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Lu QB. Formulation of the cosmic ray-driven electron-induced reaction mechanism for quantitative understanding of global ozone depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303048120. [PMID: 37364123 PMCID: PMC10319005 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303048120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper formulates the cosmic ray-driven electron-induced reaction as a universal mechanism to provide a quantitative understanding of global ozone depletion. Based on a proposed electrostatic bonding mechanism for charge-induced adsorption of molecules on surfaces and on the measured dissociative electron transfer (DET) cross sections of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) adsorbed on ice, an analytical equation is derived to give atmospheric chlorine atom concentration: [Formula: see text] where Φe is the prehydrated electron (epre-) flux produced by cosmic ray ionization on atmospheric particle surfaces, [Formula: see text] is the surface coverage of an ODS, and ki is the ODS's effective DET coefficient that is the product of the DET cross section, the lifetimes of surface-trapped epre- and Cl-, and the particle surface area density. With concentrations of ODSs as the sole variable, our calculated results of time-series ozone depletion rates in global regions in the 1960s, 1980s, and 2000s show generally good agreement with observations, particularly with ground-based ozonesonde data and satellite-measured data over Antarctica and with satellite data in a narrow altitude band at 13 to 20 km of the tropics. Good agreements with satellite data in the Arctic and midlatitudes are also found. A previously unreported effect of denitrification on ozone loss is found and expressed quantitatively. But this equation overestimates tropospheric ozone loss at northern midlatitudes and the Arctic, likely due to increased ozone production by the halogen chemistry in polluted regions. The results render confidence in applying the equation to achieve a quantitative understanding of global ozone depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONN2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONN2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONN2L 3G1, Canada
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Lu QB. Response to “Comment on ‘Observation of large and all-season ozone losses over the tropics’” [AIP Adv. 12, 075006 (2022)]. AIP ADVANCES 2022; 12. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0129344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Departments of Biology and Chemistry, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Lu QB. Fingerprints of the cosmic ray driven mechanism of the ozone hole. AIP ADVANCES 2021; 11. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0047661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
There is long research interest in electron-induced reactions of halogenated molecules. It has been two decades since the cosmic-ray (CR) driven electron-induced reaction (CRE) mechanism for the ozone hole formation was proposed. The derived CRE equation with the stratospheric equivalent chlorine level and CR intensity as the only two variables has well reproduced the observed data of stratospheric O3 and temperatures over the past 40 years. The CRE predictions of 11-year cyclic variations of the Antarctic O3 hole and associated stratospheric cooling have also been well confirmed. Measured altitude profiles of the ozone and temperatures in Antarctic ozone holes provide convincing fingerprints of the CRE mechanism. A quantitative estimate indicates that the CRE-produced Cl atoms could completely deplete or even overkill the ozone in the CR-peak polar stratospheric region, consistent with the observed altitude profiles of the severest Antarctic ozone holes. After removing the natural CR effect, the hidden recovery in the Antarctic O3 hole since ∼1995 is clearly discovered, while the recovery of O3 loss at mid-latitudes is being delayed by ≥10 years. These results have provided strong evidence of the CRE mechanism. If the CR intensity keeps the current rising trend, the Antarctic O3 hole will return to the 1980 level by ∼2060, while the returning of the O3 layer at mid-latitudes to the 1980 level will largely be delayed or will not even occur by the end of this century. The results strongly indicate that the CRE mechanism must be considered as a key factor in evaluating the O3 hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Departments of Biology and Chemistry, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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King SB, Broch K, Demling A, Stähler J. Multistep and multiscale electron transfer and localization dynamics at a model electrolyte/metal interface. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:041702. [PMID: 30709309 DOI: 10.1063/1.5047033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lifetime, coupling, and localization dynamics of electronic states in molecular films near metal electrodes fundamentally determine their propensity to act as precursors or reactants in chemical reactions, crucial for a detailed understanding of charge transport and degradation mechanisms in batteries. In the current study, we investigate the formation dynamics of small polarons and their role as intermediate electronic states in thin films of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on Cu(111) using time- and angle-resolved two-photon photoemission spectroscopy. Upon photoexcitation, a delocalized DMSO electronic state is initially populated two monolayers from the Cu surface, becoming a small polaron on a 200 fs time scale, consistent with localization due to vibrational dynamics of the DMSO film. The small polaron is a precursor state for an extremely long-lived and weakly coupled multilayer electronic state, with a lifetime of several seconds, thirteen orders of magnitude longer than the small polaron. Although the small polaron in DMSO has a lifetime of 140 fs, its role as a precursor state for long-lived electronic states could make it an important intermediate in multistep battery reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B King
