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Xia N, Gao F, Zhang J, Wang J, Huang Y. Overview on the Development of Electrochemical Immunosensors by the Signal Amplification of Enzyme- or Nanozyme-Based Catalysis Plus Redox Cycling. Molecules 2024; 29:2796. [PMID: 38930860 PMCID: PMC11206384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-linked electrochemical immunosensors have attracted considerable attention for the sensitive and selective detection of various targets in clinical diagnosis, food quality control, and environmental analysis. In order to improve the performances of conventional immunoassays, significant efforts have been made to couple enzyme-linked or nanozyme-based catalysis and redox cycling for signal amplification. The current review summarizes the recent advances in the development of enzyme- or nanozyme-based electrochemical immunosensors with redox cycling for signal amplification. The special features of redox cycling reactions and their synergistic functions in signal amplification are discussed. Additionally, the current challenges and future directions of enzyme- or nanozyme-based electrochemical immunosensors with redox cycling are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Fengli Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yaliang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
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2
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Shaban SM, Byeok Jo S, Hafez E, Ho Cho J, Kim DH. A comprehensive overview on alkaline phosphatase targeting and reporting assays. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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3
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Park S, Seo S, Lee NS, Yoon YH, Yang H. Sensitive electrochemical immunosensor using a bienzymatic system consisting of β-galactosidase and glucose dehydrogenase. Analyst 2021; 146:3880-3887. [PMID: 33983348 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00562f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bienzymatic systems are often used with electrochemical affinity biosensors to achieve high signal levels and/or low background levels. It is important to select two enzymes whose reactions do not exhibit mutual interference but have similar optimal conditions. Here, we report a sensitive electrochemical immunosensor based on a bienzymatic system consisting of β-galactosidase (Gal, a hydrolase enzyme) and flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH, a redox enzyme). Both enzymes showed high activities at neutral pH, the reactions catalyzed by them did not exhibit mutual interference, and the electrochemical-enzymatic redox cycling based on FAD-GDH coupled with enzymatic amplification by Gal enabled high signal amplification. Among the three amino-hydroxy-naphthalenes and 4-aminophenol (potential Gal products), 4-amino-1-naphthol showed the highest signal amplification. Glucose, as an electro-inactive, stable reducing agent for redox cycling, helped in achieving low background levels. Our bienzymatic system could detect parathyroid hormone at a detection limit of ∼0.2 pg mL-1, implying that it can be used for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of parathyroid hormone and other biomarkers in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonhwa Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Seungah Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | | | | | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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Špaček J, Eksin E, Havran L, Erdem A, Fojta M. Fast enzyme-linked electrochemical sensing of DNA hybridization at pencil graphite electrodes. Application to detect gene deletion in a human cell culture. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.113951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Nandhakumar P, Ichzan AM, Lee NS, Yoon YH, Ma S, Kim S, Yang H. Carboxyl Esterase-Like Activity of DT-Diaphorase and Its Use for Signal Amplification. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2966-2973. [PMID: 31647639 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carboxyl esterases show limited use as catalytic labels in bioassays because of slow enzymatic reaction. We report that DT-diaphorase from Bacillus stearothermophilus (DT-D, EC 1.6.99.-) shows high carboxyl esterase-like activity in the presence of reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and may be used as a better catalytic label than carboxyl esterases. DT-D is a redox enzyme and can participate in signal-amplifying redox cycling. Thus, an electrochemical immunosensor using a DT-D label allows for triple signal amplification based on (i) hydrolysis of a carboxyl ester, (ii) electrochemical-chemical (EC) redox cycling involving an electrode, a hydrolysis product, and NADH, and (iii) electrochemical-enzymatic (EN) redox cycling involving an electrode, a hydrolysis product, DT-D, and NADH. Ester hydrolysis by DT-D is confirmed via spectrophotometric measurement of a chromogenic substrate (4-nitrophenyl acetate) and 1H NMR spectra. Among two phenyl acetates and four naphthyl acetates considered, 4-aminonaphthalene-1-yl acetate (4-NH2-NAc) is chosen as the best acetyl ester substrate because 4-NH2-NAc is stable, its hydrolysis is slow in the absence of DT-D, its hydrolysis is very fast in the presence of DT-D, and EC and EN redox cycling involving the hydrolysis product (4-amino-1-naphthol) is rapid. However, hydrolysis of 4-NH2-NAc by esterase from porcine liver (EC 3.1.1.1.) is very slow. When DT-D is applied to sandwich-type detection of thyroid-stimulating hormone in artificial serum, the detection limit is ∼2 pg/mL, indicating that the developed immunosensor is highly sensitive because of triple signal amplification. DT-D may be used as a catalytic label in sensitive and stable bioassays instead of common alkaline phosphatase and horseradish peroxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponnusamy Nandhakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Andi Muhammad Ichzan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | | | | | - Seohee Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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6
