1
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Rahaman A, Shinde RD, Bhadra S. Catalytic Methylene Insertion between Amines and Terminal Alkynes via C-N Bond Cleavage of N, N-Dimethylacetamide: A Unique Route to Propargylic Amines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1884-1889. [PMID: 36646442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A copper-based system allows for the methylene insertion between an amine and a milder nucleophile, including a terminal alkyne counterpart, via C-N bond cleavage of N,N-dimethylacetamide. The method gives an expedient access to propargylic amines in good to excellent yields. A wide-ranging substrate scope and late-stage functionalization of complex molecules make the protocol practically valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajijur Rahaman
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Rupali Dasharath Shinde
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Sukalyan Bhadra
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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2
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Yamini, Sharma S, Das P. Rhodium catalyzed 2‐alkyl‐benzimidazoles synthesis from benzene‐1,2‐diamines and tertiary alkylamines as alkylating agents. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yamini
- Chemical Technology Division CSIR‐Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT) Palampur Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Chemical Technology Division CSIR‐Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT) Palampur Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Pralay Das
- Chemical Technology Division CSIR‐Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT) Palampur Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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3
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Tuktarov AR, Chobanov NM, Ramazanov IR, Tulyabaev AR, Akhmetov AR, Galimov DI, Dzhemilev UM. A novel approach for the synthesis of C 60 fullerenes containing strained 2,3-dimethylenebicyclo[2,2,0]hexane fragments. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05465h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for introducing strained 2,3-dimethylenebicyclo[2,2,0]hexane structures into the C60 fullerene molecule, based on the reaction of C60 with substituted propargylamines, promoted by the Ti(Oi-Pr)4 and EtMgBr system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airat R. Tuktarov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS)
- Prospect Octyabrya
- 141
- Ufa
- Russian Federation
| | - Nuri M. Chobanov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS)
- Prospect Octyabrya
- 141
- Ufa
- Russian Federation
| | - Ilfir R. Ramazanov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS)
- Prospect Octyabrya
- 141
- Ufa
- Russian Federation
| | - Arthur R. Tulyabaev
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS)
- Prospect Octyabrya
- 141
- Ufa
- Russian Federation
| | - Arslan R. Akhmetov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS)
- Prospect Octyabrya
- 141
- Ufa
- Russian Federation
| | - Dim I. Galimov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS)
- Prospect Octyabrya
- 141
- Ufa
- Russian Federation
| | - Usein M. Dzhemilev
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS)
- Prospect Octyabrya
- 141
- Ufa
- Russian Federation
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4
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Hong Z, Ruan J, Chen X, Qian C, Ge X, Zhou S. On the Origin of the Promoting Effect Exerted by Magnesium in the ZnCl 2-Catalyzed Synthesis of N, N-Diisopropylethylamine. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29903-29912. [PMID: 33251426 PMCID: PMC7689953 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of magnesium or zinc amides with alkyl or benzyl halides is an attractive approach to make C-N bonds, especially for electron-poor organic halides. The magnesium-promoted preparation of hindered non-nucleophilic amine (N,N-diisopropylethylamine) from ethyl chloride and zinc diisopropylamide has been studied. In this paper, instead of the application scope of this method, we focused on the mechanisms of the catalytic processes and the associated electronic origins. According to the calculations, the C-N coupling process in all selected systems proceed preferably in an ethylium-transfer mode. Further, rather than undergoing the Grignard reaction route, the more pronounced electronic interactions within the transition structure as induced by the "innocent" magnesium atom should be responsible for the observed high catalytic activity of the Mg/ZnCl2 combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Hong
- College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory
of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
- Institute
of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, P.R. China
| | - Jiancheng Ruan
- College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory
of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
- Institute
of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, P.R. China
| | - Xinzhi Chen
- College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory
of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
- Institute
of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, P.R. China
| | - Chao Qian
- College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory
of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
- Institute
of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Ge
- School
of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan
University, Wuxi 214122, P.R China
| | - Shaodong Zhou
- College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory
of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
- Institute
of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, P.R. China
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5
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Hou Y, Ma J, Yang H, Anderson EA, Whiting A, Wu N. Palladium-catalysed ligand-free reductive Heck cycloisomerisation of 1,6-en-α-chloro-enamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3733-3736. [PMID: 30855630 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00537d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first example of an intramolecular hydroarylation of 1,6-en-α-chloro-enamides was achieved by a palladium-catalysed ligand-free reductive Heck cycloisomerisation with no competing Heck-cyclised by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Hou
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Gulin, Guangxi 541004, China.
