1
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Ajayan A, Rajan L, Prakash S, Ismail YA. Macromolecular sensing motors from conducting polymers: Polyaniline/methylcellulose composites as stable current sensing supercapacitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135312. [PMID: 39236960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Sensing motors and supercapacitors are pivotal in empowering smart systems, honing energy management, and facilitating the seamless integration of responsive electronics. Harnessing the electrochemistry of methylcellulose-polyaniline (MC/PANI) composites, this research delves into their potential applications as reactive current sensing supercapacitors with single connectivity. The electrochemical traits of pristine polyaniline (PANI) and MC/PANI composites were analyzed and assessed for their potential applications in sensors and energy storage devices. With a specific capacitance of 300Fg-1, the MC/PANI_B3 composite-based device retained 87.01 % capacitance after 2000 cycles. Besides, based on electrical energy as the sensing parameter, the composite exhibited augmented cathodic and anodic current sensitivity of 8.77 mJmA-1 and -8.86 mJmA-1, respectively. The ameliorated supercapacitor and current sensing parameters of MC/PANI_B3 are ascribed to the percolation threshold content of the conducting phase, which is endowed with optimal hydrogen bond-mediated interactions with methylcellulose (MC), thus confers an expanded chain conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athira Ajayan
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Thenjipalam 673635, India
| | - Lijin Rajan
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Thenjipalam 673635, India
| | - Sivakrishna Prakash
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Thenjipalam 673635, India
| | - Yahya A Ismail
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Thenjipalam 673635, India.
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2
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García-Córdova F, Guerrero-González A, Zueco J, Cabrera-Lozoya A. Simultaneous Sensing and Actuating Capabilities of a Triple-Layer Biomimetic Muscle for Soft Robotics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9132. [PMID: 38005519 PMCID: PMC10674967 DOI: 10.3390/s23229132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the fabrication and characterization of a triple-layered biomimetic muscle constituted by polypyrrole (PPy)-dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS)/adhesive tape/PPy-DBS demonstrating simultaneous sensing and actuation capabilities. The muscle was controlled by a neurobiologically inspired cortical neural network sending agonist and antagonist signals to the conducting polymeric layers. Experiments consisted of controlled voluntary movements of the free end of the muscle at angles of ±20°, ±30°, and ±40° while monitoring the muscle's potential response. Results show the muscle's potential varies linearly with applied current amplitude during actuation, enabling current sensing. A linear dependence between muscle potential and temperature enabled temperature sensing. Electrolyte concentration changes also induced exponential variations in the muscle's potential, allowing for concentration sensing. Additionally, the influence of the electric current density on the angular velocity, the electric charge density, and the desired angle was studied. Overall, the conducting polymer-based soft biomimetic muscle replicates properties of natural muscles, permitting simultaneous motion control, current, temperature, and concentration sensing. The integrated neural control system exhibits key features of biological motion regulation. This muscle actuator with its integrated sensing and control represents an advance for soft robotics, prosthetics, and biomedical devices requiring biomimetic multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco García-Córdova
- Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30203 Cartagena, Spain; (F.G.-C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Antonio Guerrero-González
- Department of Automation, Electrical Engineering and Electronic Technology, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Joaquín Zueco
- Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30203 Cartagena, Spain; (F.G.-C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Andrés Cabrera-Lozoya
- Department of Applied Physics and Naval Technology, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30203 Cartagena, Spain;
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3
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Sarikaya S, Gardea F, Auletta JT, Langrock A, Kim H, Mackie DM, Naraghi M. Fuel-Driven Redox Reactions in Electrolyte-Free Polymer Actuators for Soft Robotics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:31803-31811. [PMID: 37345639 PMCID: PMC10862377 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Polymers that undergo shape changes in response to external stimuli can serve as actuators and offer significant potential in a variety of technologies, including biomimetic artificial muscles and soft robotics. Current polymer artificial muscles possess major challenges for various applications as they often require extreme and non-practical actuation conditions. Thus, exploring actuators with new or underutilized stimuli may broaden the application of polymer-based artificial muscles. Here, we introduce an all-solid fuel-powered actuator that contracts and expands when exposed to H2 and O2 via redox reactions. This actuator demonstrates a fully reversible actuation