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Guo WJ, Wu Z, Yang XY, Pang DW, Zhang ZL. Ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of microRNA-21 with wide linear dynamic range based on dual signal amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 131:267-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kang C, Kang J, Lee NS, Yoon YH, Yang H. DT-Diaphorase as a Bifunctional Enzyme Label That Allows Rapid Enzymatic Amplification and Electrochemical Redox Cycling. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7974-7980. [PMID: 28696095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The most common enzyme labels in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are alkaline phosphatase and horseradish peroxidase, which, however, have some limitations for use in electrochemical immunosensors. This Article reports that the small and thermostable DT-diaphorase (DT-D) and electrochemically inactive 4-nitroso-1-naphthol (4-NO-1-N) can be used as a bifunctional enzyme label and a rapidly reacting substrate, respectively, for electrochemical immunosensors. This enzyme-substrate combination allows high signal amplification via rapid enzymatic amplification and electrochemical redox cycling. DT-D can convert an electrochemically inactive nitroso or nitro compound into an electrochemically active amine compound, which can then be involved in electrochemical-chemical (EC) and electrochemical-enzymatic (EN) redox cycling. Six nitroso and nitro compounds are tested in terms of signal-to-background ratio. Among them, 4-NO-1-N exhibits the highest signal-to-background ratio. The electrochemical immunosensor using DT-D and 4-NO-1-N detects parathyroid hormone (PTH) in phosphate-buffered saline containing bovine serum albumin over a wide range of concentrations with a low detection limit of 2 pg/mL. When the PTH concentration in clinical serum samples is measured using the developed immunosensor, the calculated concentrations are in good agreement with the concentrations obtained using a commercial instrument. Thus, the use of DT-D as an enzyme label is highly promising for sensitive electrochemical detection and point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheolho Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Juyeon Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan 46241, Korea
| | | | | | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan 46241, Korea
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8
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Enzyme-linked electrochemical detection of DNA fragments amplified by PCR in the presence of a biotinylated deoxynucleoside triphosphate using disposable pencil graphite electrodes. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-015-1436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Taleat Z, Khoshroo A, Mazloum-Ardakani M. Screen-printed electrodes for biosensing: a review (2008–2013). Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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10
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Rochelet M, Vienney F, Solanas S, Membrilla A, Hartmann A. An electrochemical DNA biosensor for the detection of CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in soil samples. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 92:153-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Kim E, Gordonov T, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Amplified and in Situ Detection of Redox-Active Metabolite Using a Biobased Redox Capacitor. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2102-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302703y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyoung Kim
- Institute for Bioscience
and
Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United
States
- Fischell Department
of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742,
United States
| | - Tanya Gordonov
- Institute for Bioscience
and
Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United
States
- Fischell Department
of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742,
United States
| | - William E. Bentley
- Institute for Bioscience
and
Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United
States
- Fischell Department
of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742,
United States
| | - Gregory F. Payne
- Institute for Bioscience
and
Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United
States
- Fischell Department
of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742,
United States
