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Abstract
Twenty years ago, I wrote a Chem. Commun. feature article entitled "Crystal Engineering: where from? Where to?": an update is in order. In this Highlight I argue that molecular crystal engineering, one of the areas of fast development of the field, has definitely reached the stage of "delivering the goods": new functional materials assembled via non-covalent interactions and/or improved properties of existing materials. As a proof of concept, the crystal engineering approach to tackle two contemporary emergencies, namely, urea fertilizer degradation and development of antimicrobial resistance by pathogens, is discussed and application-driven examples are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Braga
- Chemistry Department G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 4016 Bologna, Italy.
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2
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Martinez V, Stolar T, Karadeniz B, Brekalo I, Užarević K. Advancing mechanochemical synthesis by combining milling with different energy sources. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 7:51-65. [PMID: 37117822 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its efficiency and unique reactivity, mechanochemical processing of bulk solids has developed into a powerful tool for the synthesis and transformation of various classes of materials. Nevertheless, mechanochemistry is primarily based on simple techniques, such as milling in comminution devices. Recently, mechanochemical reactivity has started being combined with other energy sources commonly used in solution-based chemistry. Milling under controlled temperature, light irradiation, sound agitation or electrical impulses in newly developed experimental setups has led to reactions not achievable by conventional mechanochemical processing. This Perspective describes these unique reactivities and the advances in equipment tailored to synthetic mechanochemistry. These techniques - thermo-mechanochemistry, sono-mechanochemistry, electro-mechanochemistry and photo-mechanochemistry - represent a notable advance in modern mechanochemistry and herald a new level of solid-state reactivity: mechanochemistry 2.0.
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3
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Stroh J, Feiler T, Zafar Ali N, Minas da Piedade ME, Emmerling F. Mechanistic Insights into a Sustainable Mechanochemical Synthesis of Ettringite. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1012-1019. [PMID: 31367509 PMCID: PMC6652108 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemistry offers an environmentally benign and facile synthesis method for a variety of cement paste constituents. In addition, these methods can be used to selectively tune the properties of cement components. The mineral ettringite is an important component of cementitious materials and has additional technological potential due to its ion exchange properties. Synthesis of ettringite via mechanochemistry is an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional wet-chemical synthesis established in industry. This contribution explores the mechanism of a two-step mechanochemical synthesis of ettringite, which was previously found to greatly improve the reaction conversion as compared with one-pot synthesis. The crystallinity of Al(OH)3 was found to decrease during the first stage of this mechanochemical synthesis. This was correlated to a significant decrease in the particle size of Al(OH)3 in this stage. No other significant changes were found for the other components, suggesting that mechanochemical activation of Al(OH)3 is responsible for the enhanced formation of ettringite by the two-step approach. The environmentally friendly approach developed for ettringite synthesis offers a versatile synthetic strategy, which can be applied to synthesise further cementitious materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stroh
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Torvid Feiler
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Naveed Zafar Ali
- National Center for PhysicsQuaid-i-Azam University CampusIslamabadPakistan
| | - Manuel E. Minas da Piedade
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de Lisboa1749-016LisboaPortugal
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
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4
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Stroh J, Ali NZ, Maierhofer C, Emmerling F. Ettringite via Mechanochemistry: A Green and Rapid Approach for Industrial Application. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:7734-7737. [PMID: 31459862 PMCID: PMC6649167 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report on a first mechanochemical synthesis of ettringite, an important cement hydrate phase. The mineral compound ettringite ([Ca3Al(OH)6]2·(SO4)3·26H2O) occurs rarely in nature, but is common for cement-based materials. Ettringite has wide technical application in the ceramic and paper industry. However, its typical wet-chemical synthesis is cumbersome and produces waste water and CO2 emissions. Here, we investigate the first mechanochemical synthesis of ettringite for developing an easy and sustainable alternative for industrial application. The mechanosynthesis was monitored in situ by coupled synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared thermography (IRT). The consumption of the reactants and the formation of the reaction product were monitored with time-resolved XRD. IRT showed the temperature increase based on the exothermic reaction. The reaction conversion was significantly improved changing the strategy of the mechanosynthesis from a one- to a two-step process. The latter included neat pregrinding of solid reactants followed by a delayed addition of the stoichiometric amount of water. Thus, an increase of reaction conversion from 34 to 94% of ettringite could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stroh
- E-mail: . Phone: +49 (0) 30 8104 5849 (J.S.)
