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Gan W, Huang B, Cui C, Hansen K, Luo Z. Weak Interactions Initiate C-H and C-C Bond Dissociation of Ethane on Nb n + Clusters. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200530. [PMID: 36807961 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of ethane into value-added chemicals under ambient conditions has attracted much attention but the mechanisms remain not fully understood. Here we report a study on the reaction of ethane with thermalized Nbn + clusters based on a multiple-ion laminar flow tube reactor combined with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MIFT-TQMS). It is found that ethane reacts with Nbn + clusters to form both products of dehydrogenation and methane-removal (odd-carbon products). Combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we studied the reaction mechanisms of the C-C bond activation and C-H bond cleavage on the Nbn + clusters. It is unveiled that hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) initiates the reaction process, giving rise to the formation of Nb-C bonds and an elongated C-C distance in the HNbn + CH2 CH3 motif. Subsequent reactions allow for C-C bond activation and a competitive HAT process which is associated with CH4 removal or H2 release, resulting in the production of the observed carbides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of, Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Benben Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of, Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of, Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Klavs Hansen
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of, Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Hardy RA, Karayilan AM, Metha GF. Using Photoionization Efficiency Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory to Investigate Charge Transfer Interactions in AuCe3On Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5812-5823. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Aidan M. Karayilan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Gregory F. Metha
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Hardy RA, Karayilan AM, Metha GF. Investigating Charge Transfer Interactions in AuCe2On Clusters Using Photoionization Efficiency Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10158-10168. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Aidan M. Karayilan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Gregory F. Metha
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Chernyy V, Logemann R, Bakker JM, Kirilyuk A. Determination of the geometric structure of neutral niobium carbide clusters via infrared spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:164305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4965917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V. Chernyy
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R. Logemann
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. M. Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Kirilyuk
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hudson RJ, Falcinella A, Metha GF. Molecular geometries and relative stabilities of titanium oxide and gold-titanium oxide clusters. Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Blumling DE, Sayres SG, Castleman AW. Strong-Field Ionization and Dissociation Studies on Small Early Transition Metal Carbide Clusters via Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5038-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jp200506r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Blumling
- Departments of Chemistry and §Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Scott G. Sayres
- Departments of Chemistry and §Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Departments of Chemistry and §Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Dryza V, Alvino JF, Metha GF. Onset of Carbon−Carbon Bonding in Ta5Cy(y= 0−6) Clusters: A Threshold Photoionization and Density Functional Theory Study. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:4080-5. [PMID: 20192196 DOI: 10.1021/jp100118r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoras Dryza
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jason F. Alvino
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Gregory F. Metha
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Clayborne PA, Jones CE, Gupta U, Melko JJ, Khanna SN, Castleman AW. Structural evolution of triniobium carbide clusters: evidence of large Cn chains (n = 3-4) in Nb3Cn- (n = 5-10) clusters. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:1290-7. [PMID: 19673506 DOI: 10.1021/jp905022p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
First-principle density functional calculations and photoelectron spectroscopy experiments show that triniobium carbide clusters exist in multiple motifs. The Nb(3)C(n)(-) (n = 5-10) series have isomers surrounding a triangular Nb(3) base while incorporating Nb-C bonding. We provide evidence of not only C(2) carbon chains but also stable isomers with previously unidentified C(3) and C(4) carbon chains in triniobium carbide clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peneé A Clayborne
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, USA
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Dryza V, Metha GF. Threshold photoionization and density functional theory studies of bimetallic-carbide nanocrystals and fragments: Ta3ZrC(y) (y = 0-4). J Chem Phys 2009; 130:244301. [PMID: 19566147 DOI: 10.1063/1.3154384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas-phase bimetallic tantalum-zirconium-carbide clusters are generated using a constructed double ablation cluster source. The Ta(3)ZrC(y) (y = 0-4) clusters are examined by photoionization efficiency spectroscopy to extract experimental ionization energies (IEs). The IE trend for the Ta(3)ZrC(y) cluster series is reasonably similar to that of the Ta(4)C(y) cluster series [V. Dryza et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 109, 11180 (2005)], although the IE reductions upon carbon addition are greater for the former. Complementary density functional theory calculations are performed for the various isomers constructed by attaching carbon atoms to the different faces of the tetrahedral Ta(3)Zr cluster. The good agreement between the experimental IE trend and that calculated for these isomers support a 2x2x2 face centered cubic nanocrystal structure for Ta(4)ZrC(4) and nanocrystal fragment structures for the smaller clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dryza
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Addicoat MA, Metha GF. Excited states of Nb3N2 and Nb3C2: Density functional theory, CASSCF, and MRCI studies. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:164308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3122542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Gentleman AS, Addicoat MA, Dryza V, Gascooke JR, Buntine MA, Metha GF. Photoionization efficiency spectroscopy and density functional theory investigations of RhHo2On (n=0–2) clusters. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:164311. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3120442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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