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Kitaoka M, Mitsumori M, Hayashi K, Hiraishi Y, Yoshinaga H, Nakano K, Miyawaki K, Noji S, Goto M, Kamiya N. Transglutaminase-mediated in situ hybridization (TransISH) system: a new methodology for simplified mRNA detection. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5885-91. [PMID: 22746100 DOI: 10.1021/ac2034198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection and localization of specific DNA or RNA sequences in cells and tissues are of great importance for biological research, diagnosis, and environmental monitoring. However, the most common procedure for in situ hybridization employs laborious immunostaining techniques. In the present study, we report proof-of-concept for a new RNA-enzyme conjugated probe for the detection of mRNA on tissue sections with a simple procedure. An RNA probe modified with a specific dipeptide substrate of transglutaminase was prepared. Alkaline phosphatase was then covalently and site-specifically combined to the dipeptide-labeled RNA using microbial transglutaminase. The new RNA probe labeled with alkaline phosphatase was validated by in situ hybridization (ISH) and proved to be a sensitive and sequence specific probe for mRNA detection in tissues. The new transglutaminase-mediated ISH (TransISH) strategy is free from antigen-antibody reaction, leads to one-step signal amplification after hybridization, and thus will be widely applicable for highly sensitive nucleic acid detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Kitaoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Paleček
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 612
65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bartošík
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 612
65 Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Topkaya SN, Ozkan-Ariksoysal D, Kosova B, Ozel R, Ozsoz M. Electrochemical DNA biosensor for detecting cancer biomarker related to glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) hypermethylation in real samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 31:516-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Gold nanolabels and enzymatic recycling dual amplification-based electrochemical immunosensor for the highly sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen. Sci China Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-011-4373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Yuan Y, Gou X, Yuan R, Chai Y, Zhuo Y, Mao L, Gan X. Electrochemical aptasensor based on the dual-amplification of G-quadruplex horseradish peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme and blocking reagent-horseradish peroxidase. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:4236-40. [PMID: 21536422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A simple electrochemical aptasensor for sensitive detection of thrombin was fabricated with G-quadruplex horseradish peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme (hemin/G-quadruplex system) and blocking reagent-horseradish peroxidase as dual signal-amplification scheme. Gold nanoparticles (nano-Au) were firstly electrodeposited onto single wall nanotube (SWNT)-graphene modified electrode surface for the immobilization of electrochemical probe of nickel hexacyanoferrates nanoparticles (NiHCFNPs). Subsequently, another nano-Au layer was electrodeposited for further immobilization of thrombin aptamer (TBA), which later formed hemin/G-quadruplex system with hemin. Horseradish peroxidases (HRP) then served as blocking reagent to block possible remaining active sites and avoided the non-specific adsorption. In the presence of thrombin, the TBA binded to thrombin and the hemin released from the hemin/G-quadruplex electrocatalytic structure, increasing steric hindrance of the aptasensor and decomposing hemin/G-quadruplex electrocatalytic structure, which finally decreased the electrocatalytic efficiency of aptasensor toward H(2)O(2) in the presence of NiHCFNPs with a decreased electrochemical signal. On the basis of the synergistic amplifying action, a detection limit as low as 2 pM for thrombin was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yuan
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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Walter A, Wu J, Flechsig GU, Haake DA, Wang J. Redox cycling amplified electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization: application to pathogen E. coli bacterial RNA. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 689:29-33. [PMID: 21338752 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical genosensor in which signal amplification is achieved using p-aminophenol (p-AP) redox cycling by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is presented. An immobilized thiolated capture probe is combined with a sandwich-type hybridization assay, using biotin as a tracer in the detection probe, and streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase as reporter enzyme. The phosphatase liberates the electrochemical mediator p-AP from its electrically inactive phosphate derivative. This generated p-AP is electrooxidized at an Au electrode modified self-assembled monolayer to p-quinone imine (p-QI). In the presence of NADH, p-QI is reduced back to p-AP, which can be re-oxidized on the electrode and produce amplified signal. A detection limit of 1 pM DNA target is offered by this simple one-electrode, one-enzyme format redox cycling strategy. The redox cycling design is applied successfully to the monitoring of the 16S rRNA of E. coli pathogenic bacteria, and provides a detection limit of 250 CFU μL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Walter
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Hvastkovs EG, Buttry DA. Recent advances in electrochemical DNA hybridization sensors. Analyst 2010; 135:1817-29. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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