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5
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Bose A, Mal P. Mechanochemistry of supramolecules. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:881-900. [PMID: 31019581 PMCID: PMC6466741 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The urge to use alternative energy sources has gained significant attention in the eye of chemists in recent years. Solution-based traditional syntheses are extremely useful, although they are often associated with certain disadvantages like generation of waste as by-products, use of large quantities of solvents which causes environmental hazard, etc. Contrastingly, achieving syntheses through mechanochemical methods are generally time-saving, environmentally friendly and more economical. This review is written to shed some light on supramolecular chemistry and the synthesis of various supramolecules through mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anima Bose
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Prasenjit Mal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha 752050, India
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6
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Ortega G, Briceño A. Template-stereocontrolled [2 + 2] photoreactions directed by surface recognition on hydrophilic functionalized carbon materials. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01090g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular assistance either in solution or in the solid state to the regioselective synthesis of single photodimers from [2 + 2] photoreactions surface-directed by multivalent H-bonding exo-templates based on hydrophilic carbon nanomaterials is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ortega
- Laboratorio de Síntesis y Caracterización de Nuevos Materiales
- Centro de Química
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas
- San Antonio de Los Altos
- Venezuela
| | - Alexander Briceño
- Laboratorio de Síntesis y Caracterización de Nuevos Materiales
- Centro de Química
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas
- San Antonio de Los Altos
- Venezuela
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7
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Fan Q, Duan X, Yan H. Solid state [2 + 2] photocycloaddition for constructing dimers of N,N′-diacyl-1,4-dihydropyrazines based on thiourea-induced assembly. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01996c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unprecedented photoadducts were obtained through solid state [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of 1,4-dihydropyrazines, assembled using thiourea as a template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangwen Fan
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Chaoyang District
- China
| | - Xiaowei Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Centaurus Biopharma Technology Co., Ltd
- Haidian District
- China
| | - Hong Yan
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Chaoyang District
- China
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8
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Zhang YJ, Chen C, Cai LX, Yang XD, Zhang J. A Dual Photochemically Active Molecule Showing Distributable Reactivity Based on Anion-Assisted Coordination Assembly. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:10529-10534. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure
of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory
of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure
of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Li-Xuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory
of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure
of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of
Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure
of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of
Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
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9
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Grobelny AL, Verdu FA, Groeneman RH. Solvent-free synthesis and purification of a photoproduct via sublimation of a tetrahalogenated template. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00954b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Sinnwell MA, MacGillivray LR. Halogen‐Bond‐Templated [2+2] Photodimerization in the Solid State: Directed Synthesis and Rare Self‐Inclusion of a Halogenated Product. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Sinnwell
- Department of Chemistry University of Iowa E555 Chemistry Building Iowa City IA 52242 USA
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11
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Sinnwell MA, MacGillivray LR. Halogen‐Bond‐Templated [2+2] Photodimerization in the Solid State: Directed Synthesis and Rare Self‐Inclusion of a Halogenated Product. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3477-80. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Sinnwell
- Department of Chemistry University of Iowa E555 Chemistry Building Iowa City IA 52242 USA
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12
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Zhang YJ, Chen C, Tan B, Cai LX, Yang XD, Zhang J. A dual-stimuli responsive small molecule organic material with tunable multi-state response showing turn-on luminescence and photocoloration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2835-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09799a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A multiple responsive organic small molecular material has been developed, which exhibits dual pathway photoreactions and gives turn-on luminescence and photocoloration under different light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- CAS
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- CAS
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Bin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- CAS
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Xuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- CAS
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- CAS
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- CAS
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
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13
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Laird RC, Sinnwell MA, Nguyen NP, Swenson DC, Mariappan SVS, MacGillivray LR. Intramolecular [2 + 2] Photodimerization Achieved in the Solid State via Coordination-Driven Self-Assembly. Org Lett 2015; 17:3233-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Laird
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Michael A. Sinnwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Nam P. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Dale C. Swenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
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14
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1,5-(4,4'-Dipyridyl)naphthalene. MOLBANK 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/m845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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15
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Briceño A, Leal D, Díaz de Delgado G. A novel example of double reactivity by either photochemical [2+2] or thermal additions of an ionic organic supramolecular assembly. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00678c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An example of double reactivity in the solid state was achieved from an ionic array directed by charge-assisted hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Briceño
