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Jang J, Cho HU, Hwang S, Kwak Y, Kwon H, Heien ML, Bennet KE, Oh Y, Shin H, Lee KH, Jang DP. Understanding the different effects of fouling mechanisms on working and reference electrodes in fast-scan cyclic voltammetry for neurotransmitter detection. Analyst 2024; 149:3008-3016. [PMID: 38606455 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02205f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is a widely used technique for detecting neurotransmitters. However, electrode fouling can negatively impact its accuracy and sensitivity. Fouling refers to the accumulation of unwanted materials on the electrode surface, which can alter its electrochemical properties and reduce its sensitivity and selectivity. Fouling mechanisms can be broad and may include biofouling, the accumulation of biomolecules on the electrode surface, and chemical fouling, the deposition of unwanted chemical species. Despite individual studies discussing fouling effects on either the working electrode or the reference electrode, no comprehensive study has been conducted to compare the overall fouling effects on both electrodes in the context of FSCV. Here, we examined the effects of biofouling and chemical fouling on the carbon fiber micro-electrode (CFME) as the working electrode and the Ag/AgCl reference electrode with FSCV. Both fouling mechanisms significantly decreased the sensitivity and caused peak voltage shifts in the FSCV signal with the CFME, but not with the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Interestingly, previous studies have reported peak voltage shifts in FSCV signals due to the fouling of Ag/AgCl electrodes after implantation in the brain. We noticed in a previous study that energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectra showed increased sulfide ion concentration after implantation. We hypothesized that sulfide ions may be responsible for the peak voltage shift. To test this hypothesis, we added sulfide ions to the buffer solution, which decreased the open circuit potential of the Ag/AgCl electrode and caused a peak voltage shift in the FSCV voltammograms. Also, EDS analysis showed that sulfide ion concentration increased on the surface of the Ag/AgCl electrodes after 3 weeks of chronic implantation, necessitating consideration of sulfide ions as the fouling agent for the reference electrodes. Overall, our study provides important insights into the mechanisms of electrode fouling and its impact on FSCV measurements. These findings could inform the design of FSCV experiments, with the development of new strategies for improving the accuracy and reliability of FSCV measurements in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Jang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-U Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmun Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjong Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeun Kwon
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael L Heien
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kevin E Bennet
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yoonbae Oh
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hojin Shin
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dong Pyo Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Trouillon R, Kang DK, Chang SI, O’Hare D. Neomycin, but Not Neamine, Blocks Angiogenic Factor Induced Nitric Oxide Release through Inhibition of Akt Phosphorylation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315277. [PMID: 36499606 PMCID: PMC9737909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, is a critical factor of carcinogenesis. Neomycin and neamine, two drugs blocking the nuclear translocation of angiogenin (ANG), have been proven to inhibit tumour growth in vivo. However, the high toxicity of neomycin prevents its therapeutic use, thus indicating that the less toxic neamine may be a better candidate. Endothelial cells were cultured on a biocompatible multiple microelectrode array (MMA). The release of NO evoked by ANG or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was detected electrochemically. The effects of neomycin and neamine on ANG- and VEGF-induced NO releases have been investigated. Neomycin totally blocks NO release for concentrations down to the pM range, probably through the inhibition of the Akt kinase phosphorylation, as revealed by confocal microscopy. On the other hand, both ANG- and VEGF-induced NO releases were not significantly hindered by the presence of high concentrations of neamine. The inhibition of the Akt pathway and NO release are expected to lead to a severe decrease in tissue growth and repair, thus indicating a possible cause for the toxicity of neomycin. Furthermore, the data presented here show that ANG- and VEGF-induced NO releases are not dependent on the nuclear translocation of angiogenin, as these events were not abolished by the presence of neamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Trouillon
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Dong-Ku Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Ln, London W12 7TA, UK
| | - Soo-Ik Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Danny O’Hare
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, UK
- Correspondence:
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Optimizing antimicrobial use: challenges, advances and opportunities. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:747-758. [PMID: 34158654 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An optimal antimicrobial dose provides enough drug to achieve a clinical response while minimizing toxicity and development of drug resistance. There can be considerable variability in pharmacokinetics, for example, owing to comorbidities or other medications, which affects antimicrobial pharmacodynamics and, thus, treatment success. Although current approaches to antimicrobial dose optimization address fixed variability, better methods to monitor and rapidly adjust antimicrobial dosing are required to understand and react to residual variability that occurs within and between individuals. We review current challenges to the wider implementation of antimicrobial dose optimization and highlight novel solutions, including biosensor-based, real-time therapeutic drug monitoring and computer-controlled, closed-loop control systems. Precision antimicrobial dosing promises to improve patient outcome and is important for antimicrobial stewardship and the prevention of antimicrobial resistance.
