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Shaughnessy KH. Covalent Modification of Nucleobases using Water-Soluble Palladium Catalysts. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200190. [PMID: 36074958 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides represent one of the key building blocks of biochemistry. There is significant interest in the synthesis of nucleoside-derived materials for applications as probes, biochemical models, and pharmaceuticals. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are effective methods for making covalent modification of carbon and nitrogen sites on nucleobases under mild conditions. Water-soluble catalysts derived from palladium and hydrophilic ligands, such as tris(3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphine trisodium (TPPTS), are efficient catalysts for a range of coupling reactions of unprotected halonucleosides. Over the past two decades, these methods have been extended to direct functionalization of halonucleotides, as well as RNA and DNA oligonucleotides (ONs) containing halogenated bases. These methods can be run under biocompatible conditions, including examples of Suzuki coupling of modified DNA in whole cells and tissue samples. In this account, development of this methodology by our group and others is highlighted along with the extension of these catalyst systems to modification of nucleotides and ONs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA
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2
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3
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Ardhapure AV, Gayakhe V, Bhilare S, Kapdi AR, Bag SS, Sanghvi YS, Gunturu KC. Extended fluorescent uridine analogues: synthesis, photophysical properties and selective interaction with BSA protein. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02803g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The improvement in fluorescence properties of 2′-deoxyuridine was made possible by the introduction of (hetero)aromatic moieties at the C–5 position of uridine with alkenyl/phenyl/styryl linkers to create a library of useful fluorescent nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay Gayakhe
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Matunga
- Mumbai-400019
- India
| | - Shatrughn Bhilare
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Matunga
- Mumbai-400019
- India
| | - Anant R. Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Matunga
- Mumbai-400019
- India
| | - Subhendu Sekhar Bag
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Guwahati 781039
- India
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4
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Leonard P, Kondhare D, Jentgens X, Daniliuc C, Seela F. Nucleobase-Functionalized 5-Aza-7-deazaguanine Ribo- and 2′-Deoxyribonucleosides: Glycosylation, Pd-Assisted Cross-Coupling, and Photophysical Properties. J Org Chem 2019; 84:13313-13328. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Leonard
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dasharath Kondhare
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Xenia Jentgens
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin Daniliuc
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Seela
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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5
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Matarazzo A, Brow J, Hudson RH. Synthesis and photophysical evaluation of new fluorescent 7-arylethynyl-7-deazaadenosine analogs. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2018-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Three new fluorescent 7-deaza-2′-deoxyadenosine analogs were synthesized via the Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction of 7-iodo-7-deaza-2′-deoxyadenosine with 1-ethynylpyrene, 2-ethynyl-6-methoxynaphthalene, and 9-ethynylphenanthrene. The spectral properties of these analogs were evaluated in dioxane, EtOH, and H2O to determine their potential for use as environmentally sensitive fluorescent probes. All three analogs displayed large solvatofluorochromicity in H2O, relative to their emission wavelengths in dioxane or EtOH. Moreover, all three analogs exhibited microenvironmental sensitivity of their fluorescence emission intensity, being moderate to high quantum yields in dioxane and EtOH and significantly lower in H2O. Various attempts to perform domino cross-coupling and annuation reactions on 7-deaza-7-alkynyladenine derivatives to form a new fused tricyclic adenine analog were unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Matarazzo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Justin Brow
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Robert H.E. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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6
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Mede T, Jäger M, Schubert US. "Chemistry-on-the-complex": functional Ru II polypyridyl-type sensitizers as divergent building blocks. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7577-7627. [PMID: 30246196 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00096d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium polypyridyl type complexes are potent photoactive compounds, and have found - among others - a broad range of important applications in the fields of biomedical diagnosis and phototherapy, energy conversion schemes such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and molecular assemblies for tailored photo-initiated processes. In this regard, the linkage of RuII polypyridyl-type complexes with specific functional moieties is highly desirable to enhance their inherent photophysical properties, e.g., with a targeting function to achieve cell selectivity, or with a dye or redox-active subunits for energy- and electron-transfer. However, the classical approach of performing ligand syntheses first and the formation of Ru complexes in the last steps imposes synthetic limitations with regard to tolerating functional groups or moieties as well as requiring lengthy convergent routes. Alternatively, the diversification of Ru complexes after coordination (termed "chemistry-on-the-complex") provides an elegant complementary approach. In addition to the Click chemistry concept, the rapidly developing synthesis and purification methodologies permit the preparation of Ru conjugates via amidation, alkylation and cross-coupling reactions. In this regard, recent developments in chromatography shifted the limits of purification, e.g., by using new commercialized surface-modified silica gels and automated instrumentation. This review provides detailed insights into applying the "chemistry-on-the-complex" concept, which is believed to stimulate the modular preparation of unpreceded molecular assemblies as well as functional materials based on Ru-based building blocks, including combinatorial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Mede