magnitude of up to 3.8% and achieves a work capacity of 120 J/kg. Unlike traditional chemical actuators, our actuator eliminates the need for electrolytes, electrodes, and the application of external voltage. Moreover, it offers athermal actuation by avoiding the drawbacks of thermal actuators. Remarkably, the actuator maintains its actuated position under load when not stimulated, without consuming energy (i.e., catch state). These fuel-powered fiber actuators were embedded in a soft humanoid hand to demonstrate finger-bending motions. In terms of two main actuation metrics, stress-free contraction strain and blocking stress, the presented artificial muscle outperforms reported polymer redox actuators. The fuel-powered actuator developed in this work creates new avenues for the application of redox polymers in soft robotics and artificial muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevketcan Sarikaya
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Frank Gardea
- Army
Research Directorate, Army Research Laboratory South, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Auletta
- Army
Research Directorate, Army Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Alex Langrock
- Army
Research Directorate, Army Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Hyun Kim
- Army
Research Directorate, Army Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
- Advanced
Materials Division, Korea Research Institute
of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - David M. Mackie
- Army
Research Directorate, Army Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Mohammad Naraghi
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
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4
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Kumar P, Bala I, De R, Kumar Pal S, Venkataramani S. Light Modulated Reversible "On-Off" Transformation of Arylazoheteroarene Based Discotics in Nematic Organization. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202876. [PMID: 36205928 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Three benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) core-based molecular systems appended with phenylazo-3,5-dimethylisoxazole photoswitches at the peripheral position through variable-length alkoxy chains have been designed and synthesized. The supramolecular interactions of the mesogens provided discotic nematic liquid crystalline assembly as confirmed by polarized optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Spectroscopic studies confirmed the reversible photoswitching and excellent thermal stability of the photoswitched states in solution phase and thin film. Also, atomic force microscopic (AFM) and POM investigations demonstrated the morphological changes in the self-assembly induced by the photoirradiation as monitored by the changes in the height profiles and optical appearance of the textures, respectively. Remarkably, the liquid crystalline discotic molecules showed reversible "on and off states" controlled by light at ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Indu Bala
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Ritobrata De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City Manauli, 140306, Punjab, India
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5
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Rajan L, Sidheekha MP, Shabeeba A, Unnikrishnan SC, Ismail YA. Reactive sensing capability towards the working electrical and chemical conditions of poly (aniline –co–o-toluidine) copolymers. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Basak S, Bandyopadhyay A. Styrene‐butadiene‐styrene
‐based shape memory polymers: Evolution and the current state of art. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Basak
- Department of Polymer Science & Technology University of Calcutta Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - Abhijit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Polymer Science & Technology University of Calcutta Kolkata West Bengal India
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7
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Baghbanbashi M, Kakkar A. Polymersomes: Soft Nanoparticles from Miktoarm Stars for Applications in Drug Delivery. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1687-1703. [PMID: 35157463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of amphiphilic macromolecules has provided an advantageous platform to address significant issues in a variety of areas, including biology. Such soft nanoparticles with a hydrophobic core and hydrophilic corona, referred to as micelles, have been extensively investigated for delivering lipophilic therapeutics by physical encapsulation. Polymeric vesicles or polymersomes with similarities in morphology to liposomes continue to play an essential role in understanding the behavior of cell membranes and, in addition, have offered opportunities in designing smart nanoformulations. With the evolution in synthetic methodologies to macromolecular precursors, the construction of such assemblies can now be modulated to tailor their properties to match desired needs. This review brings into focus the current state-of-the-art in the design of polymersomes using amphiphilic miktoarm star polymers through a detailed analysis of the synthesis of miktoarm star polymers with tuned lengths of varied polymeric arms, their self-assembly, and applications in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojhdeh Baghbanbashi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran 1591634311, Iran
| | - Ashok Kakkar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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8
