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Tang S, Wang X. Spin Frustration in Organic Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202310147. [PMID: 37767854 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Spin frustration, which results from geometric frustration and a systematical inability to satisfy all antiferromagnetic (AF) interactions between unpaired spins simultaneously, is under the spotlight for its importance in physics and materials science. Spin frustration is treated as the structural basis of quantum spin liquids (QSLs). Featuring flexible chemical structures, organic radical species exhibit great potential in building spin-frustrated molecules and lattices. So far, the reported examples of spin-frustrated organic radical compounds include triradicals, tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) radicals and derivatives, [Pd(dmit)2 ] compounds (dmit=1,3-dithiol-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate), nitronyl nitroxides, fullerenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other heterocyclic compounds where the spin frustration is generated intra- or intermolecularly. In this Minireview, we provide a brief summary of the reported radical compounds that possess spin frustration. The related data, including magnetic exchange coupling parameters, spin models, frustration parameters, and crystal lattices, are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Tang
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing, 100013, P. R. China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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Konarev DV. Radical anion and coordination compounds of polyconjugated molecules:potential organic materials with unusual magnetic, conducting and optical properties. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Konarev DV, Kuzmin AV, Khasanov SS, Ishikawa M, Otsuka A, Yamochi H, Saito G, Lyubovskaya RN. Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of the Fullerene C60 Salt of Crystal Violet, (CV(+) )(C60 (.-) )⋅0.5 C6 H4 Cl2 , which Contained Closely Packed Zigzagged C60 (.-) Chains. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:1705-10. [PMID: 27062654 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of fullerene C60 by zinc dust in the presence of crystal violet cations (CV(+) ) yielded a deep-blue solution, from which crystals of (CV(+) )(C60 (.-) )⋅0.5 C6 H4 Cl2 (1) were obtained by slow mixing with n-hexane. The salt contained isolated, closely packed zigzagged chains that were composed of C60 (.-) radical anions with a uniform interfullerene center-to-center distance of 9.98 Å. In spite of the close proximity of the fullerenes, they did not dimerize, owing to spatial separation by the phenyl substituents of CV(+) . The room-temperature conductivity of compound 1 was 3×10(-2) S cm(-1) along the fullerene chains. The salt exhibited semiconducting behavior, with an activation energy of Ea =167 meV. Spins localized on C60 (.-) were antiferromagnetically coupled within the fullerene chains, with a Weiss temperature of -19 K without long-range magnetic ordering down to 1.9 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Konarev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia.
| | - Alexey V Kuzmin
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
| | - Salavat S Khasanov
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
| | - Manabu Ishikawa
- Research Center for Low Temperature and Materials Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiro Otsuka
- Research Center for Low Temperature and Materials Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamochi
- Research Center for Low Temperature and Materials Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Gunzi Saito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan.,Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute, 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Rimma N Lyubovskaya
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
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Konarev DV, Khasanov SS, Otsuka A, Maesato M, Uruichi M, Yakushi K, Shevchun AF, Yamochi H, Saito G, Lyubovskaya RN. Metallic and Mott insulating spin-frustrated antiferromagnetic states in ionic fullerene complexes with a two-dimensional hexagonal C60·- packing motif. Chemistry 2014; 20:7268-77. [PMID: 24838699 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
(MDABCO(+))(C60(·-))(TPC) (1), in which MDABCO(+) is N-methyldiazabicyclooctanium, TPC is triptycene, and both have threefold symmetry, is a rare example of a fullerene-based quasi-2D metal and contains closely packed hexagonal fullerene layers with interfullerene center-to-center distances of 10.07 Å at 300 K. Evidence for the metallic nature of 1 was obtained by optical and microwave conductivity measurements on single crystals. The metal is characterized by a nontypical Drude response and relatively large optical mass (m*/m0 =6.7). The latter indicates a narrow-band nature, which is consistent with the calculated bandwidth of 0.10-0.15 eV. The coexistence of metallic and antiferromagnetic nonmetallic 2D layers was observed in 1 above 200-230 K. It was assumed that the nonmetallic layers undergo a transition to the metallic state below 200 K due to ordering of the fullerene and cationic sublattices. New layered complex (MQ(+))(C60(·-))(TPC) (2) with a hexagonal arrangement of C60(·-) was obtained by increasing the interfullerene distance with the bulkier N-methylquinuclidinium cations (MQ(+)) having threefold symmetry. The structure of 2 is characterized by increased interfullerene center-to-center distances in the layers (10.124, 10.155, and 10.177 Å at 250 K). Unit-cell doubling parallel to the 2D layer (along the b axis) was observed at low temperatures. In contrast to metallic 1, 2 exhibits a nonmetallic spin-frustrated state with an antiferromagnetic interaction of spins (the Weiss temperature is -27 K) and no magnetic ordering down to 1.9 K. It was supposed that the expanded interfullerene distances in the triangular arrangement decrease the bandwidth and suppress metallic conductivity in 2, and thus a Mott-Hubbard insulating state with antiferromagnetically frustrated spins results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Konarev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432 (Russia).