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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7
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Saito Y, Hudson RH. Base-modified fluorescent purine nucleosides and nucleotides for use in oligonucleotide probes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Flamme M, Clarke E, Gasser G, Hollenstein M. Applications of Ruthenium Complexes Covalently Linked to Nucleic Acid Derivatives. Molecules 2018; 23:E1515. [PMID: 29932443 PMCID: PMC6099586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotides are biopolymers that can be easily modified at various locations. Thereby, the attachment of metal complexes to nucleic acid derivatives has emerged as a common pathway to improve the understanding of biological processes or to steer oligonucleotides towards novel applications such as electron transfer or the construction of nanomaterials. Among the different metal complexes coupled to oligonucleotides, ruthenium complexes, have been extensively studied due to their remarkable properties. The resulting DNA-ruthenium bioconjugates have already demonstrated their potency in numerous applications. Consequently, this review focuses on the recent synthetic methods developed for the preparation of ruthenium complexes covalently linked to oligonucleotides. In addition, the usefulness of such conjugates will be highlighted and their applications from nanotechnologies to therapeutic purposes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Flamme
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, F-75005 Paris, France.
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institute Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Emma Clarke
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, F-75005 Paris, France.
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institute Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Marcel Hollenstein
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institute Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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9
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Fluorescent nucleobases as tools for studying DNA and RNA. Nat Chem 2017; 9:1043-1055. [PMID: 29064490 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the diversity of dynamic structures and functions of DNA and RNA in biology requires tools that can selectively and intimately probe these biomolecules. Synthetic fluorescent nucleobases that can be incorporated into nucleic acids alongside their natural counterparts have emerged as a powerful class of molecular reporters of location and environment. They are enabling new basic insights into DNA and RNA, and are facilitating a broad range of new technologies with chemical, biological and biomedical applications. In this Review, we will present a brief history of the development of fluorescent nucleobases and explore their utility as tools for addressing questions in biophysics, biochemistry and biology of nucleic acids. We provide chemical insights into the two main classes of these compounds: canonical and non-canonical nucleobases. A point-by-point discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of both types of fluorescent nucleobases is made, along with a perspective into the future challenges and outlook for this burgeoning field.
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10
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Gayakhe V, Ardhapure A, Kapdi AR, Sanghvi YS, Serrano JL, García L, Pérez J, García J, Sánchez G, Fischer C, Schulzke C. Water-Soluble Pd–Imidate Complexes: Broadly Applicable Catalysts for the Synthesis of Chemically Modified Nucleosides via Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling. J Org Chem 2016; 81:2713-29. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Gayakhe
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai Nathalal Road, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Ajaykumar Ardhapure
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai Nathalal Road, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Anant R. Kapdi
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai Nathalal Road, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Yogesh S. Sanghvi
- Rasayan, Inc. 2802 Crystal Ridge Road, Encinitas, California 92024-6615, United States
| | - Jose Luis Serrano
- Departamento
de Ingeniería
Minera, Geológica y Cartográfica, Universidad Politécnica
de Cartagena, Área de Química Inorgánica, Regional
Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Luis García
- Departamento
de Ingeniería
Minera, Geológica y Cartográfica, Universidad Politécnica
de Cartagena, Área de Química Inorgánica, Regional
Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Jose Pérez
- Departamento
de Ingeniería
Minera, Geológica y Cartográfica, Universidad Politécnica
de Cartagena, Área de Química Inorgánica, Regional
Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Joaquím García
- Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus
Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gregorio Sánchez
- Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus
Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Christian Fischer