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Atakay M, Aksakal F, Bozkaya U, Salih B, Wesdemiotis C. Conformational Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Oligomers and Their Noncovalent Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:441-449. [PMID: 32031387 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly-l-lysine (PLL), polystyrenesulfonate (PSS), and a mixture of these polyelectrolytes were investigated by electrospray ionization ion mobility mass spectrometry. The IM step confirmed the formation of noncovalent (i.e., supramolecular) complexes between these polyelectrolytes, which were detected in various charge states and stoichiometries in the presence of their constituents. Experimental and theoretical collision cross sections (CCSs) were derived for both PLL and PSS oligomers as well as their noncovalent assemblies. PSS chains showed higher compactness with increasing size as compared to PLL chains, indicating that the intrinsic conformations of the polyelectrolytes depend on the nature of the functional groups on their side chains. The CCS data for the noncovalent complexes further revealed that assemblies with higher PLL content have higher CCS values than other compositions of similar mass and that PLL-PSS complex formation is accompanied by significant size contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Atakay
- Department of Chemistry , Hacettepe University , 06800 Ankara , Turkey
| | - Fatma Aksakal
- Department of Chemistry , Hacettepe University , 06800 Ankara , Turkey
| | - Uğur Bozkaya
- Department of Chemistry , Hacettepe University , 06800 Ankara , Turkey
| | - Bekir Salih
- Department of Chemistry , Hacettepe University , 06800 Ankara , Turkey
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
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5
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Harreither W, Trouillon R, Poulin P, Neri W, Ewing AG, Safina G. Cysteine residues reduce the severity of dopamine electrochemical fouling. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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Ng SR, Pang H, Chen P, Li CM, O'Hare D. A Novel Electroactive Polymer for pH-independent Oxygen Sensing. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Shen M, Colombo ML. Electrochemical nanoprobes for the chemical detection of neurotransmitters. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 7:7095-7105. [PMID: 26327927 PMCID: PMC4551492 DOI: 10.1039/c5ay00512d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters, acting as chemical messengers, play an important role in neurotransmission, which governs many functional aspects of nervous system activity. Electrochemical probes have proven a very useful technique to study neurotransmission, especially to quantify and qualify neurotransmitters. With the emerging interests in probing neurotransmission at the level of single cells, single vesicles, as well as single synapses, probes that enable detection of neurotransmitters at the nanometer scale become vitally important. Electrochemical nanoprobes have been successfully employed in nanometer spatial resolution imaging of single nanopores of Si membrane and single Au nanoparticles, providing both topographical and chemical information, thus holding great promise for nanometer spatial study of neurotransmission. Here we present the current state of electrochemical nanoprobes for chemical detection of neurotransmitters, focusing on two types of nanoelectrodes, i.e. carbon nanoelectrode and nano-ITIES pipet electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. Tel: +1 (217) 300 3587
| | - Michelle L. Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. Tel: +1 (217) 300 3587
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Vreeland RF, Atcherley CW, Russell WS, Xie JY, Lu D, Laude ND, Porreca F, Heien ML. Biocompatible PEDOT:Nafion composite electrode coatings for selective detection of neurotransmitters in vivo. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2600-7. [PMID: 25692657 DOI: 10.1021/ac502165f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A Nafion and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) containing composite polymer has been electropolymerized on carbon-fiber microelectrodes with the goal of creating a mechanically stable, robust, and controllable electrode coating that increases the selectivity and sensitivity of in vivo electrochemical measurements. The coating is deposited on carbon-fiber microelectrodes by applying a triangle waveform from +1.5 V to -0.8 V and back in a dilute solution of ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and Nafion in acetonitrile. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the coating is uniform and ∼100 nm thick. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrated that both sulfur and fluorine are present in the coating, indicating the incorporation of PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Nafion. Two types of PEDOT:Nafion coated electrodes were then analyzed electrochemically. PEDOT:Nafion-coated electrodes made using 200 μM EDOT exhibit a 10-90 response time of 0.46 ± 0.09 s versus 0.45 ± 0.11 s for an uncoated fiber in response to a 1.0 μM bolus of dopamine. The electrodes coated using a higher EDOT concentration (400 μM) are slower with a 10-90 response time of 0.84 ± 0.19 s, but display increased sensitivity to dopamine, at 46 ± 13 nA/μM, compared to 26 ± 6 nA/μM for the electrodes coated in 200 μM EDOT and 13 ± 2 nA/μM for an uncoated fiber. PEDOT:Nafion-coated electrodes were lowered into the nucleus accumbens of a rat, and both spontaneous and electrically evoked dopamine release were measured. In addition to improvements in sensitivity and selectivity, the coating dramatically reduces acute in vivo biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Vreeland