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Shabeeba A, Sidheekha MP, Rajan L, Ismail YA. Flexible hybrid film of polypyrrole incorporated chitosan as a biomimetic multistep electrochemical sensor of working temperature: a potentiodynamic study. RSC Adv 2022; 12:31911-31922. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05482e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A flexible polypyrrole/hydrogel hybrid film composed of macromolecular electrochemical machines is considered as a model material of the intracellular matrix of ectothermic muscle cells capable of sensing ambient thermal energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranhikundan Shabeeba
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Thenhipalam, Kerala 673635, India
| | - Madari Palliyalil Sidheekha
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Thenhipalam, Kerala 673635, India
| | - Lijin Rajan
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Thenhipalam, Kerala 673635, India
| | - Yahya A. Ismail
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Thenhipalam, Kerala 673635, India
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9
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Obana TT, Leite MM, Martins VL, Torresi RM. Downplaying the role of water in the rheological changes of conducting polymers by using water-in-salt electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12251-12259. [PMID: 34013936 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01003d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Volumetric changes associated with solvent/electrolyte exchange in electronic conducting polymers (ECPs) play an important role in the mechanical stability of the polymers, as these changes are a critical factor in ECP-based energy storage devices. Thus, the present work explores the hindering of such volumetric deformations for polypyrrole films doped with dodecylbenzenesulphonate (PPy(DBS)) by employing highly concentrated aqueous electrolytes (or water-in-salt electrolytes, WiSEs), and their effects over the corresponding electrochemical capacitor cell energy retention. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring measurements for thin PPy(DBS) films in the WiSEs revealed negligible dissipation changes (ΔDn ≈ 0), in contrast with those in dilute aqueous electrolyte (ΔDn ≠ 0), indicating inexpressive structural deformation of PPy(DBS) in the WiSE. This phenomenon is observed for thick freestanding PPy(DBS) films, which presented a maximum bending angle decay from ∼56° (diluted aqueous electrolyte) to 3.5° when working in the WiSE, thus proving the hindering of film bending. The observed trends are reflected in the PPy(DBS) cell energy retention, where the use of a WiSE decreased cell energy fading by 30% after 600 cycles, in comparison with cells based on diluted electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago T Obana
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marina M Leite
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vitor L Martins
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roberto M Torresi
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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10
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The response of polypyrrole–DBS electrochemical molecular motors to Na concentration: Analogies in cell biology. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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11
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Khanh TT, Lee RJ, Kilmartin PA, Khan MA, Khorram MS, Tamm T, Kiefer R. Actuation increase in polypyrrole bilayer by photo-activated dopants. SYNTHETIC METALS 2018; 246:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
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12
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Opris DM. Polar Elastomers as Novel Materials for Electromechanical Actuator Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1703678. [PMID: 29205519 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric elastomer actuators are stretchable capacitors capable of a musclelike actuation when charged. They will one day be used to replace malfunctioning muscles supposing the driving voltage can be reduced below 24 V. This focus here is on polar dielectric elastomers and their behavior under an electric field. Emphasis is placed on all the features that are correlated with the molecular structure, its synthetic realization, and its impact on properties. Regarding the polymer class, the focus, to some degree, is on polysiloxanes because of their attractively low glass transition temperatures. This enables introduction of highly polar groups to the backbone while maintaining soft elastic properties. The goal is to provide a few guidelines for future research in this emerging field that may be useful for those considering entering this fascinating endeavor. Because of the large number of materials available, a few restrictions in the selection have to be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina M Opris
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Überlandstr. 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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13
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Otero TF, Beaumont S. The cooperative actuation of multistep electrochemical molecular machines in polypyrrole films senses the imposed energetic conditions: Influence of the potential scan rate. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Beaumont S, Otero TF. A Potentiostatic/Galvanostatic Study and Theoretical Description of Polypyrrole Film Electrodes: A Model of the Intracellular Matrix of Ectothermic Muscle Cells. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Beaumont