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Konarev DV, Khasanov SS, Otsuka A, Yamochi H, Saito G, Lyubovskaya RN. Strong antiferromagnetic coupling of spins in the (MDABCO+)(C60·-) salt with 3D close packing of the C60·- radical anions (MDABCO+: N-methyldiazabicyclooctanium cation). Chem Asian J 2014; 9:1629-35. [PMID: 24771722 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new salt, (MDABCO(+))(C60(·-)) (1; MDABCO(+) = N-methyldiazabicyclooctanium cation), was obtained as single crystals. The crystal structure of 1 determined at 250 and 100 K showed 3D close packing of fullerenes with eight fullerene neighbors for each C60(·-). These neighbors are located at 10.01-10.11 Å center-to-center distances (250 K) and van der Waals interfullerene C⋅⋅⋅C contacts are formed with four fullerene neighbors arranged in the bc plane. Fullerene ordering observed below 160 K is accompanied by the appearance of one and a half independent C60(·-) and trebling of the unit cell along the b axis. Fullerenes are packed closer to each other at 100 K. As a result, fullerenes are located in the three-dimensional packing at 9.91-10.12 Å center-to-center distances and 18 short interfullerene C⋅⋅⋅C contacts are formed for each C60(·-). Although they are closed packed, fullerenes are not dimerized down to 1.9 K. Magnetic data indicate strong antiferromagnetic coupling of spins in the 70-300 K range with a Weiss temperature of Θ = -118 K. Magnetic susceptibility shows a round maximum at 46 K. Such behavior can be described well by the Heisenberg model for square two-dimensional antiferromagnetic coupling of spins with an exchange interaction of J/kB = -25.3 K. This magnetic coupling is one of the strongest observed for C60(·-) salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Konarev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432 (Russia), Fax: (+7) 49652-21852.
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Konarev DV, Zorina LV, Khasanov SS, Litvinov AL, Otsuka A, Yamochi H, Saito G, Lyubovskaya RN. Molecular structure, optical and magnetic properties of metal-free phthalocyanine radical anions in crystalline salts (H2Pc˙−)(cryptand[2,2,2][Na+])·1.5C6H4Cl2 and (H2Pc˙−)(TOA+)·C6H4Cl2 (TOA+ is tetraoctylammonium cation). Dalton Trans 2013; 42:6810-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50245g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Konarev DV, Kuzmin AV, Simonov SV, Yudanova EI, Khasanov SS, Saito G, Lyubovskaya RN. Experimental observation of C60 LUMO splitting in the C602− dianions due to the Jahn–Teller effect. Comparison with the C60˙− radical anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:9136-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44359k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Konarev DV, Khasanov SS, Otsuka A, Yamochi H, Saito G, Lyubovskaya RN. Effect of the Cooling Rate on Dimerization of C60•– in Fullerene Salt (DMI+)2·(C60•–)·{Cd(Et2NCS2)2I–}. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:3420-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201732t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V. Konarev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow region,
142432 Russia
| | - Salavat S. Khasanov
- Institute of Solid State Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432
Russia
| | - Akihiro Otsuka
- Research Center for
Low Temperature
and Materials Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
| | - Hideki Yamochi
- Research Center for
Low Temperature
and Materials Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
| | - Gunzi Saito
- Research Institute, Meijo University,
1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku,
Nagoya, 468-8502 Japan
| | - Rimma N. Lyubovskaya
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow region,
142432 Russia
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Hong J, Shores MP, Elliott CM. Establishment of Structure-Conductivity Relationship for Tris(2,2′-bipyridine) Ruthenium Ionic C60 Salts. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:11378-85. [DOI: 10.1021/ic1013126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Matthew P. Shores
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - C. Michael Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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