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Meares A, Satraitis A, Akhigbe J, Santhanam N, Swaminathan S, Ehudin M, Ptaszek M. Amphiphilic BODIPY-Hydroporphyrin Energy Transfer Arrays with Broadly Tunable Absorption and Deep Red/Near-Infrared Emission in Aqueous Micelles. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6054-6070. [PMID: 28516773 PMCID: PMC5873324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BODIPY-hydroporphyrin energy transfer arrays allow for development of a family of fluorophores featuring a common excitation band at 500 nm, tunable excitation band in the deep red/near-infrared window, and tunable emission. Their biomedical applications are contingent upon retaining their optical properties in an aqueous environment. Amphiphilic arrays containing PEG-substituted BODIPY and chlorins or bacteriochlorins were prepared and their optical and fluorescence properties were determined in organic solvents and aqueous surfactants. The first series of arrays contains BODIPYs with PEG substituents attached to the boron, whereas in the second series, PEG substituents are attached to the aryl at the meso positions of BODIPY. For both series of arrays, excitation of BODIPY at 500 nm results in efficient energy transfer to and bright emission of hydroporphyrin in the deep-red (640-660 nm) or near-infrared (740-760 nm) spectral windows. In aqueous solution of nonionic surfactants (Triton X-100 and Tween 20) arrays from the second series exhibit significant quenching of fluorescence, whereas properties of arrays from the first series are comparable to those observed in polar organic solvents. Reported arrays possess large effective Stokes shift (115-260 nm), multiple excitation wavelengths, and narrow, tunable deep-red/near-IR fluorescence in aqueous surfactants, and are promising candidates for a variety of biomedical-related applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Nithya Santhanam
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Subramani Swaminathan
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Melanie Ehudin
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Reddy MN, Zhang S, Kim HJ, Mass O, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and Spectral Properties of meso-Arylbacteriochlorins, Including Insights into Essential Motifs of their Hydrodipyrrin Precursors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040634. [PMID: 28420113 PMCID: PMC6154299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic bacteriochlorins-analogues of bacteriochlorophylls, Nature's near-infrared absorbers-are attractive for diverse photochemical studies. meso-Arylbacteriochlorins have been prepared by the self-condensation of a dihydrodipyrrin-carbinol or dihydrodipyrrin-acetal following an Eastern-Western (E-W) or Northern-Southern (N-S) joining process. The bacteriochlorins bear a gem-dimethyl group in each pyrroline ring to ensure stability toward oxidation. The two routes differ in the location of the gem-dimethyl group at the respective 3- or 2-position in the dihydrodipyrrin, and the method of synthesis of the dihydrodipyrrin. Treatment of a known 3,3-dimethyldihydrodipyrrin-1-carboxaldehyde with an aryl Grignard reagent afforded the dihydrodipyrrin-1-(aryl)carbinol, and upon subsequent acetylation, the corresponding dihydrodipyrrin-1-methyl acetate (dihydrodipyrrin-acetate). Self-condensation of the dihydrodipyrrin-acetate gave a meso-diarylbacteriochlorin (E-W route). A 2,2-dimethyl-5-aryldihydrodipyrrin-1-(aryl)carbinol underwent self-condensation to give a trans-A₂B₂-type meso-tetraarylbacteriochlorin (N-S route). In each case, the aromatization process entails a 2e-/2H⁺ (aerobic) dehydrogenative oxidation following the dihydrodipyrrin self-condensation. Comparison of a tetrahydrodipyrrin-acetal (0%) versus a dihydrodipyrrin-acetal (41%) in bacteriochlorin formation and results with various 1-substituted dihydrodipyrrins revealed the importance of resonance stabilization of the reactive hydrodipyrrin intermediate. Altogether 10 new dihydrodipyrrins and five new bacteriochlorins have been prepared. The bacteriochlorins exhibit characteristic bacteriochlorophyll-like absorption spectra, including a Qy band in the region 726-743 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Department of Science Education, Gongju National University of Education, Gongju 314-701, Korea.
