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Sakata Y, Nakamura R, Hibi T, Akine S. Speed Tuning of the Formation/Dissociation of a Metallorotaxane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217048. [PMID: 36628483 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Switching between the formation/dissociation of rotaxanes is important to control the function of various types of rotaxane-based materials. We have developed a convenient and simple strategy, the so-called "accelerator addition", to make a static rotaxane dynamic without apparently affecting the chemical structure. As an interlocked molecule that enables tuning of the formation/dissociation speed, a metallorotaxane was quantitatively generated by the complexation of a triptycene-based dumbbell-shaped mononuclear complex, [PdL2 ]2+ (L=2,3-diaminotriptycene), with 27C9. As a result of the inertness of the Pd2+ -based coordination structure, the metallorotaxane was slowly formed (the static state). This rotaxane formation was accelerated 27 times simply by adding Br- as an accelerator (the dynamic state). A similar drastic acceleration was also demonstrated during the dissociation process when Cs+ was added to the metallorotaxane to form the free axle [PdL2 ]2+ and the 27C9-Cs+ complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Sakata
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakamura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Hibi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Akine
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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Bej S, Nandi M, Ghosh P. Development of fluorophoric [2]pseudorotaxanes and [2]rotaxane: selective sensing of Zn(II). Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7284-7293. [PMID: 36052954 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01210c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluorophoric [2]pseudorotaxanes {NiPR1(ClO4)2-NiPR3(ClO4)2} are synthesized by utilizing newly designed fluorophoric bidentate ligands (L1-L3) and a heteroditopic naphthalene containing macrocycle (NaphMC) with high yields via Ni(II) templation and π-π stacking interactions. Subsequently, a fluorophoric [2]rotaxane (NAPRTX) is established through a Cu(I) catalysed click reaction between an azide terminated pseudorotaxane, {NiPR4(ClO4)2}, which contains the newly designed fluorophoric ligand L4, and alkyne terminated bulky stopper units. All these fluorophoric [2]pseudorotaxanes and the [2]rotaxane were characterized using numerous techniques such as mass spectrometry, NMR, UV/Vis, PL, and elemental analysis, wherever applicable. Furthermore, to investigate the effect of the fluorophoric moieties, the coordinating ability of chelating units, and size and shape of the three dimensional cavity generated by the mechanical bond in the interlocked [2]rotaxane (NAPRTX), we have performed a sensing study of various metal ions. Thus, the interlocked [2]rotaxane is found to have potential as a selective fluorescent sensor for Zn(II) metal ions over other transition, alkali and alkaline earth metal ions, where the 2,2'-bipyridyl arylvinylene moiety of the axle acts as a fluorescence signalling unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Bej
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Mandira Nandi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Da Silva Rodrigues R, Marshall DL, McMurtrie JC, Mullen KM. Dynamic covalent synthesis of [2]- and [3]rotaxanes both in solution and on solid supports. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02137g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate the application of a dynamic covalent chemistry methodology for the synthesis of [2]- and [3]-rotaxanes not only in solution, but also on solid supports with 65% rotaxane functionalisation of the polymer resins observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David L. Marshall
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility
| | - John C. McMurtrie
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| | - Kathleen M. Mullen
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W. Hewson
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology; 4001 Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Kathleen M. Mullen
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology; 4001 Brisbane, Queensland Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Inthasot
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yi Tai
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
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Bej S, Nandi M, Ghosh TK, Ghosh P. Cu(ii) templated formation of [n]pseudorotaxanes (n = 2, 3, 4) using a tris-amino ether macrocyclic wheel and multidentate axles. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:6853-6862. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01067j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The systematic development of mono-, bi- and tri-nuclear [n]pseudorotaxanes (n = 2, 3, 4) via Cu(ii) templation and π–π stacking interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Bej
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Mandira Nandi
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Tamal Kanti Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
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7
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Bej S, Ghosh P. Naphthalene containing amino-ether macrocycle based Cu(ii) templated [2]pseudorotaxanes and OFF/ON fluorescence switching via axle substitution. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:13408-13418. [PMID: 30183026 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02848f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new naphthalene containing macrocycle, NaphMC, and a new fluorophoric bidentate linear axle derivative of 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (L3) along with two other ligands 1,10-phenanthroline (L1) and 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (L2) are explored towards the synthesis of Cu(ii) templated [2]pseudorotaxanes. All ternary complexes are well characterized by ESI-MS, UV/Vis, EPR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and emission spectroscopic studies. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies confirm the geometry around the Cu(ii) center as a distorted trigonal bipyramid via the contribution of [3 + 2] orthogonal motifs of the wheel (NaphMC) and the bidentate chelating ligands L1 and L2 in the cases of pseudorotaxanes, CuPR1 and CuPR2, respectively. Furthermore, the fluorescence "OFF" state of the fluorophoric axle L3 is achieved via threading it to the Cu(ii) complex of NaphMC, whereas fluorescence switching "ON" is demonstrated by the substitution of L3 of CuPR3 with a stronger chelating ligand L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Bej
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Diac A, Matache M, Grosu I, Hădade ND. Naphthalenediimide - A Unique Motif in Macrocyclic and Interlocked Supramolecular Structures. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Diac
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre; “Babeş-Bolyai” University; 11 Arany Janos Str. RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Mihaela Matache
- University of Bucharest; Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry; 90-92 Panduri Street RO-050663 Bucharest Romania
| | - Ion Grosu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre; “Babeş-Bolyai” University; 11 Arany Janos Str. RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Niculina D. Hădade
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre; “Babeş-Bolyai” University; 11 Arany Janos Str. RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