- Laboratorio de Síntesis y Caracterización de Nuevos Materiales
- Centro de Química
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)
- Apartado 21827
- Venezuela
| | - Dayana Leal
- Laboratorio de Síntesis y Caracterización de Nuevos Materiales
- Centro de Química
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)
- Apartado 21827
- Venezuela
| | - Graciela Díaz de Delgado
- Universidad de Los Andes (ULA)
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Departamento de Química
- Laboratorio de Cristalografía
- Mérida 5251
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16
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Kumari H, Deakyne CA, Atwood JL. Solution structures of nanoassemblies based on pyrogallol[4]arenes. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:3080-8. [PMID: 25198830 DOI: 10.1021/ar500222w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoassemblies of hydrogen-bonded and metal-seamed pyrogallol[4]arenes have been shown to possess novel solution-phase geometries. Further, we have demonstrated that both guest encapsulation and structural rearrangements may be studied by solution-phase techniques such as small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and diffusion NMR. Application of these techniques to pyrogallol[4]arene-based nanoassemblies has allowed (1) differentiation among spherical, ellipsoidal, toroidal, and tubular structures in solution, (2) determination of factors that control the preferred geometrical shape and size of the nanoassemblies, and (3) detection of small variations in metric dimensions distinguishing similarly and differently shaped nanoassemblies in a given solution. Indeed, we have shown that the solution-phase structure of such nanoassemblies is often quite different from what one would predict based on solid-state studies, a result in disagreement with the frequently made assumption that these assemblies have similar structures in the two phases. We instead have predicted solid-state architectures from solution-phase structures by combining the solution-phase analysis with solid-state magnetic and elemental analyses. Specifically, the iron-seamed C-methylpyrogallol[4]arene nanoassembly was found to be tubular in solution and predicted to be tubular in the solid state, but it was found to undergo a rearrangement from a tubular to spherical geometry in solution as a function of base concentration. The absence of metal within a tubular framework affects its stability in both solution and the solid state; however, this instability is not necessarily characteristic of hydrogen-bonded capsular entities. Even metal seaming of the capsules does not guarantee similar solid-state and solution-phase architectures. The rugby ball-shaped gallium-seamed C-butylpyrogallol[4]arene hexamer becomes toroidal on dissolution, as does the spherically shaped gallium/zinc-seamed C-butylpyrogallol[4]arene hexamer. However, the arenes are arranged differently in the two toroids, a variation that accounts for the differences in their sizes and guest encapsulation. Guest encapsulation of biotemplates, such as insulin, has demonstrated the feasibility of synthesizing nanocapsules with a volume three times that of a hexamer. The solution-phase studies have also demonstrated that the self-assembly of dimers versus hexamers can be controlled by the choice of metal, solvent, and temperature. Controlling the size of the host, nature of the metal, and identity of the guest will allow construction of targeted host-guest assemblies having potential uses as drug delivery agents, nanoscale reaction vessels, and radioimaging/radiotherapy agents. Overall, the present series of solid- and solution-phase studies has begun to pave the way toward a more complete understanding of the properties and behavior of complex supramolecular nanoassemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Kumari
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri—Columbia, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7600, United States
| | - Carol A. Deakyne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri—Columbia, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7600, United States
| | - Jerry L. Atwood
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri—Columbia, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7600, United States
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Stojaković J, Farris BS, MacGillivray LR. Liquid-assisted vortex grinding supports the single-step solid-state construction of a [2.2]paracyclophane. Faraday Discuss 2014; 170:35-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00006d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We employ vortex grinding to generate a [2.2]paracyclophane in the organic solid state. The vortex grinding is aided with the addition of a small amount of liquid phase to facilitate topochemical [2 + 2] photodimerizations that generate the cyclophane stereoselectively and in up to quantitative yield. The use of the liquid phase increases the scope of the vortex method.
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18
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Wood PA, Feeder N, Furlow M, Galek PTA, Groom CR, Pidcock E. Knowledge-based approaches to co-crystal design. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Lee B, Kang P, Lee KH, Cho J, Nam W, Lee WK, Hur NH. Solid-state and solvent-free synthesis of azines, pyrazoles, and pyridazinones using solid hydrazine. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Bhattacharya S, Stojaković J, Saha BK, MacGillivray LR. A Product of a Templated Solid-State Photodimerization Acts as a Template: Single-Crystal Reactivity in a Single Polymorph of a Cocrystal. Org Lett 2013; 15:744-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol303283s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India, and Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, 305 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jelena Stojaković
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India, and Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, 305 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Binoy K. Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India, and Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, 305 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Leonard R. MacGillivray
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India, and Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, 305 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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21
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Lee B, Lee KH, Lim BW, Cho J, Nam W, Hur NH. Direct Synthesis of IminesviaSolid State Reactions of Carbamates with Aldehydes. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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Briceño A, Leal D, Ortega G, Delgado GDD, Ocando E, Cubillan L. Self-assembly, concomitant photochemical processes, and improvement of the yield of [2 + 2] photoreactions from supramolecular arrays via mechanochemical assistance. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce26752k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Štrukil V, Igrc MD, Eckert‐Maksić M, Friščić T. Click Mechanochemistry: Quantitative Synthesis of “Ready to Use” Chiral Organocatalysts by Efficient Two‐Fold Thiourea Coupling to Vicinal Diamines. Chemistry 2012; 18:8464-73. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vjekoslav Štrukil