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Broch
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Demling
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Stähler
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Auburger P, Kemeny I, Bertram C, Ligges M, Bockstedte M, Bovensiepen U, Morgenstern K. Microscopic Insight into Electron-Induced Dissociation of Aromatic Molecules on Ice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:206001. [PMID: 30500234 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.206001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We use scanning tunneling microscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy, and ab initio calculations to investigate the electron-induced dissociation of halogenated benzene molecules adsorbed on ice. Dissociation of halobenzene is triggered by delocalized excess electrons attaching to the π^{*} orbitals of the halobenzenes from where they are transferred to σ^{*} orbitals. The latter orbitals provide a dissociative potential surface. Adsorption on ice sufficiently lowers the energy barrier for the transfer between the orbitals to facilitate dissociation of bromo- and chloro- but not of flourobenzene at cryogenic temperatures. Our results shed light on the influence of environmentally important ice particles on the reactivity of halogenated aromatic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Auburger
- Solid State Theory, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudstr. 7B2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ishita Kemeny
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Cord Bertram
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
- Physical Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Manuel Ligges
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Michel Bockstedte
- Solid State Theory, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudstr. 7B2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Uwe Bovensiepen
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Physical Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Marc P. Coons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Herbert JM. The Quantum Chemistry of Loosely-Bound Electrons. REVIEWS IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118889886.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Jensen ET. Excitation and quenching mechanisms in the near-UV photodissociation of CH3Br and CH3Cl adsorbed on D2O or CH3OH on Cu(110). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:9173-85. [PMID: 25757378 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp06128d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical processes for CH3X (X = Cl, Br, I) adsorbed on top of thin films of D2O or CH3OH on a Cu(110) substrate is studied by time-of-flight mass spectrometry for a range of UV wavelengths (351-193 nm). Photodissociation via dissociative electron attachment by photoelectrons and by neutral photodissociation is identified and quantified based on the observed dynamics of the desorbing CH3 fragments. Photoelectron-driven dissociation of CH3X is found to be a maximum for monolayer quantities of the D2O or CH3OH on Cu(110), but with differing kinetic energy release on the two substrates. The dynamics of CH3Br and CH3Cl photodissociation qualitatively differ on CH3OH/Cu(110) as compared to D2O/Cu(110), which is ascribed to differing molecular structures for these systems. Evidence is presented for an efficient inter-molecular quenching mechanism for neutral photoexcitation of CH3Cl and CH3Br on the CH3OH/Cu(110) substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Jensen
- Department of Physics, University of Northern BC, 3333 University, Way, Prince George B.C., V2N 4Z9, Canada.
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Poterya V, Kočišek J, Lengyel J, Svrčková P, Pysanenko A, Hollas D, Slavíček P, Fárník M. Clustering and Photochemistry of Freon CF2Cl2 on Argon and Ice Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4740-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp503983x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Poterya
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kočišek
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lengyel
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická
5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Svrčková
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická
5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Andriy Pysanenko
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Hollas
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická
5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická
5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fárník
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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Bhattacharya SK, Inam F, Scandolo S. Excess electrons in ice: a density functional theory study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:3103-7. [PMID: 24401958 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54921f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a density functional theory study of the localization of excess electrons in the bulk and on the surface of crystalline and amorphous water ice. We analyze the initial stages of electron solvation in crystalline and amorphous ice. In the case of crystalline ice we find that excess electrons favor surface states over bulk states, even when the latter are localized at defect sites. In contrast, in amorphous ice excess electrons find it equally favorable to localize in bulk and in surface states which we attribute to the preexisting precursor states in the disordered structure. In all cases excess electrons are found to occupy the vacuum regions of the molecular network. The electron localization in the bulk of amorphous ice is assisted by its distorted hydrogen bonding network as opposed to the crystalline phase. Although qualitative, our results provide a simple interpretation of the large differences observed in the dynamics and localization of excess electrons in crystalline and amorphous ice films on metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somesh Kr Bhattacharya
- Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, Trieste, I-34151, Italy.