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität
Greifswald, Institut für Biochemie, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carola Schulzke
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität
Greifswald, Institut für Biochemie, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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11
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Bhilare S, Gayakhe V, Ardhapure AV, Sanghvi YS, Schulzke C, Borozdina Y, Kapdi AR. Novel water-soluble phosphatriazenes: versatile ligands for Suzuki–Miyaura, Sonogashira and Heck reactions of nucleosides. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new water-soluble phosphatriazene as versatile ligands for catalyzing Suzuki–Miyaura reactions of purines and pyrimidines in neat water with the possibility of recycling. Copper-free Sonogashira and Heck reaction were also made possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatrughn Bhilare
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400019
- India
| | - Vijay Gayakhe
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400019
- India
| | | | | | - Carola Schulzke
- Institute for Biochemie
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald
- 17489 Greifswald
- Germany
| | - Yulia Borozdina
- Institute for Biochemie
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald
- 17489 Greifswald
- Germany
| | - Anant R. Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400019
- India
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12
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Adeniyi AA, Ajibade PA. Development of ruthenium-based complexes as anticancer agents: toward a rational design of alternative receptor targets. REV INORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2015-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the search for novel anticancer agents, the development of metal-based complexes that could serve as alternatives to cisplatin and its derivatives has received considerable attention in recent years. This becomes necessary because, at present, cisplatin and its derivatives are the only coordination complexes being used as anticancer agents in spite of inherent serious side effects and their limitation against metastasized platinum-resistant cancer cells. Although many metal ions have been considered as possible alternatives to cisplatin, the most promising are ruthenium (Ru) complexes and two Ru compounds, KP1019 and NAMI-A, which are currently in phase II clinical trials. The major obstacle against the rational design of these compounds is the fact that their mode of action in relation to their therapeutic activities and selectivity is not fully understood. There is an urgent need to develop novel metal-based anticancer agents, especially Ru-based compounds, with known mechanism of actions, probable targets, and pharmacodynamic activity. In this paper, we review the current efforts in developing metal-based anticancer agents based on promising Ru complexes and the development of compounds targeting receptors and then examine the future prospects.
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13
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Shaughnessy KH. Palladium-catalyzed modification of unprotected nucleosides, nucleotides, and oligonucleotides. Molecules 2015; 20:9419-54. [PMID: 26007192 PMCID: PMC6272472 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20059419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic modification of nucleoside structures provides access to molecules of interest as pharmaceuticals, biochemical probes, and models to study diseases. Covalent modification of the purine and pyrimidine bases is an important strategy for the synthesis of these adducts. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling is a powerful method to attach groups to the base heterocycles through the formation of new carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. In this review, approaches to palladium-catalyzed modification of unprotected nucleosides, nucleotides, and oligonucleotides are reviewed. Polar reaction media, such as water or polar aprotic solvents, allow reactions to be performed directly on the hydrophilic nucleosides and nucleotides without the need to use protecting groups. Homogeneous aqueous-phase coupling reactions catalyzed by palladium complexes of water-soluble ligands provide a general approach to the synthesis of modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA.
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14
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Hervé G, Len C. Heck and Sonogashira couplings in aqueous media – application to unprotected nucleosides and nucleotides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40508-015-0029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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16
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Prieur V, Heindler N, Rubio-Martínez J, Guillaumet G, Pujol MD. One-pot synthesis of 4-aminated pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines from alkynylpyrimidines under metal-catalyst-free conditions. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Mononuclear ruthenium(II) and rhodium(III) complexes with S-[4-(2,2:6′,2″-terpyridin-4′-yl)phenoxy]butyl ethanethioate and 4′-[4-(1,2-dithiolane-3-yl)butylcarboxy)phenyl]-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine: Synthesis, electrochemistry, antibacterial activity and catalytical application. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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18
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Abdoli M, Mirjafary Z, Saeidian H, Kakanejadifard A. New developments in direct functionalization of C–H and N–H bonds of purine bases via metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04406e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a concise overview on the cross-coupling reactions in direct functionalization of purine bases in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Abdoli