| | - Olga Mass
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu M, Chen CY, Hood D, Taniguchi M, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis, photophysics and electronic structure of oxobacteriochlorins. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj04135c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oxobacteriochlorins exhibit strong absorption in the deep-red window flanked by chlorins to the red and bacteriochlorins to the near-infrared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Chih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Don Hood
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8294, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8294, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shrestha K, Virgil KA, Jakubikova E. Electronic Absorption Spectra of Tetrapyrrole-Based Pigments via TD-DFT: A Reduced Orbital Space Study. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:5816-25. [PMID: 27392135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b04797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrole-based pigments play a crucial role in photosynthesis as principal light absorbers in light-harvesting chemical systems. As such, accurate theoretical descriptions of the electronic absorption spectra of these pigments will aid in the proper description and understanding of the overall photophysics of photosynthesis. In this work, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) at the CAM-B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory is employed to produce the theoretical absorption spectra of several tetrapyrrole-based pigments. However, the application of TD-DFT to large systems with several hundreds of atoms can become computationally prohibitive. Therefore, in this study, TD-DFT calculations with reduced orbital spaces (ROSs) that exclude portions of occupied and virtual orbitals are pursued as a viable, computationally cost-effective alternative to conventional TD-DFT calculations. The effects of reducing orbital space size on theoretical spectra are qualitatively and quantitatively described, and both conventional and ROS results are benchmarked against experimental absorption spectra of various tetrapyrrole-based pigments. The orbital reduction approach is also applied to a large natural pigment assembly that comprises the principal light-absorbing component of the reaction center in purple bacteria. Overall, we find that TD-DFT calculations with proper and judicious orbital space reductions can adequately reproduce conventional, full orbital space, TD-DFT results of all pigments studied in this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Kyle A Virgil
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hyland MA, Hewage N, Panther K, Nimthong-Roldán A, Zeller M, Samaraweera M, Gascon JA, Brückner C. Chromene-Annulated Bacteriochlorins. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3603-18. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Hyland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Nisansala Hewage
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Kimberly Panther
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Arunpatcha Nimthong-Roldán
- Department
of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department
of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
| | - Milinda Samaraweera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - José A. Gascon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kang HS, Esemoto NN, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Greco JA, Akhigbe J, Yu Z, Pancholi C, Bhagavathy GV, Nguyen JK, Kirmaier C, Birge RR, Ptaszek M, Holten D, Bocian DF. Effects of Strong Electronic Coupling in Chlorin and Bacteriochlorin Dyads. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:379-95. [PMID: 26765839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Achieving tunable, intense near-infrared absorption in molecular architectures with properties suitable for solar light harvesting and biomedical studies is of fundamental interest. Herein, we report the photophysical, redox, and molecular-orbital characteristics of nine hydroporphyrin dyads and associated benchmark monomers that have been designed and synthesized to attain enhanced light harvesting. Each dyad contains two identical hydroporphyrins (chlorin or bacteriochlorin) connected by a linker (ethynyl or butadiynyl) at the macrocycle β-pyrrole (3- or 13-) or meso (15-) positions. The strong electronic communication between constituent chromophores is indicated by the doubling of prominent absorption features, split redox waves, and paired linear combinations of frontier molecular orbitals. Relative to the benchmarks, the chlorin dyads in toluene show substantial bathochromic shifts of the long-wavelength absorption band (17-31 nm), modestly reduced singlet excited-state lifetimes (τS = 3.6-6.2 ns vs 8.8-12.3 ns), and increased fluorescence quantum yields (Φf = 0.37-0.57 vs 0.34-0.39). The bacteriochlorin dyads in toluene show significant bathochromic shifts (25-57 nm) and modestly reduced τS (1.6-3.4 ns vs 3.5-5.3 ns) and Φf (0.09-0.19 vs 0.17-0.21) values. The τS and Φf values for the bacteriochlorin dyads are reduced substantially (up to ∼20-fold) in benzonitrile. The quenching is due primarily to the increased S1 → S0 internal conversion that is likely induced by increased contribution of charge-resonance configurations to the S1 excited state in the polar medium. The fundamental insights gained into the physicochemical properties of the strongly coupled hydroporphyrin dyads may aid their utilization in solar-energy conversion and photomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Suk Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Nopondo N Esemoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jordan A Greco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Chirag Pancholi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Ganga Viswanathan Bhagavathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Jamie K Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Robert R Birge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang S, Kim HJ, Tang Q, Yang E, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and photophysical characteristics of 2,3,12,13-tetraalkylbacteriochlorins. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00517a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tetraalkylbacteriochlorins, available upon acid-mediated self-condensation of α-ester stabilized dihydrodipyrrin-carboxaldehydes, provide valuable models of the naturally occurring bacteriochlorophylls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
- Department of Science Education
| | - Qun Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
de Assis FF, Ferreira MAB, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. NIR bacteriochlorin chromophores accessed by Heck and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions on a tetrabromobacteriochlorin derivative. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1402-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02228b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new tetrabromobacteriochlorin BCBr4 is reported. Pd cross-coupling reactions yielded tetra-coupled products with a significant red shift in the UV-Vis bands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco F. de Assis
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar
- 13565-905 São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Marco A. B. Ferreira
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar
- 13565-905 São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Timothy J. Brocksom
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar
- 13565-905 São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Kleber T. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar
- 13565-905 São Carlos
- Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yang E, Zhang N, Krayer M, Taniguchi M, Diers JR, Kirmaier C, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Integration of Cyanine, Merocyanine and Styryl Dye Motifs with Synthetic Bacteriochlorins. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 92:111-25. [PMID: 26505265 DOI: 10.1111/php.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of substituents on spectral properties is essential for the rational design of tailored bacteriochlorins for light-harvesting and other applications. Toward this goal, three new bacteriochlorins containing previously unexplored conjugating substituents have been prepared and characterized. The conjugating substituents include two positively charged species, 2-(N-ethyl 2-quinolinium)vinyl- (B-1) and 2-(N-ethyl 4-pyridinium)vinyl- (B-2), and a neutral group, acroleinyl- (B-3); the charged species resemble cyanine (or styryl) dye motifs whereas the neutral unit resembles a merocyanine dye motif. The three bacteriochlorins are examined by static and time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy and density functional theoretical calculations. B-1 and B-2 have Qy absorption bathochromically shifted well into the NIR region (822 and 852 nm), farther than B-3 (793 nm) and other 3,13-disubstituted bacteriochlorins studied previously. B-1 and B-2 have broad Qy absorption and fluorescence features with large peak separation (Stokes shift), low fluorescence yields, and shortened S1 (Qy ) excited-state lifetimes (~700 ps and ~100 ps). More typical spectra and S1 lifetime (~2.3 ns) are found for B-3. The combined photophysical and molecular-orbital characteristics suggest the altered spectra and enhanced nonradiative S1 decay of B-1 and B-2 derive from excited-state configurations in which electron density is shifted between the macrocycle and the substituents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nuonuo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | | | | | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Higashino T, Tsuji Y, Fujimori Y, Sugiura K, Ito S, Imahori H. Push–Pull Bacteriochlorin: Panchromatic Sensitizer for Dye-sensitized Solar Cell. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.150602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Higashino
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Yukihiro Tsuji
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Yamato Fujimori
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Kenichi Sugiura
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Seigo Ito
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
High JS, Virgil KA, Jakubikova E. Electronic Structure and Absorption Properties of Strongly Coupled Porphyrin–Perylene Arrays. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:9879-88. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b05600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judah S. High
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Kyle A. Virgil