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Miller ER, Muirhead GD, Jensen ET. Mechanisms for the near-UV photodissociation of CH3I on D2O/Cu(110). J Chem Phys 2013; 138:084702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4770225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Petek H. Photoexcitation of adsorbates on metal surfaces: one-step or three-step. J Chem Phys 2013; 137:091704. [PMID: 22957546 DOI: 10.1063/1.4746801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this essay we discuss the light-matter interactions at molecule-covered metal surfaces that initiate surface photochemistry. The hot-electron mechanism for surface photochemistry, whereby the absorption of light by a metal surface creates an electron-hole pair, and the hot electron scatters through an unoccupied resonance of adsorbate to initiate nuclear dynamics leading to photochemistry, has become widely accepted. Yet, ultrafast spectroscopic measurements of molecule-surface electronic structure and photoexcitation dynamics provide scant support for the hot electron mechanism. Instead, in most cases the adsorbate resonances are excited through photoinduced substrate-to-adsorbate charge transfer. Based on recent studies of the role of coherence in adsorbate photoexcitation, as measured by the optical phase and momentum resolved two-photon photoemission measurements, we examine critically the hot electron mechanism, and propose an alternative description based on direct charge transfer of electrons from the substrate to adsorbate. The advantage of this more quantum mechanically rigorous description is that it informs how material properties of the substrate and adsorbate, as well as their interaction, influence the frequency dependent probability of photoexcitation and ultimately how light can be used to probe and control surface femtochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Petek
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Horowitz Y, Asscher M. Low energy charged particles interacting with amorphous solid water layers. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:134701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3697870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Stähler J, Gahl C, Wolf M. Dynamics and reactivity of trapped electrons on supported ice crystallites. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:131-8. [PMID: 22185698 DOI: 10.1021/ar200170s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The solvation dynamics and reactivity of localized excess electrons in aqueous environments have attracted great attention in many areas of physics, chemistry, and biology. This manifold attraction results from the importance of water as a solvent in nature as well as from the key role of low-energy electrons in many chemical reactions. One prominent example is the electron-induced dissociation of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Low-energy electrons are also critical in the radiation chemistry that occurs in nuclear reactors. Excess electrons in an aqueous environment are localized and stabilized by the local rearrangement of the surrounding water dipoles. Such solvated or hydrated electrons are known to play an important role in systems such as biochemical reactions and atmospheric chemistry. Despite numerous studies over many years, little is known about the microscopic details of these electron-induced chemical processes, and interest in the fundamental processes involved in the reactivity of trapped electrons continues. In this Account, we present a surface science study of the dynamics and reactivity of such localized low-energy electrons at D(2)O crystallites that are supported by a Ru(001) single crystal metal surface. This approach enables us to investigate the generation and relaxation dynamics as well as dissociative electron attachment (DEA) reaction of excess electrons under well-defined conditions. They are generated by photoexcitation in the metal template and transferred to trapping sites at the vacuum interface of crystalline D(2)O islands. In these traps, the electrons are effectively decoupled from the electronic states of the metal template, leading to extraordinarily long excited state lifetimes on the order of minutes. Using these long-lived, low-energy electrons, we study the DEA to CFCl(3) that is coadsorbed at very low concentrations (∼10(12) cm(-2)). Using rate equations and direct measurement of the change of surface dipole moment, we estimated the electron surface density for DEA, yielding cross sections that are orders of magnitude higher than the electron density measured in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stähler
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelius Gahl
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Born-Institute Berlin, Max-Born-Str. 2 A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wolf
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Siefermann KR, Abel B. The Hydrated Electron: A Seemingly Familiar Chemical and Biological Transient. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5264-72. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Siefermann KR, Abel B. Das hydratisierte Elektron - eine scheinbar vertraute transiente Spezies in chemischen und biologischen Systemen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Stähler J, Meyer M, Bovensiepen U, Wolf M. Solvation dynamics of surface-trapped electrons at NH3 and D2O crystallites adsorbed on metals: from femtosecond to minute timescales. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00644k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Bhattacharya SK, Finn JM, Diep VP, Baletto F, Scandolo S. CCl(4) dissociation on the ice I(h) surface: an excess electron mediated process. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:13034-6. [PMID: 20820567 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dissociation of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere is a heterogeneous process that takes place mainly on the surface of ice particles. Recently an enhancement of the dissociation rate due to excess electrons has been shown theoretically and correspondingly measured experimentally. Our density functional theory calculations show that CCl(4) dissociates due to an excess electron with an energy gain of 0.8 eV on the ice surface as opposed to in the gas phase. Through the use of ab initio molecular dynamics, an atomistic pathway for this dissociation has been elucidated, this pathway shows the capture of Cl(-) by the ice surface through a partial solvation mechanism, in agreement with recent experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somesh Kr Bhattacharya
- Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera, 34014 Trieste, Italy
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Souda R. Glass transition and crystallization dynamics of thin CCl2F2 films deposited on Ni(111), graphite, and water-ice films. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:164501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3245865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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