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6
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Cid MM, Lago-Silva M, Comesaña MG, Nieto Faza O, López CS. Computational and experimental studies on Cu/Au-catalyzed stereoselective synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted allenes. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00364a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thorough mechanistic investigation unveils details of the allenylation of terminal alkynes (ATA) under Crabbé-like conditions allowing for an enantioselective approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Lago-Silva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidade de Vigo
- 36310 Vigo
- Spain
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7
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Trillo P, Slagbrand T, Adolfsson H. Straightforward α-Amino Nitrile Synthesis Through Mo(CO)6
-Catalyzed Reductive Functionalization of Carboxamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paz Trillo
- Department of Chemistry; Umeå University; KBC3, Linnaeus väg 10 90187 Sweden
| | - Tove Slagbrand
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hans Adolfsson
- Department of Chemistry; Umeå University; KBC3, Linnaeus väg 10 90187 Sweden
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8
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Trillo P, Slagbrand T, Adolfsson H. Straightforward α-Amino Nitrile Synthesis Through Mo(CO)6
-Catalyzed Reductive Functionalization of Carboxamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12347-12351. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paz Trillo
- Department of Chemistry; Umeå University; KBC3, Linnaeus väg 10 90187 Sweden
| | - Tove Slagbrand
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hans Adolfsson
- Department of Chemistry; Umeå University; KBC3, Linnaeus väg 10 90187 Sweden
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9
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Han Y, Zhang X. Theoretical Studies of Allene Synthesis through Cadmium Iodide-Mediated Allenylation of Terminal Alkynes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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10
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Kuang J, Tang X, Ma S. Zinc diiodide-promoted synthesis of trisubstituted allenes from propargylic amines. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00047e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zinc diiodide has been identified as an effective reagent for the efficient synthesis of trisubstituted allenes from propargylic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiang Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - Xinjun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - Shengming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
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11
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Haibach MC, Seidel D. C-H-Funktionalisierung über intramolekularen Hydridtransfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Haibach MC, Seidel D. CH Bond Functionalization through Intramolecular Hydride Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5010-36. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Haibach
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 (USA) seidel.rutchem.rutgers.edu http://www.seidel‐group.com
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 (USA) seidel.rutchem.rutgers.edu http://www.seidel‐group.com
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13
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Sugiishi T, Nakamura H. Reactivity of Propargylic Amines in the Presence of Transition Metals. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2014. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.72.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Odabachian Y, Wang Q, Zhu J. Tertiary Amines as Synthetic Equivalents of Vinyl Cations: Zinc Bromide Promoted Coupling of Propargylamines with α-Isocyanoacetamides To Give 2,4,5-Trisubstituted Oxazoles Initiated by an Internal Redox Process. Chemistry 2013; 19:12229-33. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Molander GA, Trice SLJ, Kennedy SM, Dreher SD, Tudge MT. Scope of the palladium-catalyzed aryl borylation utilizing bis-boronic acid. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11667-73. [PMID: 22769742 PMCID: PMC3407959 DOI: 10.1021/ja303181m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Suzuki-Miyaura reaction has become one of the more useful tools for synthetic organic chemists. Until recently, there did not exist a direct way to make the most important component in the coupling reaction, namely the boronic acid. Current methods to make boronic acids often employ harsh or wasteful reagents to prepare boronic acid derivatives and require additional steps to afford the desired boronic acid. The scope of the previously reported palladium-catalyzed, direct boronic acid synthesis is unveiled, which includes a wide array of synthetically useful aryl electrophiles. It makes use of the newly available second generation Buchwald XPhos preformed palladium catalyst and bis-boronic acid. For ease of isolation and to preserve the often sensitive C-B bond, all boronic acids were readily converted to their more stable trifluoroborate counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
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16
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Kuang J, Luo H, Ma S. Copper (I) Iodide-Catalyzed One-Step Preparation of Functionalized Allenes from Terminal Alkynes: Amine Effect. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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De Luca L, Porcheddu A. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Polysubstituted Benzimidazoles by Heterogeneous Pd-Catalyzed Oxidative C-H Activation of Tertiary Amines. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Xu Z, Yu X, Feng X, Bao M. Propargylamine Synthesis by Copper-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Alkynes and Tertiary Amine N-Oxides. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6901-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201059h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiujuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
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Abstract
This short review highlights some of the recent important developments on the synthesis of allenes and its applications on the synthesis of some allenic natural products and allenic-based optoelectronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - Shengming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Process
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20
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Zhang K, Huang Y, Chen R. A novel efficient method for synthesis of propargylamines via three-component coupling of aryl azide, aldehyde, and alkyne promoted by iron–iodine–copper(I) bromide. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Sugiishi T, Kimura A, Nakamura H. Copper(I)-catalyzed substitution reactions of propargylic amines: importance of C(sp)-C(sp3) bond cleavage in generation of iminium intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:5332-3. [PMID: 20353176 DOI: 10.1021/ja9109055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Substitution reactions of propargylic amines proceed in the presence of copper(I) catalysts. Mechanistic studies showed that C(sp)-C(sp(3)) bond cleavage assisted by nitrogen lone-pair electrons is essential for the reaction, and the resulting iminium intermediates undergo amine exchange, aldehyde exchange, and alkyne addition reactions. Because iminium intermediates are key to aldehyde-alkyne-amine (A(3)) coupling reactions, this transformation is effective not only for reconstruction of propargylic amines but also for chiral induction of racemic compounds in the presence of chiral catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyuka Sugiishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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22
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Kuang J, Ma S. An Efficient Synthesis of Terminal Allenes from Terminal 1-Alkynes. J Org Chem 2009; 74:1763-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802391x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiang Kuang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengming Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Nakamura H, Sugiishi T, Tanaka Y. Synthesis of allenes via CuBr-catalyzed homologation of alk-1-ynes accelerated by microwave. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Murai T, Asai F. Diastereoselective Synthesis of N-Secondary Alkyl 2-Alkoxymethylpyrrolidines via Sequential Addition Reactions of Organolithium and -Magnesium Reagents to N-Thioformyl 2-Alkoxymethylpyrrolidines. J Org Chem 2008; 73:9518-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8021956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Murai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Fumio Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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