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry Intelligent Materials and Devices; Technical University of Cartagena; ETSII. Campus Alfonso XIII. 30203. Cartagena Spain
| | - Toribio F. Otero
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry Intelligent Materials and Devices; Technical University of Cartagena; ETSII. Campus Alfonso XIII. 30203. Cartagena Spain
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15
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Puckert C, Tomaskovic-Crook E, Gambhir S, Wallace GG, Crook JM, Higgins MJ. Electro-mechano responsive properties of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel on conducting polymer electrodes quantified using atomic force microscopy. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:4761-4772. [PMID: 28653073 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00335h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of hydrogels has been performed to enable micro-actuation or controlled movement of ions and biomolecules such as in drug release applications. Hydrogels are also increasingly used as low modulus, biocompatible coatings on electrode devices and thus are exposed to the effects of electrical stimulation. As such, there is growing interest in the latter, especially on the dynamic and nanoscale physical properties of hydrogels. Here, we report on the electro-mechano properties of photocrosslinkable gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel applied as coatings on conducting polymer polypyrrole-dodecylbenze sulfonate (PPy-DBSA) electrodes. In particular, Electrochemical-Atomic Force Microscopy (EC-AFM) was used to quantify the nanoscale actuation and dynamic changes in Young's modulus as the GelMA coating was electrically stimulated via the underlying PPy-DBSA electrode. Pulsed electrical stimulation was shown to induce dynamic expansion and contraction, or nanoscale actuation, of the GelMA hydrogel due to the reversible ingress of electrolyte ions and associated changes in osmotic pressure during oxidation and reduction of the PPy-DBSA film. In addition, dynamic changes in the Young's modulus of up to 50% were observed in the hydrogel and correlated with the actuation process and ion diffusion during oxidation and reduction of the underlying PPy-DBSA film. These dynamic properties were investigated for hydrogels with varying degrees of cross-linking, porosity and modulus, the latter ranging from ≈0.2-1 kPa. The study demonstrates an AFM-based approach to quantify the dynamic physical properties of hydrogels, which are shown to be modulated via electrical stimulation. This can enable a better understanding of the electro-mechano mechanisms that are important for the controlled release of drugs or controlling cell interactions at the hydrogel-cell interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Puckert
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Eva Tomaskovic-Crook
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Sanjeev Gambhir
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Jeremy M Crook
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia and Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Michael J Higgins
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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16
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Gao Y, Wei M, Li X, Xu W, Ahiabu A, Perdiz J, Liu Z, Serpe MJ. Stimuli-responsive polymers: Fundamental considerations and applications. Macromol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-017-5088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Gonçalves R, Christinelli W, Trench A, Cuesta A, Pereira E. Properties improvement of poly(o-methoxyaniline) based supercapacitors: experimental and theoretical behaviour study of self-doping effect. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Optimization of electrochemical capacitor stability of poly(o-methoxyaniline)-poly(3-thiophene acetic acid) self-assembled films. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Wang Y, Chen H, Liu J, Zhu Z, Chang L, Li D, Jia S. Aided manufacturing techniques and applications in optics and manipulation for ionic polymer-metal composites as soft sensors and actuators. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2014-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recently, ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs), which are becoming an increasingly popular material, have been used as soft actuators because of their inherent properties of light weight, flexibility, softness, especially efficient transformation from electrical energy to mechanical energy with large bending strain response under low activation voltage. This paper mainly focuses on a review on optical and micromanipulation applications of IPMCs as soft actuators. After presenting the general mechanism of sensing and actuating in IPMCs, recent progresses are discussed about the preparation process and practical technologies, especially for aided manufacturing techniques defined as the methods to fabricate IPMC into all kinds of shapes in terms of the demands, which are reviewed for the first time. Then, a number of recent IPMC applications for optical actuators, grippers and catheters are reviewed and investigated in this paper. Further developments and suggestions for IPMCs are also discussed. Extensive previous researches are provided for references in detail.