- 1306 East University Boulevard, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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9
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Abstract
Long-term stability is a key property of enzyme membranes that can be used for biosensors, bioreactors, and bio-fuel cells. This review discusses factors that decrease the stability, and provides two examples of enzyme membranes, a polyion complex membrane and a cellulose membrane, with which stability loss can be avoided. By using these materials, long-term stability was improved. These supporting materials could be applied to construct biosensors, bioreactors, and bio-fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Yabuki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
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10
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Di Carlo G, Trani A, Zane D, Ingo GM, Pasquali M, Dell'Era A, Curulli A. Influence of Different Biological Environments on Serotonin (5-HT) Electrochemical Behavior at Gold Screen Printed Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Wang J, Trouillon R, Lin Y, Svensson MI, Ewing AG. Individually addressable thin-film ultramicroelectrode array for spatial measurements of single vesicle release. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5600-8. [PMID: 23627439 DOI: 10.1021/ac4009385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film platinum ultramicroelectrode arrays (MEAs) with subcellular microelectrodes were developed for the spatial measurement of neurotransmitter release across single cells or clusters of single cells. MEAs consisting of 16, 25, and 36 square ultramicroelectrodes with respective widths of 4, 3, and 2 μm were fabricated on glass substrates by photolithography, thin-film deposition, and reactive ion etching. The electrodes in each MEA are tightly defined in a 30 μm × 30 μm square, which is potentially useful to measure exocytosis across a single cell or clusters of single cells. These MEAs have been characterized with scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry and show excellent stability and reproducibility. Culturing PC12 cells on top of the MEAs has been achieved by modifying the array with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) chamber and coating a thin layer of collagen IV on top of the electrode surface. The electrochemical response to dopamine has been characterized after coating the surface with the cell-adhering molecules and then with cells attached. Amperometric detection demonstrates that individual exocytotic events can be recorded at these arrays with spatial resolution for dynamic electrochemical measurements near 2 μm. In contrast to previous single-cell experiments, the effect of dopaminergic drugs on imaging single vesicle exocytotic release from PC12 cell clusters is presented at cell clusters incubated with the dopamine precursor and Parkinson's therapy agent, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, and at cell clusters incubated with the vesicular monoamine transport inhibitor, reserpine. The results of electrochemical imaging demonstrate that the drug effect on PC12 cell clusters is consistent with previous single-cell experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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12
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Trouillon R, Williamson ED, Saint RJ, O'Hare D. Electrochemical detection of the binding of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) to the membrane receptor on macrophages through release of nitric oxide. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 38:138-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Trouillon R, O'Hare D, Chang SI. An electrochemical functional assay for the sensing of nitric oxide release induced by angiogenic factors. BMB Rep 2011; 44:699-704. [PMID: 22118534 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.11.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a critical biological mediator involved in numerous diseases. However, the short lifetime of this molecule in biological conditions can make its study in situ complicated. Here, we review some recent results on the role of NO in angiogenesis, obtained using a biocompatible microelectrode array. This simple system allowed for the quick and easy quantification of NO released from cells grown directly on the surface of the sensor. We have used this technology to demonstrate that angiogenin induces NO release, and to partially elucidate its intracellular transduction pathway.