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Hewson SW, Mullen KM. Understanding coordination equilibria in solution and gel-phase [2]rotaxanes. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8569-8578. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02304b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An active-metal template approach has been use to synthesise solution and surface bound addressable [2]rotaxanes giving unique insights into thermodynamic equilibria in interlocked structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W. Hewson
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Kathleen M. Mullen
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
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Emerson-King J, Knighton RC, Gyton MR, Chaplin AB. Rotaxane synthesis exploiting the M(i)/M(iii) redox couple. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:11645-11655. [PMID: 28835957 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02648j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the context of advancing the use of metal-based building blocks for the construction of mechanically interlocked molecules, we herein describe the preparation of late transition metal containing [2]rotaxanes (1). Capture and subsequent retention of the interlocked assemblies are achieved by the formation of robust and bulky complexes of rhodium(iii) and iridium(iii) through hydrogenation of readily accessible rhodium(i) and iridium(i) complexes [M(COD)(PPh3)2][BArF4] (M = Rh, 2a; Ir, 2b) and reaction with a bipyridyl terminated [2]pseudorotaxane (3·db24c8). This work was underpinned by detailed mechanistic studies examining the hydrogenation of 1 : 1 mixtures of 2 and bipy in CH2Cl2, which proceeds with disparate rates to afford [M(bipy)H2(PPh3)2][BArF4] (M = Rh, 4a[BArF4], t = 18 h @ 50 °C; Ir, 4b[BArF4], t < 5 min @ RT) in CH2Cl2 (1 atm H2). These rates are reconciled by (a) the inherently slower reaction of 2a with H2 compared to that of the third row congener 2b, and (b) the competing and irreversible reaction of 2a with bipy, leading to a very slow hydrogenation pathway, involving rate-limiting substitution of COD by PPh3. On the basis of this information, operationally convenient and mild conditions (CH2Cl2, RT, 1 atm H2, t ≤ 2 h) were developed for the preparation of 1, involving in the case of rhodium-based 1a pre-hydrogenation of 2a to form [Rh(PPh3)2]2[BArF4]2 (8) before reaction with 3·db24c8. In addition to comprehensive spectroscopic characterisation of 1, the structure of iridium-based 1b was elucidated in the solid-state using X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Emerson-King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Richard C Knighton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Matthew R Gyton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Adrian B Chaplin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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Da Silva Rodrigues R, Mullen KM. Surface-Assembled Mechanically Interlocked Architectures. Chempluschem 2017; 82:814-825. [PMID: 31961569 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of supramolecular chemistry, there has been keen interest in the synthesis of interlocked molecules, given their unique potential to act as receptors, molecular machines and even motors. Despite advances in the complexity of molecular machines that can be synthesised and operated in solution, reports of the operation or even attachment of complex supramolecular systems on solid surfaces are less common. Synthetic challenges and a lack of adequate characterisation techniques to monitor the thermodynamic and kinetic influences governing assembly at the solution-surface interface has slowed progress in this area of research. This Review looks at the developments in the field of covalently assembled interlocked architectures on gold, silica and polymer surfaces, highlighting the differences observed between solution and surface assembly of these unique structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Da Silva Rodrigues
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Kathleen M Mullen
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
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12
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Byrne S, Mullen KM. Sensing anions on surfaces: tethering triazolium based anion receptors to polymer resins. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03569h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the development of a new series of surface bound triazolium based anion sensors. Differences in the chemical reactivity and anion binding properties were observed; highlighting the need for good surface characterisation techniques such as HR MAS NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Byrne
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - K. M. Mullen
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
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Wilson H, Byrne S, Mullen KM. Dynamic Covalent Synthesis of Donor-Acceptor Interlocked Architectures in Solution and at the Solution:Surface Interface. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:715-21. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201403288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wilson H, Byrne S, Bampos N, Mullen KM. ‘Click’ functionalised polymer resins: a new approach to the synthesis of surface attached bipyridinium and naphthalene diimide [2]rotaxanes. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2105-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27273g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Alemán García MÁ, Bampos N. Synthesis of a four-component [3]catenane using three distinct noncovalent interactions. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:27-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26587g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Beves JE, Blight BA, Campbell CJ, Leigh DA, McBurney RT. Strategien und Taktiken für die metallgesteuerte Synthese von Rotaxanen, Knoten, Catenanen und Verschlingungen höherer Ordnung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Beves JE, Blight BA, Campbell CJ, Leigh DA, McBurney RT. Strategies and tactics for the metal-directed synthesis of rotaxanes, knots, catenanes, and higher order links. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9260-327. [PMID: 21928462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than a quarter of a century after the first metal template synthesis of a [2]catenane in Strasbourg, there now exists a plethora of strategies available for the construction of mechanically bonded and entwined molecular level structures. Catenanes, rotaxanes, knots and Borromean rings have all been successfully accessed by methods in which metal ions play a pivotal role. Originally metal ions were used solely for their coordination chemistry; acting either to gather and position the building blocks such that subsequent reactions generated the interlocked products or by being an integral part of the rings or "stoppers" of the interlocked assembly. Recently the role of the metal has evolved to encompass catalysis: the metal ions not only organize the building blocks in an entwined or threaded arrangement but also actively promote the reaction that covalently captures the interlocked structure. This Review outlines the diverse strategies that currently exist for forming mechanically bonded molecular structures with metal ions and details the tactics that the chemist can utilize for creating cross-over points, maximizing the yield of interlocked over non-interlocked products, and the reactions-of-choice for the covalent capture of threaded and entwined intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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Johnsen C, Stein PC, Nielsen KA, Bond AD, Jeppesen JO. Synthesis and Complexation Studies between Trifluoromethylammonium Threads and Dibenzo[24]Crown-8. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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