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20
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Otero TF, Martinez JG. Physical and chemical awareness from sensing polymeric artificial muscles. Experiments and modeling. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Torop J, Arulepp M, Sugino T, Asaka K, Jänes A, Lust E, Aabloo A. Microporous and mesoporous carbide-derived carbons for strain modification of electromechanical actuators. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:2583-2587. [PMID: 24580143 DOI: 10.1021/la404616w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Low-voltage stimuli-responsive actuators based on carbide-derived carbon (CDC) porous structures were demonstrated. Bending actuators showed a differential electromechanical response defined by the porosity of the CDC used in the electrode layer. Highly porous CDCs prepared from TiC (mainly microporous), B4C (micromesoporous), and Mo2C (mainly mesoporous) precursors were selected to demonstrate the influence of porosity parameters on the electromechanical performance of actuators. CDC-based bending-type actuators showed a porosity-driven displacement response over a frequency range of 200 to 0.005 Hz at an applied excitation voltage of ±2 V. The displacement response of the CDC actuators increased with an increasing number of mesopores in the electrode layer, and the generated strain of the bending actuators was proportional to the total porosity (micropores and mesopores) of the CDC. The modifiable electromechanical response that arises from the precise porosity control attained through tailoring the CDC architecture demonstrates that these actuators hold great promise for smart, low-voltage-driven actuation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janno Torop
- IMS Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu , Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Hutchinson DJ, James MP, Hanton LR, Moratti SC. Metal-Induced Isomerization of a Molecular Strand Containing Contradictory Dynamic Coordination Sites. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:2122-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4027392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew P. James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago,
P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lyall R. Hanton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago,
P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen C. Moratti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago,
P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Hutchinson DJ, Hanton LR, Moratti SC. Tetratopic pyrimidine–hydrazone ligands modified with terminal hydroxymethyl and acryloyl arms and their Pb(ii), Zn(ii), Cu(ii) and Ag(i) complexes. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:8205-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53559b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tetratopic pym–hyz strands with terminal hydroxymethyl (L1) and acryloyl groups (L2) were synthesised, characterised and reacted with Pb(ii), Zn(ii), Cu(ii) and Ag(i) ions resulting in new linear, horse-shoe shaped and double helical complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lyall R. Hanton
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Otago
- Dunedin, New Zealand
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24
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Cathodically pretreated poly(1-aminoanthraquinone)-modified electrode for determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-013-0577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Luo SC. Conducting Polymers as Biointerfaces and Biomaterials: A Perspective for a Special Issue of Polymer Reviews. POLYM REV 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2013.805773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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26
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Xu S, Das S, Ogi S, Sugiyasu K, Okazaki H, Takano Y, Yasuda T, Deguchi K, Ohki S, Shimizu T, Takeuchi M. Synthesis of polyaniline with low polydispersity by using a supramolecular ionic assembly as the reaction medium. Chemistry 2013; 19:5824-9. [PMID: 23520047 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A supramolecular ionic assembly comprised of an anionic oligo(phenylene ethynylene) and anilinium cations provides a unique reaction medium in which anilinum cations are concentrated and aligned. The oxidative polymerization (see figure) of aniline using the supramolecular ionic assembly (gray) yielded polyaniline (green/blue) with a number-average molar mass of 20,500 and polydispersity of 1.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoan Xu
- Organic Materials Group, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
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Martino N, Randriamahazaka HN. Memcapacitive properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) modified electrodes. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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28
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Otero TF. Reactions drive conformations. Biomimetic properties and devices, theoretical description. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:3754-3767. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20112k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Otero TF, Martinez JG. Biomimetic intracellular matrix (ICM) materials, properties and functions. Full integration of actuators and sensors. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:26-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tb00176d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Otero T, Martinez J, Arias-Pardilla J. Biomimetic electrochemistry from conducting polymers. A review. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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31
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Martínez JG, Otero TF, Bosch-Navarro C, Coronado E, Martí-Gastaldo C, Prima-Garcia H. Graphene electrochemical responses sense surroundings. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Martinez JG, Otero TF. Biomimetic Dual Sensing-Actuators: Theoretical Description. Sensing Electrolyte Concentration and Driving Current. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:9223-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jp302931k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose G. Martinez
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, ETSII, Center for Electrochemistry and
Intelligent Materials (CEMI),
Paseo Alfonso XIII, Aulario II, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Toribio F. Otero
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, ETSII, Center for Electrochemistry and
Intelligent Materials (CEMI),
Paseo Alfonso XIII, Aulario II, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
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Aznar-Cervantes S, Roca MI, Martinez JG, Meseguer-Olmo L, Cenis JL, Moraleda JM, Otero TF. Fabrication of conductive electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds by coating with polypyrrole for biomedical applications. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 85:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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34
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Otero TF, Sanchez JJ, Martinez JG. Biomimetic dual sensing-actuators based on conducting polymers. Galvanostatic theoretical model for actuators sensing temperature. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:5279-90. [PMID: 22455612 DOI: 10.1021/jp300290s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical model is proposed for the quantitative description of the chronopotentiometric (E-t) responses, under galvanostatic control, of either conducting polymer films or dual sensing-actuating devices. Assuming that the reaction occurs by extraction, or injection, of n consecutive electrons from, or to, a polymer chain the material moves through n consecutive oxidation or reduction states. Stair functions are obtained describing either potential or consumed electrical energy evolutions as a function of both, driving (current) and environmental (temperature, electrolyte concentration...) variables. The current quantifies the actuation of any electrochemical device (charge/discharge of batteries, movement rate, and position of muscles): the stair functions are dual actuating-sensing functions. A good agreement exists between theoretical and experimental results from either polypyrrole films or artificial muscles at different temperatures. Only two connecting wires include, at any time, sensing (potential) and working (current) information of any dual device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toribio F Otero
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, ETSII, Center for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI), Cartagena, Spain.