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Singh YS, Sawarynski LE, Dabiri PD, Choi WR, Andrews AM. Head-to-head comparisons of carbon fiber microelectrode coatings for sensitive and selective neurotransmitter detection by voltammetry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6658-66. [PMID: 21770471 DOI: 10.1021/ac2011729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Voltammetry is widely used to investigate neurotransmission and other biological processes but is limited by poor chemical selectivity and fouling of commonly used carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMs). We performed direct comparisons of three key coating materials purported to impart selectivity and fouling resistance to electrodes: Nafion, base-hydrolyzed cellulose acetate (BCA), and fibronectin. We systematically evaluated the impact on a range of electrode parameters. Fouling due to exposure to brain tissue was investigated using an approach that minimizes the use of animals while enabling evaluation of statistically significant populations of electrodes. We find that BCA is relatively fouling-resistant. Moreover, detection at BCA-coated CFMs can be tuned by altering hydrolysis times to minimize the impact on sensitivity losses while maintaining fouling resistance. Fibronectin coating is associated with moderate losses in sensitivity after coating and fouling. Nafion imparts increased sensitivity for dopamine and norepinephrine but not serotonin, as well as the anticipated selectivity for cationic neurotransmitters over anionic metabolites. Although Nafion has been suggested to resist fouling, both dip-coating and electrodeposition of Nafion are associated with substantial fouling, similar to levels observed at bare electrodes after exposure to brain tissue. Direct comparisons of these coatings identified unique electroanalytical properties of each that can be used to guide selection tailored to the goals and environment of specific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh S Singh
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Patel BA. Electroanalytical approaches to study signaling mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:595-605. [PMID: 21481101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electroanalytical techniques over the past few years have been applied to study real-time release of various signaling molecules in the GI tract. These approaches have become highly attractive as they provide dynamic spatial information on the amount of signaling molecules released. Although these approaches are relatively new to the field, the studies to date have provided useful insights into the alterations in signaling mechanisms during maturation, obesity and in a model of colitis. New methods and techniques have also allowed the possibility to obtain information on the signaling process and future developments will provide a wide diverse array of information that will be of benefit to all researchers in the field of gastroenterology. This review focuses on the types of techniques utilized, the information they can provide, their potential advantages and disadvantages in monitoring signaling processes in the gastrointestinal tract, the existing scientific studies that have utilized electroanalytical methods to date and the future potential impact of such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Patel
- Centre for Biomedical and Health Sciences Research, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.
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Trouillon R, O'Hare D, Einaga Y. Effect of the doping level on the biological stability of hydrogenated boron doped diamond electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5422-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02420a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Trouillon R, Kang DK, Chang SI, O'Hare D. Angiogenin induces nitric oxide release independently from its RNase activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:3421-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04527f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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YABUKI S. Polyelectrolyte Complex Membranes for Immobilizing Biomolecules, and Their Applications to Bio-analysis. ANAL SCI 2011; 27:695. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.27.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soichi YABUKI
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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Trouillon R, Cheung C, Patel BA, O'Hare D. Electrochemical study of the intracellular transduction of vascular endothelial growth factor induced nitric oxide synthase activity using a multi-channel biocompatible microelectrode array. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:929-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Trouillon R, O’Hare D. Comparison of glassy carbon and boron doped diamond electrodes: Resistance to biofouling. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Trouillon R, Kang DK, Park H, Chang SI, O’Hare D. Angiogenin Induces Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Endothelial Cells through PI-3 and Akt Kinases. Biochemistry 2010; 49:3282-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bi902122w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Trouillon
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dong-Ku Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Ik Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Danny O’Hare
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Comparative study of the effect of various electrode membranes on biofouling and electrochemical measurements. Electrochem commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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