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang N, Reddy KR, Jiang J, Taniguchi M, Sommer RD, Lindsey JS. Elaboration of an unexplored substitution site in synthetic bacteriochlorins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615500534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to introduce substituents at designated sites about the perimeter of synthetic bacteriochlorins – analogs of bacteriochlorophylls of bacterial photosynthesis – remains a subject of ongoing study. Here, the self-condensation of a dihydrodipyrrin-dioxolane affords a 5-[2-(trimethylsiloxy)ethoxy]bacteriochlorin. Like a 5-methoxybacteriochlorin, the latter undergoes regioselective bromination at the 15-position, directed by the distal 5-alkoxy group. On the other hand, attempted bromination of a bacteriochlorin bearing a 5-(2-hydroxyethoxy) group resulted in intramolecular ether formation with the adjacent β-pyrroline position to give an annulated dioxepine ring (confirmed by single-crystal X-ray structural analysis). The hydroxyethoxy group at the 5-position can be derivatized by acylation. In addition, the installation of auxochromes (methoxycarbonyl, phenylethynyl) at the β-pyrrole rings causes a substantial bathochromic shift of the long-wavelength absorption band (812 nm) and companion fluorescence emission band (821 nm). Taken together, the modification of the 5-substituent complements existing methods for installing a single substituent on the bacteriochlorin macrocycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuonuo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Kanumuri Ramesh Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Roger D. Sommer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Susumu K, Therien MJ. Design of diethynyl porphyrin derivatives with high near infrared fluorescence quantum yields. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424614501107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A design strategy for (porphinato)zinc-based fluorophores that possess large near infrared fluorescence quantum yields is described. These fluorophores are based on a (5,15-diethynylporphinato)zinc(II) framework and feature symmetric donor or acceptor units appended at the meso-ethynyl positions via benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole moieties. These (5,15-bis(benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-4′-ylethynyl)-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (4), (5,15-bis[4′-(N,N-dihexylamino) benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-7′-ylethynyl]-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (5), (5,15-bis([7′-(4″-n-dodecyloxyphenylethynyl)benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-4′-yl]ethynyl)-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (6), (5,15-bis([7′-([7″-(4″ ′-n-dodecyloxyphenyl)benzo[c][1″,2″,5″]thiadiazol-4″-yl]ethynyl)benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-4′-yl]ethynyl)-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (7), 5,15-bis ([7′-(4″-N,N-dihexylaminophenylethynyl)benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-4′-yl]ethynyl)-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (8), and (5,15-bis([7′-(4″-N,N-dihexylaminophenylethenyl)benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-4′-yl]ethynyl)-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (9) chromophores possess red-shifted absorption and emission bands that range between 650 and 750 nm that bear distinct similarities to those of the chlorophylls and structurally related molecules. Interestingly, the measured radiative decay rate constants for these emitters track with the integrated oscillator strengths of their respective x-polarized Q-band absorptions, and thus define an unusual family of high quantum yield near infrared fluorophores in which emission intensity is governed by a simple Strickler–Berg dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiro Susumu
- Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34th Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0346, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Meares A, Satraitis A, Santhanam N, Yu Z, Ptaszek M. Deep-red emissive BODIPY-chlorin arrays excitable with green and red wavelengths. J Org Chem 2015; 80:3858-69. [PMID: 25803423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis and characterization of BODIPY-chlorin arrays containing a chlorin subunit, with tunable deep-red (641-685 nm) emission, and one or two BODIPY moieties, absorbing at 504 nm. Two types of arrays were examined: one where BODIPY moieties are attached through a phenylacetylene linker at the 13- or 3,13-positions of chlorin, and a second type where BODIPY is attached at the 10-position of chlorin through an amide linker. Each of the examined arrays exhibits an efficient (≥0.80) energy transfer from BODIPY to the chlorin moiety in both toluene and DMF and exhibits intense fluorescence of chlorin upon excitation of BODIPY at ∼500 nm. Therefore, the effective Stokes shift in such arrays is in the range of 140-180 nm. Dyads with BODIPY attached at the 10-position of chlorin exhibit a bright fluorescence in a range of solvents with different polarities (i.e., toluene, MeOH, DMF, and DMSO). In contrast to this, some of the arrays in which BODIPY is attached at the 3- or at both 3,13-positons of chlorin exhibit significant reduction of fluorescence in polar solvents. Overall, dyads where BODIPY is attached at the 10-position of chlorin exhibit ∼5-fold brighter fluorescence than corresponding chlorin monomers, upon excitation at 500 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Nithya Santhanam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vairaprakash P, Yang E, Sahin T, Taniguchi M, Krayer M, Diers JR, Wang A, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Extending the Short and Long Wavelength Limits of Bacteriochlorin Near-Infrared Absorption via Dioxo- and Bisimide-Functionalization. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:4382-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jp512818g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pothiappan Vairaprakash
