Multivalent mannose-displaying nanoparticles constructed from poly{styrene-co-[(maleic anhydride)-alt-styrene]}

D-mannose functionalized MgAl-LDH/Fe-MOF nanocomposite as a new intelligent nanoplatform for MTX and DOX co-drug delivery

Commonly the directly administered chemotherapy drugs lack targeting in tumor treatment. Thus, trying to improve cancer treatment efficiency led us to design a new intelligent system for cancer treatment. Considering these, in the current work, at first, the 2-aminoterephthalic acid (NH₂-BDC) intercalated layered double hydroxides (MgAl-(NH₂-BDC) LDH) were synthesized simply. Afterward, the in situ growth of the iron-based metal-organic frameworks in the presence of MgAl-(NH₂-BDC) LDH occurred (MgAl-LDH/Fe-MOF). In the end, the reaction of MgAl-LDH/Fe-MOF with D-mannose (D-Man) achieved the MgAl-LDH/Fe-MOF/D-Man ternary hybrid nanostructure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the formation of the monodisperse Fe-MOF with nanosize in the presence of MgAl-LDH. Importantly, methotrexate (MTX) and doxorubicin (DOX) entrapment efficiency reached respectively about 28 wt% and 21% for MgAl-LDH/Fe-MOF/D-Man. The in vitro drug release experiments revealed a higher drug release at pH 5.0 in comparison with pH 7.4 which revealed its promising potential for anticancer drug delivery applications. Bioassay results revealed that the co-drug-loaded MgAl-LDH/Fe-MOF/D-Man has higher cytotoxicity on MDA-MB 231 cells. At last, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometric analysis confirmed the successful uptake of MgAl-LDH/Fe-MOF/D-Man into MDA-MB 231 cell lines, as well as its bioimaging potential. A survey in the published literature approved that this work is the first report on the evaluation of the MgAl-LDH/Fe-MOF/D-Man for targeted co-delivery of both MTX and DOX. Finally, results collectively demonstrate the importance of the biocompatible MgAl-LDH/Fe-MOF/D-Man as a hopeful candidate for biomedicinal applications from the targeted co-drug delivery and bioimaging potential viewpoints.

O-Mannosylation Affords a Glycopeptide Hydrogel with Inherent Antibacterial Activities against E. coli via Multivalent Interactions between Lectins and Supramolecular Assemblies

Multivalent carbohydrate-lectin interactions play a crucial role in bacterial infection. Biomimicry of multivalent glycosystems represents a major strategy in the repression of bacterial growth. In this study, a new kind of glycopeptide (Naphthyl-Phe-Phe-Ser-Tyr, NMY) scaffold with mannose modification is designed and synthesized, which is able to perform supramolecular self-assembly with the assistance of catalytic enzyme, and present multiple mannose ligands on its self-assembled structure to target mannose-binding proteins. Relying on multivalent carbohydrate-lectin interactions, the glycopeptide hydrogel is able to bind Escherichia coli (E. coli) in high specificity, and result in bacterial adhesion, membrane disruption and subsequent cell death. In vivo wound healing assays reveal that this glycopeptide hydrogel exhibits considerable potentials for promoting wound healing and preventing E. coli infection in a full-thickness skin defect mouse model. Therefore, through a specific mannose-lectin interaction, a biocompatible hydrogel with inherent antibacterial activity against E. coli is achieved without the need to resort to antibiotic or antimicrobial agent treatment, highlighting the potential role of sugar-coated nanomaterials in wound healing and control of bacterial pathogenesis.

Tuning of glyconanomaterial shape and size for selective bacterial cell agglutination

Acting as veritable glue, 1D-coated mannose carbon nanotubes efficiently and selectively regulate the agglutination and proliferation of the enterobacteriaEscherichia colitype 1 fimbriae, much better than the mannose coated 3D-micelles.

A targetable acid-responsive micellar system for signal activation based high performance surgical resolution of tumors

High-performance illumination of subcutaneous tumor and liver tumor foci at sub-millimeter levels was achieved with lectin-targeted glyco-micelles which become fluorescent upon internalization into tumor lysosomes.