- Department of Chemistry
- Lorestan University
- Khorramabad
- Iran
| | - Zohreh Mirjafary
- Department of Chemistry
- Tehran Science and Research Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Hamid Saeidian
- Department of Science
- Payame Noor University (PNU)
- Tehran
- Iran
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19
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De Ornellas S, Slattery JM, Edkins RM, Beeby A, Baumann CG, Fairlamb IJS. Design and synthesis of fluorescent 7-deazaadenosine nucleosides containing π-extended diarylacetylene motifs. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:68-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02081b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of C-modified π-extended 7-deazaadenosines exhibit promising fluorescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Ornellas
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York
- UK
- Department of Biology
| | | | | | - Andrew Beeby
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Durham
- Durham
- UK
| | - Christoph G. Baumann
- Department of Biology
- University of York
- York
- UK
- Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI)
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York
- UK
- Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI)
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20
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Zhang S, Ding Y, Wei H. Ruthenium polypyridine complexes combined with oligonucleotides for bioanalysis: a review. Molecules 2014; 19:11933-87. [PMID: 25116805 PMCID: PMC6271144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are among the most interesting coordination complexes and they have attracted great attention over the past decades due to their appealing biological, catalytic, electronic and optical properties. Ruthenium complexes have found a unique niche in bioanalysis, as demonstrated by the substantial progress made in the field. In this review, the applications of ruthenium complexes coordinated with polypyridine ligands (and analogues) in bioanalysis are discussed. Three main detection methods based on electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence, and photoluminscence are covered. The important targets, including DNA and other biologically important targets, are detected by specific biorecognition with the corresponding oligonucleotides as the biorecognition elements (i.e., DNA is probed by its complementary strand and other targets are detected by functional nucleic acids, respectively). Selected examples are provided and thoroughly discussed to highlight the substantial progress made so far. Finally, a brief summary with perspectives is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yubin Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Hui Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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21
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Prieur V, Rubio-Martínez J, Font-Bardia M, Guillaumet G, Pujol MD. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Hervé G, Sartori G, Enderlin G, Mackenzie G, Len C. Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki reaction in aqueous solvents applied to unprotected nucleosides and nucleotides. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47911k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues have attracted much attention due to their potential biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwénaëlle Hervé
- Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable
- UTC-ESCOM
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
- F-60200 Compiègne, France
| | - Guillaume Sartori
- Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable
- UTC-ESCOM
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
- F-60200 Compiègne, France
| | - Gérald Enderlin
- Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable
- UTC-ESCOM
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
- F-60200 Compiègne, France
| | | | - Christophe Len
- Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable
- UTC-ESCOM
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
- F-60200 Compiègne, France
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23
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Gislason K, Gophane DB, Sigurdsson ST. Syntheses and photophysical properties of 5'-6-locked fluorescent nucleosides. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:149-57. [PMID: 23114639 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26536b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nine fluorescent 5'-6-locked nucleosides were synthesized by condensation of various 1,2-diketones with 5-amino-2'-deoxycytidine. The nucleosides have different substituents on the pyrazine core structure, ranging from two methyl groups to polyaromatic rings. The photophysical properties of each nucleoside were determined, with the nucleosides displaying diverse absorption and emission maxima, extinction coefficients and quantum yields. The nucleoside with the highest fluorescence brightness was phosphitylated and incorporated into an oligonucleotide by means of automated oligonucleotide synthesis. The labelled oligonucleotide in aqueous buffer exhibited a substantially lowered extinction coefficient and quantum yield compared to the nucleoside in THF. The photophysical properties of the nucleoside were also compared in different DNA structural contexts, a single strand, a 14-mer duplex, a 14-mer duplex with an 11-mer overhang, and a 25-mer nicked duplex labelled at the nick site. Circular dichroism and melting temperature studies verified that the nucleoside did not perturb or destabilize the DNA helixes. In fact, when incorporated at the nick site, the nucleoside was found to stabilize the nicked duplex notably compared to its unmodified counterpart. The brightness of the fluorescent nucleoside in DNA increased as the polarity of its surroundings decreased, being highest in the 25-mer nicked duplex where exposure to the polar solvent is minimized by stacking to the adjacent bases on both the 3'- and 5'-side. The nucleosides brightness in the nicked duplex was also found to increase with lowered temperature, in accordance with expected temperature-dependent changes in the stacked-unstacked equilibrium at the nick site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristmann Gislason