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Tuba Sahin
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Michael Krayer
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - James R. Diers
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Alfred Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Dariusz M. Niedzwiedzki
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
- Photosynthetic
Antenna Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bruhn
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jiang J, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Near-infrared tunable bacteriochlorins equipped for bioorthogonal labeling. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00209e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nine new near-infrared absorbing (729–820 nm) synthetic bacteriochlorins are equipped with one of four reactive groups for bioorthogonal conjugation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sharma SK, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Melanoma Resistance to Photodynamic Therapy. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12730-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
42
|
Shrestha K, González-Delgado JM, Blew JH, Jakubikova E. Electronic Structure of Covalently Linked Zinc Bacteriochlorin Molecular Arrays: Insights into Molecular Design for NIR Light Harvesting. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:9901-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp507749c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Shrestha
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jessica M. González-Delgado
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - James H. Blew
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Huang L, Krayer M, Roubil JGS, Huang YY, Holten D, Lindsey JS, Hamblin MR. Stable synthetic mono-substituted cationic bacteriochlorins mediate selective broad-spectrum photoinactivation of drug-resistant pathogens at nanomolar concentrations. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 141:119-27. [PMID: 25463659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three stable synthetic mono-substituted cationic bacteriochlorins (BC37, BC38 and BC39) were recently reported to show exceptional activity (low nanomolar) in mediating photodynamic killing of human cancer cells after a 24h incubation upon excitation with near-infrared light (730 nm). The presence of cationic quaternary ammonium groups in each compound suggested likely activity as antimicrobial photosensitizers. Herein this hypothesis was tested against a panel of pathogenic microorganisms that have all recently drawn attention due to increased drug-resistance (Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis; Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii; and fungal yeasts, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans). All three bacteriochlorins were highly effective against both Gram-positive species (>6 logs of eradication at ⩽ 200 nM and 10 J/cm(2)). The dicationic bacteriochlorin (BC38) was best against the Gram-negative species (>6 logs at 1-2 μM) whereas the lipophilic monocationic bacteriochlorin (BC39) was best against the fungi (>6 logs at 1 μM). The bacteriochlorins produced substantial singlet oxygen (and apparently less Type-1 reactive-oxygen species such as hydroxyl radical) as judged by activation of fluorescent probes and comparison with 1H-phenalen-1-one-2-sulfonic acid; the order of activity was BC37 > BC38 > BC39. A short incubation time (30 min) resulted in selectivity for microbial cells over HeLa human cells. The highly active photodynamic inactivation of microbial cells may stem from the amphiphilic and cationic features of the bacteriochlorins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated College & Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - John G S Roubil
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Riyad YM, Naumov S, Schastak S, Griebel J, Kahnt A, Häupl T, Neuhaus J, Abel B, Hermann R. Chemical Modification of a Tetrapyrrole-Type Photosensitizer: Tuning Application and Photochemical Action beyond the Singlet Oxygen Channel. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11646-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jp507270k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser M. Riyad
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sergej Naumov
- Chemical
Department, Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification, Permoserstrasse
15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stanislaw Schastak
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Univeristy of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse
10-14, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Laser-Medical Center e.V., Liebigstrasse
10-14, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Griebel
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular
Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tilmann Häupl
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jochen Neuhaus
- Department
of Urology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Chemical
Department, Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification, Permoserstrasse
15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Hermann
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Laser-Medical Center e.V., Liebigstrasse