Mannosylated bioreducible nanoparticle-mediated macrophage-specific TNF-α RNA interference for IBD therapy

The application of RNA interference (RNAi) for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy has been limited by the lack of non-cytotoxic, efficient and targetable small interfering RNA (siRNA) carriers. TNF-α is the major pro-inflammatory cytokine mainly secreted by macrophages during IBD. Here, a mannosylated bioreducible cationic polymer (PPM) was synthesized and further spontaneously assembled nanoparticles (NPs) assisted by sodium triphosphate (TPP). The TPP-PPM/siRNA NPs exhibited high uniformity (polydispersity index = 0.004), a small particle size (211-275 nm), excellent bioreducibility, and enhanced cellular uptake. Additionally, the generated NPs had negative cytotoxicity compared to control NPs fabricated by branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, 25 kDa) or Oligofectamine (OF) and siRNA. In vitro gene silencing experiments revealed that TPP-PPM/TNF-α siRNA NPs with a weight ratio of 40:1 showed the most efficient inhibition of the expression and secretion of TNF-α (approximately 69.9%, which was comparable to the 71.4% obtained using OF/siRNA NPs), and its RNAi efficiency was highly inhibited in the presence of mannose (20 mm). Finally, TPP-PPM/siRNA NPs showed potential therapeutic effects on colitis tissues, remarkably reducing TNF-α level. Collectively, these results suggest that non-toxic TPP-PPM/siRNA NPs can be exploited as efficient, macrophage-targeted carriers for IBD therapy.

Multivalent glycoliposomes and micelles to study carbohydrate-protein and carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions

This tutorial review describes multivalent carbohydrate-protein and carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction studies that utilize self-assembled aggregates of thermodynamically stable liposomes and micelles. Strategies to prepare multivalent glycoliposomes and micelles include: (i) insertion of synthetic glycolipids into matrix lipids; (ii) preparation of glycolipids that aggregate to liposomes and micelles and (iii) modification of the hydrophilic surfaces with desired sugars. Several design strategies have been developed in order to obtain constituent glycolipids, having multivalent sugar moieties and their subsequent interactions with proteins were assessed in relation to the type of linkers that connect the hydrophilic and lipophilic segments. Lipophilic segments other than alkyl chains have also been developed. Polymer based glycoliposomes and micelles form an emphasis. Further, glycoliposomes facilitate studies of carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions. An overview of the various types of glycoliposomes and micelles used to study carbohydrate-protein and carbohydrate-carbohydrate recognition phenomena is presented.

Orthogonally bifunctionalised polyacrylamide nanoparticles: a support for the assembly of multifunctional nanodevices

Polyacrylamide nanoparticles bearing two orthogonal reactive functionalities were prepared by reverse microemulsion polymerisation. Water-soluble photosensitisers and peptide or carbohydrate moieties were sequentially attached to the new nanospecies by orthogonal conjugations based on copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition and isothiocyanate chemistry.

Site-selective modification of proteins for the synthesis of structurally defined multivalent scaffolds

A combination of classical site-directed mutagenesis, genetic code engineering and bioorthogonal reactions delivered a chemically modified barstar protein with one or four carbohydrates installed at specific residues. These protein conjugates were employed in multivalent binding studies, which support the use of proteins as structurally defined scaffolds for the presentation of multivalent ligands.

Mannosylated dextran nanoparticles: a pH-sensitive system engineered for immunomodulation through mannose targeting

Biotherapeutic delivery is a rapidly growing field in need of new materials that are easy to modify, are biocompatible, and provide for triggered release of their encapsulated cargo. Herein, we report on a particulate system made of a polysaccharide-based pH-sensitive material that can be efficiently modified to display mannose-based ligands of cell-surface receptors. These ligands are beneficial for antigen delivery, as they enhance internalization and activation of APCs, and are thus capable of modulating immune responses. When compared to unmodified particles or particles modified with a nonspecific sugar residue used in the delivery of antigens to dendritic cells (DCs), the mannosylated particles exhibited enhanced antigen presentation in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. This represents the first demonstration of a mannosylated particulate system that enables enhanced MHC I antigen presentation by DCs in vitro. Our readily functionalized pH-sensitive material may also open new avenues in the development of optimally modulated vaccine delivery systems.