- University of Iceland, Department of Chemistry, Science Institute, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Kalachova L, Pohl R, Bednárová L, Fanfrlík J, Hocek M. Synthesis of nucleosides and dNTPs bearing oligopyridine ligands linked through an octadiyne tether, their incorporation into DNA and complexation with transition metal cations. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:78-89. [PMID: 23090069 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26881g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Modified nucleosides (dA(R)s and dC(R)s) bearing bipyridine or terpyridine ligands attached through an octadiyne linker were prepared by single-step aqueous-phase Sonogashira cross-coupling of 7-iodo-7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine and 5-iodo-2'-deoxycytidine with the corresponding bipyridine- or terpyridine-octadiynes and were triphosphorylated to the corresponding nucleoside triphosphates (dA(R)TPs and dC(R)TPs). The modified dN(R)TPs were successfully incorporated into the oligonucleotides by primer extension experiment (PEX) using different DNA polymerases and the PEX products were used for post-synthetic complexation with divalent metal cations. The complexation of these DNAs containing flexibly-tethered ligands was compared with the previously reported ones bearing rigid acetylene-linked ligands suggesting the possible formation of both inter- and intra-strand complexes with Ni(2+) or Fe(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Kalachova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Suzuki A, Kimura K, Ishioroshi S, Saito I, Nemoto N, Saito Y. Synthesis of solvatofluorochromic 7-arylethynylated 7-deaza-2′-deoxyadenosine derivatives: application to the design of environmentally sensitive fluorescent probes forming stable DNA duplexes. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gislason K, Sigurdsson ST. Rigid 5'-6-locked phenanthroline-derived nucleosides chelated to ruthenium and europium ions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013. [PMID: 23177784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe complexes of ruthenium and europium with rigid, 5'-6-locked 1,10-phenanthroline-containing nucleosides. Both nucleosides were synthesized from condensation of 5-amino-2'-deoxycytidine with the corresponding diketone. The ruthenium nucleoside displayed fluorescence characteristic of polypyridine ruthenium complexes with a maximum at 616 nm and a quantum yield of 0.011. Binding of europium to the 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-diacid moiety of the lanthanide binding nucleoside showed formation of a 1:1 complex with emission at 570-630 nm, whose emission was enhanced by addition of two phenanthroline ligands. The lanthanide-binding nucleoside was incorporated into DNA oligonucleotides and shown to selectively bind one equivalent of europium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristmann Gislason
- University of Iceland, Department of Chemistry, Science Institute, Dunhaga 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Functionalization of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions (review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-012-0986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lavergne T, Malyshev DA, Romesberg FE. Major groove substituents and polymerase recognition of a class of predominantly hydrophobic unnatural base pairs. Chemistry 2011; 18:1231-9. [PMID: 22190386 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of the genetic alphabet with an unnatural base pair is a long-standing goal of synthetic biology. We have developed a class of unnatural base pairs, formed between d5SICS and analogues of dMMO2 that are efficiently and selectively replicated by the Klenow fragment (Kf) DNA polymerase. In an effort to further characterize and optimize replication, we report the synthesis of five new dMMO2 analogues bearing different substituents designed to be oriented into the developing major groove and an analysis of their insertion opposite d5SICS by Kf and Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase I (Taq). We also expand the analysis of the previously optimized pair, dNaM-d5SICS, to include replication by Taq. Finally, the efficiency and fidelity of PCR amplification of the base pairs by Taq or Deep Vent polymerases was examined. The resulting structure-activity relationship data suggest that the major determinants of efficient replication are the minimization of desolvation effects and the introduction of favorable hydrophobic packing, and that Taq is more sensitive than Kf to structural changes. In addition, we identify an analogue (dNMO1) that is a better partner for d5SICS than any of the previously identified dMMO2 analogues with the exception of dNaM. We also found that dNaM-d5SICS is replicated by both Kf and Taq with rates approaching those of a natural base pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lavergne