10-14, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yu Z, Pancholi C, Bhagavathy GV, Kang HS, Nguyen JK, Ptaszek M. Strongly conjugated hydroporphyrin dyads: extensive modification of hydroporphyrins' properties by expanding the conjugated system. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7910-25. [PMID: 25061710 DOI: 10.1021/jo501041b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and basic photophysical characterization of strongly conjugated hydroporphyrin (chlorin and bacteriochlorin) dyads. Hydroporphyrins are connected at their respective 13 (β) or 15 (meso) positions by ethynyl or butadiynyl linkers. Synthesis entails a series of palladium-catalyzed reactions, starting from appropriate bromobacteriochlorin or bromochlorin. Strong conjugation in the dyads results in a significant bathochromic shift of longest-wavelength (Qy-like) band, which in case of the 13-13' ethynyl-linked bacteriochlorin dyad is positioned past 800 nm. The Qy-like band is broad and split for the 13-13' linked chlorin and bacteriochlorin dyads. All dyads exhibit an intense, relatively narrow fluorescence emission band in nonpolar solvents. Bacteriochlorin dyads exhibit a strong dependence of fluorescence intensity on the solvent polarity, which results in more than 10-fold quenching of fluorescence in dimethylformamide. The assembling of hydroporphyrins into strongly conjugated arrays represents an efficient means to tune and expand their optical and photochemical properties, which should greatly broaden the properties attainable for these chromophores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen CY, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. NMR spectral properties of 16 synthetic bacteriochlorins with site-specific 13C or 15N substitution. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424614500199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The 1 H , 13 C , and 15 N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral properties have been examined of a family of synthetic bacteriochlorins wherein each member incorporates a pair of 13 C or 15 N atoms. The atom locations span the inner core of the macrocycle: (1) 15 N at the 21,23- or 22,24-positions; (2) 13 C at the meso- (5,15- or 10,20-) positions; (3) 13 C at the pyrrole α-positions (1,11- or 4,14-positions); and (4) 13 C at the pyrroline α-positions (6,16- or 9,19-positions). Each bacteriochlorin lacks peripheral substituents other than a geminal dimethyl group at the 8- and 18-positions to preclude adventitious dehydrogenation. In total, eight free base and eight zinc bacteriochlorin isotopologs were examined to directly assign 1 H , 13 C and 15 N resonances of the macrocycle skeleton. Complete and unambiguous assignments, including those for all tertiary and quaternary carbons, were accomplished chiefly by direct inspection of 1D NMR spectra of each isotopolog. Coupling constants (1 H –1 H , 13 C –1 H , 15 N –1 H , 13 C –13 C and 15 N –13 C ), which are rarely reported for tetrapyrroles, also were extracted. The 1 H and 13 C chemical shifts were then compared to those of unsaturated analogs (chlorin, porphyrin) and natural bacteriochlorophylls. The comprehensive set of NMR spectroscopic properties of sparsely substituted bacteriochlorins provides valuable information for understanding substitution effects and aromaticity in structurally more elaborate counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Arnaut LG, Pereira MM, Dąbrowski JM, Silva EFF, Schaberle FA, Abreu AR, Rocha LB, Barsan MM, Urbańska K, Stochel G, Brett CMA. Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy Enhanced by Dynamics: The Role of Charge Transfer and Photostability in the Selection of Photosensitizers. Chemistry 2014; 20:5346-57. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
48
|
Chen CY, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of 24 bacteriochlorin isotopologues, each containing a symmetrical pair of 13C or 15N atoms in the inner core of the macrocycle. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1001-16. [PMID: 24422909 DOI: 10.1021/jo402488n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic bacteriochlorins containing site-specific isotopic substitution enable spectroscopic interrogation to delineate physicochemical features relevant to bacteriochlorophylls in photosynthesis but have been little explored. A de novo synthesis has been employed to prepare bacteriochlorins wherein each macrocycle contains a pair of (13)C or (15)N atoms yet lacks substituents other than a geminal dimethyl group in each pyrroline ring. Preparation of a dihydrodipyrrin–acetal with single-isotopic substitution gives rise to a bacteriochlorin that contains two isotopic substitutions symmetrically disposed by a 180° rotation about the normal to the plane of the macrocycle. Eight such isotopically substituted bacteriochlorins were prepared from commercially available reactants (bacteriochlorin sites): ((13)C)paraformaldehyde (1, 11); ((13)C)formamide (4, 14); triethyl ((13)C)orthoformate (5, 15); K(13)CN (6, 16); (13)CH3NO2 (9, 19); N,N-dimethyl((13)C)formamide (10, 20); ((15)N)pyrrole (21, 23); CH3(15)NO2 (22, 24). Some loss of (15)N upon TiCl3-mediated McMurry-type ring closure of a nitro((15)N)hexanone is attributed to a parallel sequence of three reactions (Nef, exchange with natural-abundance NH4OAc buffer, and Paal–Knorr ring closure) leading to the dihydrodipyrrin–acetal. Zinc and copper chelates of each bacteriochlorin also were prepared. Together, the 24 bacteriochlorin isotopologues should provide valuable benchmarks for understanding ground- and excited-state molecular physics of the macrocycles related to photosynthetic function of bacteriochlorophylls.