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR‐10002 Zagreb (Croatia)
| | - Marina D. Igrc
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR‐10002 Zagreb (Croatia)
| | - Mirjana Eckert‐Maksić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR‐10002 Zagreb (Croatia)
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St., H3A 2K6 Montréal, Québec (Canada), Fax: (+1) 514‐398‐3757
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Friščić T. Supramolecular concepts and new techniques in mechanochemistry: cocrystals, cages, rotaxanes, open metal-organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:3493-510. [PMID: 22371100 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15332g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions effected by milling or grinding are an attractive means to conduct chemical reactions dependent on molecular recognition and to systematically explore different modes of molecular self-assembly. The natural relationship between milling mechanochemistry and supramolecular chemistry arises primarily from the ability to avoid bulk solvent, which simultaneously avoids limitations of solution-based chemistry, such as solubility, solvent complexation, or solvolysis, and makes the resulting process highly environmentally friendly. This tutorial review highlights the use of mechanochemistry for the synthesis of supramolecular targets in the solid state, such as molecular hydrogen- or halogen-bonded complexes, molecular and supramolecular cages, open frameworks and interlocked architectures. It is also demonstrated that the molecular self-assembly phenomena that are well-established in solution chemistry, such as reversible binding through covalent or non-covalent bonds, thermodynamic equilibration and structure templating, are also accessible in milling mechanochemistry through recently developed highly efficient methodologies such as liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) or ion- and liquid-assisted grinding (ILAG). Also highlighted are the new opportunities arising from the marriage of concepts of supramolecular and mechanochemical synthesis, including organocatalysis, deracemisation and discovery of new molecular recognition motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, H3A 2K6 Montreal, Canada.
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Stojaković J, Farris BS, MacGillivray LR. Vortex grinding for mechanochemistry: application for automated supramolecular catalysis and preparation of a metal–organic framework. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:7958-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33227b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Galcera J, Friščić T, Hejczyk KE, Fábián L, Clarke SM, Day GM, Molins E, Jones W. Isostructural organic binary-host frameworks with tuneable and diversely decorated inclusion cavities. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25550b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lee B, Lee KH, Cho J, Nam W, Hur NH. Synthesis of azines in solid state: reactivity of solid hydrazine with aldehydes and ketones. Org Lett 2011; 13:6386-9. [PMID: 22091973 DOI: 10.1021/ol202593g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Highly conjugated azines were prepared by solid state grinding of solid hydrazine and carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes and ketones, using a mortar and a pestle. Complete conversion to the azine product is generally achieved at room temperature within 24 h, without using solvents or additives. The solid-state reactions afford azines as the sole products with greater than 97% yield, producing only water and carbon dioxide as waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongno Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
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28
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Santra R, Biradha K. Solid state double [2 + 2] photochemical reactions in the co-crystal forms of 1,5-bis(4-pyridyl)-1,4-pentadiene-3-one: establishing mechanism using single crystal X-ray, UV and 1H NMR. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ce00612b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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29
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Lusi M, Atwood JL, MacGillivray LR, Barbour LJ. Isostructural coordination polymers: epitaxis vs. solid solution. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ce05164d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cinčić D, Kaitner B. Schiff base derived from 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde and liquid-assisted mechanochemical synthesis of its isostructural Cu(ii) and Co(ii) complexes. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ce00421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stein I, Ruschewitz U. Mechanochemical Synthesis of New Coordination Polymers with Acetylenedicarboxylate as Bridging Ligand. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200900368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kole GK, Koh LL, Lee SY, Lee SS, Vittal JJ. A new ligand for metal–organic framework and co-crystal synthesis: mechanochemical route to rctt-1,2,3,4-tetrakis-(4′-carboxyphenyl)-cyclobutane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:3660-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00012d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Strobridge FC, Judaš N, Friščić T. A stepwise mechanism and the role of water in the liquid-assisted grinding synthesis of metal–organic materials. CrystEngComm 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c003521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rieth S, Bao X, Wang BY, Hadad CM, Badjić JD. Gated Molecular Recognition and Dynamic Discrimination of Guests. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 132:773-6. [PMID: 20038142 DOI: 10.1021/ja908436c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Rieth
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Bao-Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Christopher M. Hadad
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jovica D. Badjić
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Kole GK, Tan GK, Vittal JJ. Anion-Controlled Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclobutane Derivatives by Solid-State [2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction of the Salts of trans-3-(4-Pyridyl) Acrylic Acid. Org Lett 2009; 12:128-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ol9025233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Kumar Kole
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Geok Kheng Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Jagadese J. Vittal
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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37
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Avendaño C, Briceño A. Concomitant [2 + 2] cycloaddition solid state reactions from co-crystals self-assembled via mechanochemistry. CrystEngComm 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b820463b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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