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Kalachova L, Pohl R, Hocek M. Synthesis of nucleoside mono- and triphosphates bearing oligopyridine ligands, their incorporation into DNA and complexation with transition metals. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 10:49-55. [PMID: 22071986 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06359f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Modified nucleoside mono- (dA(R)MPs and dC(R)MPs) and triphosphates (dA(R)TPs and dC(R)TPs) bearing bipyridine or terpyridine ligands attached via acetylene linker were prepared by single-step aqueous-phase Sonogashira cross-coupling of 7-iodo-7-deaza-dAMP or -dATP, and 5-iodo-dCMP or -dCTP with the corresponding bipyridine- or terpyridine-linked acetylenes. The modified dN(R)TPs were successfully incorporated into the oligonucleotides by primer extension experiment (PEX) using different DNA polymerases and the PEX products were used for post-synthetic complexation with Fe(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Kalachova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Gilead & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Galindo MA, Hannant J, Harrington RW, Clegg W, Horrocks BR, Pike AR, Houlton A. Pyrrolyl-, 2-(2-thienyl)pyrrolyl- and 2,5-bis(2-thienyl)pyrrolyl-nucleosides: synthesis, molecular and electronic structure, and redox behaviour of C5-thymidine derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:1555-64. [PMID: 21240418 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of modified nucleosides based on thymidine have been prepared by Pd-catalysed cross-coupling between N-alkyl-alkynyl functionalised pyrrolyl- (py), 2-(2-thienyl)pyrrolyl- (tp) or 2,5-bis(2-thienyl)pyrrolyl (tpt) groups with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. The length of the alkyl chain linking the nucleoside and pyrrolyl-containing unit, N(CH(2))(n)C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-nucleoside (where n = 1-3) was also varied. The compounds have been characterised by (1)H NMR, ES-MS, UV-vis, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and, in some cases, single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry studies demonstrated that all the py-, tp- and tpt-alkynyl derivatives 1-7 can be electrochemically polymerised to form conductive materials. It was found that increasing the N-alkyl chain length in these cases resulted in only minor changes in the oxidation potential. The same behaviour was observed for the tp- and tpt-modified nucleosides 9-12; however, the py-derivative, 8, produced a poorly conducting material. DFT calculations on the one-electron oxidised cation of the modified nucleosides bearing tp or tpt showed that spin density is located on the pyrrolyl and thienyl units in all cases and that the coplanarity of adjacent rings increases upon oxidation. In contrast, in the corresponding pyrrolyl cases the spin density is distributed over the whole molecule, suggesting that polymerisation does not occur solely at the pyrrolyl-Cα position and the conjugation is interrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Galindo
- Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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Gislason K, Sigurdsson ST. Synthesis of a 5′-6-Locked, 1,10-Phenanthroline-Containing Nucleoside and Its Incorporation into DNA. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sinkeldam RW, Greco NJ, Tor Y. Fluorescent analogs of biomolecular building blocks: design, properties, and applications. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2579-619. [PMID: 20205430 PMCID: PMC2868948 DOI: 10.1021/cr900301e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renatus W. Sinkeldam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358
| | | | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358
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Ikonen S, Macícková-Cahová H, Pohl R, Sanda M, Hocek M. Synthesis of nucleoside and nucleotide conjugates of bile acids, and polymerase construction of bile acid-functionalized DNA. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1194-201. [PMID: 20165813 DOI: 10.1039/b924072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions of 5-iodopyrimidine or 7-iodo-7-deazaadenine nucleosides with bile acid-derived terminal acetylenes linked via an ester or amide tether gave the corresponding bile acid-nucleoside conjugates. Analogous reactions of halogenated nucleoside triphosphates gave directly bile acid-modified dNTPs. Enzymatic incorporation of these modified nucleotides to DNA was successfully performed using Phusion polymerase for primer extension. One of the dNTPs (dCTP bearing cholic acid) was also efficient for PCR amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Ikonen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Riedl J, Horáková P, Šebest P, Pohl R, Havran L, Fojta M, Hocek M. Tetrathiafulvalene-Labelled Nucleosides and Nucleoside Triphosphates: Synthesis, Electrochemistry and the Scope of Their Polymerase Incorporation into DNA. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Vrábel M, Horáková P, Pivonková H, Kalachova L, Cernocká H, Cahová H, Pohl R, Sebest P, Havran L, Hocek M, Fojta M. Base-modified DNA labeled by [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) and [Os(bpy)(3)](2+) complexes: construction by polymerase incorporation of modified nucleoside triphosphates, electrochemical and luminescent properties, and applications. Chemistry 2009; 15:1144-54. [PMID: 19072947 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Modified 2'-deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) bearing [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) and [Os(bpy)(3)](2+) complexes attached via an acetylene linker to the 5-position of pyrimidines (C and U) or to the 7-position of 7-deazapurines (7-deaza-A and 7-deaza-G) have been prepared in one step by aqueous cross-couplings of halogenated dNTPs with the corresponding terminal acetylenes. Polymerase incorporation by primer extension using Vent (exo-) or Pwo polymerases gave DNA labeled in specific positions with Ru(2+) or Os(2+) complexes. Square-wave voltammetry could be efficiently used to detect these labeled nucleic acids by reversible oxidations of Ru(2+/3+) or Os(2+/3+). The redox potentials of the Ru(2+) complexes (1.1-1.25 V) are very close to that of G oxidation (1.1 V), while the potentials of Os(2+) complexes (0.75 V) are sufficiently different to enable their independent detection. On the other hand, Ru(2+)-labeled DNA can be independently analyzed by luminescence. In combination with previously reported dNTPs bearing ferrocene, aminophenyl, and nitrophenyl tags, the Os-labeled dATP has been successfully used for "multicolor" redox labeling of DNA and for DNA minisequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Vrábel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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