Collapse
|
49
|
Harada T, Sano K, Sato K, Watanabe R, Yu Z, Hanaoka H, Nakajima T, Choyke PL, Ptaszek M, Kobayashi H. Activatable organic near-infrared fluorescent probes based on a bacteriochlorin platform: synthesis and multicolor in vivo imaging with a single excitation. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:362-9. [PMID: 24450401 PMCID: PMC3983136 DOI: 10.1021/bc4005238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Near infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes are ideal for in vivo imaging because they offer deeper tissue penetration and lower background autofluorescence. Although most fluorophores in this range are cyanine-based dyes, several new classes of fluorescent NIR probes have been developed. In this study, we developed organic bacteriochlorin derivatives, NMP4 and NMP5, which are excited with a single green light and emit different narrow, well-resolved bands in the NIR (peak of 739 and 770 nm for NMP4 and NMP5, respectively). When conjugated to galactosyl-human serum albumin (hGSA) or glucosyl-human serum albumin (glu-HSA), both targeting H-type lectins, including the β-d-galactose receptor expressing on ovarian cancer, these agents become targeted, activatable, single excitation, multicolor NIR fluorescence probes. After conjugation to either glu-HSA or hGSA, substantial quenching of fluorescence occurs that is reversed after cell binding and internalization. In vitro studies showed higher cancer cell uptake with NMP4 or NMP5 conjugated to hGSA compared to the same conjugates with glu-HSA. In vivo single excitation two-color imaging was performed after intraperitoneal injection of these agents into mice with disseminated ovarian cancer. Excited with a single green light, distinct NIR emission spectra from each fluorophore were detected and could be distinguished with spectral unmixing. In vivo results using a red fluorescence protein (RFP) labeled tumor model of disseminated ovarian cancer demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for all probes. The success of single excitation, 2-color NIR fluorescence imaging with a new class of bacteriochlorin-based activatable fluorophores, NMP4 and NMP5, paves the way for further exploration of noncyanine dye-based NIR fluorophores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiko Harada
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ptaszek M. Rational design of fluorophores for in vivo applications. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 113:59-108. [PMID: 23244789 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386932-6.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of small organic molecules exhibit properties that make them suitable for fluorescence in vivo imaging. The most promising candidates are cyanines, squaraines, boron dipyrromethenes, porphyrin derivatives, hydroporphyrins, and phthalocyanines. The recent designing and synthetic efforts have been dedicated to improving their optical properties (shift the absorption and emission maxima toward longer wavelengths and increase the brightness) as well as increasing their stability and water solubility. The most notable advances include development of encapsulated cyanine dyes with increased stability and water solubility, squaraine rotaxanes with increased stability, long-wavelength-absorbing boron dipyrromethenes, long-wavelength-absorbing porphyrin and hydroporphyrin derivatives, and water-soluble phthalocyanines. Recent advances in luminescence and bioluminescence have made self-illuminating fluorophores available for in vivo applications. Development of new types of hydroporphyrin energy-transfer dyads gives the promise for further advances in in vivo multicolor imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|