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Kishi R, Hiroki K, Tominaga T, Sano KI, Okuzaki H, Martinez JG, Otero TF, Osada Y. Electro-conductive double-network hydrogels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Martínez JG, Sugino T, Asaka K, Otero TF. Electrochemistry of Carbon Nanotubes: Reactive Processes, Dual Sensing-Actuating Properties and Devices. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:2108-14. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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37
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Topham PD, Ryan AJ. Stimuli-Responsive and Motile Supramolecular Soft Materials. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470661345.smc141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Valero L, Arias-Pardilla J, Cauich-Rodríguez J, Smit M, Otero T. Characterization of the movement of polypyrrole–dodecylbenzenesulfonate–perchlorate/tape artificial muscles. Faradaic control of reactive artificial molecular motors and muscles. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Arias-Pardilla J, Plesse C, Khaldi A, Vidal F, Chevrot C, Otero T. Self-supported semi-interpenetrating polymer networks as reactive ambient sensors. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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García-Córdova F, Valero L, Ismail YA, Otero TF. Biomimetic polypyrrole based all three-in-one triple layer sensing actuators exchanging cations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13374h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Randriamahazaka H, Bonnotte T, Noël V, Martin P, Ghilane J, Asaka K, Lacroix JC. Medium Effects on the Nucleation and Growth Mechanisms during the Redox Switching Dynamics of Conducting Polymers: Case of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). J Phys Chem B 2010; 115:205-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1094432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyacinthe Randriamahazaka
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS-UMR 7086, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, and Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), AIST, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Thomas Bonnotte
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS-UMR 7086, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, and Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), AIST, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Vincent Noël
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS-UMR 7086, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, and Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), AIST, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Pascal Martin
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS-UMR 7086, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, and Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), AIST, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Jalal Ghilane
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS-UMR 7086, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, and Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), AIST, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Kinji Asaka
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS-UMR 7086, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, and Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), AIST, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Jean-Christophe Lacroix
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS-UMR 7086, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, and Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), AIST, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
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Hillman AR, Dong Q, Mohamoud MA, Efimov I. Characterization of viscoelastic properties of composite films involving polyaniline and carbon nanotubes. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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44
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Otero TF, Martinez JG. Activation energy for polypyrrole oxidation: film thickness influence. J Solid State Electrochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-010-1170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Combining electrochemistry and direct force measurements: from the control of surface properties towards applications. Colloid Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-010-2260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Sensing and tactile artificial muscles from reactive materials. SENSORS 2010; 10:2638-74. [PMID: 22319265 PMCID: PMC3274195 DOI: 10.3390/s100402638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Films of conducting polymers can be oxidized and reduced in a reversible way. Any intermediate oxidation state determines an electrochemical equilibrium. Chemical or physical variables acting on the film may modify the equilibrium potential, so that the film acts as a sensor of the variable. The working potential of polypyrrole/DBSA (Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid) films, oxidized or reduced under constant currents, changes as a function of the working conditions: electrolyte concentration, temperature or mechanical stress. During oxidation, the reactive material is a sensor of the ambient, the consumed electrical energy being the sensing magnitude. Devices based on any of the electrochemical properties of conducting polymers must act simultaneously as sensors of the working conditions. Artificial muscles, as electrochemical actuators constituted by reactive materials, respond to the ambient conditions during actuation. In this way, they can be used as actuators, sensing the surrounding conditions during actuation. Actuating and sensing signals are simultaneously included by the same two connecting wires.
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Otero TF, Caballero Romero M. Conformational energy from the oxidation kinetics of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Schulz B, Orgzall I, Díez I, Dietzel B, Tauer K. Template mediated formation of shaped polypyrrole particles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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49
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Valero L, Arias-Pardilla J, Smit M, Cauich-Rodríguez J, Otero TF. Polypyrrole free-standing electrodes sense temperature or current during reaction. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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