1
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Yang QS, Song C, Huang J, Fang M, Wan M, Yang Y. The feasibility of laser cooling: an investigation of ab initio of 88Sr 35Cl including the hyperfine structure. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2145244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Shun Yang
- China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Hypervelocity Aerodynamics Institute, Mianyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Song
- China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Computational Aerodynamics Institute, Mianyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingshuai Huang
- China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Hypervelocity Aerodynamics Institute, Mianyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Fang
- China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Hypervelocity Aerodynamics Institute, Mianyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Wan
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, YiBin University, YiBin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanguang Yang
- China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Aggarwal P, Yin Y, Esajas K, Bethlem HL, Boeschoten A, Borschevsky A, Hoekstra S, Jungmann K, Marshall VR, Meijknecht TB, Mooij MC, Timmermans RGE, Touwen A, Ubachs W, Willmann L. Deceleration and Trapping of SrF Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:173201. [PMID: 34739281 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.173201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report on the electrostatic trapping of neutral SrF molecules. The molecules are captured from a cryogenic buffer-gas beam source into the moving traps of a 4.5-m-long traveling-wave Stark decelerator. The SrF molecules in X^{2}Σ^{+}(v=0,N=1) state are brought to rest as the velocity of the moving traps is gradually reduced from 190 m/s to zero. The molecules are held for up to 50 ms in multiple electric traps of the decelerator. The trapped packets have a volume (FWHM) of 1 mm^{3} and a velocity spread of 5(1) m/s, which corresponds to a temperature of 60(20) mK. Our result demonstrates a factor 3 increase in the molecular mass that has been Stark decelerated and trapped. Heavy molecules (mass>100 amu) offer a highly increased sensitivity to probe physics beyond the standard model. This work significantly extends the species of neutral molecules of which slow beams can be created for collision studies, precision measurement, and trapping experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aggarwal
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
- Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y Yin
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
- Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Esajas
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
- Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H L Bethlem
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Boeschoten
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
- Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Borschevsky
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
- Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Hoekstra
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
- Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Jungmann
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
- Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V R Marshall
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
- Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T B Meijknecht
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
- Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M C Mooij
- Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R G E Timmermans
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
- Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Touwen
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
- Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Ubachs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Willmann
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
- Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Haase PAB, Doeglas DJ, Boeschoten A, Eliav E, Iliaš M, Aggarwal P, Bethlem HL, Borschevsky A, Esajas K, Hao Y, Hoekstra S, Marshall VR, Meijknecht TB, Mooij MC, Steinebach K, Timmermans RGE, Touwen AP, Ubachs W, Willmann L, Yin Y. Systematic study and uncertainty evaluation of P, T-odd molecular enhancement factors in BaF. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:034309. [PMID: 34293876 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A measurement of the magnitude of the electric dipole moment of the electron (eEDM) larger than that predicted by the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics is expected to have a huge impact on the search for physics beyond the SM. Polar diatomic molecules containing heavy elements experience enhanced sensitivity to parity (P) and time-reversal (T)-violating phenomena, such as the eEDM and the scalar-pseudoscalar (S-PS) interaction between the nucleons and the electrons, and are thus promising candidates for measurements. The NL-eEDM collaboration is preparing an experiment to measure the eEDM and S-PS interaction in a slow beam of cold BaF molecules [P. Aggarwal et al., Eur. Phys. J. D 72, 197 (2018)]. Accurate knowledge of the electronic structure parameters, Wd and Ws, connecting the eEDM and the S-PS interaction to the measurable energy shifts is crucial for the interpretation of these measurements. In this work, we use the finite field relativistic coupled cluster approach to calculate the Wd and Ws parameters in the ground state of the BaF molecule. Special attention was paid to providing a reliable theoretical uncertainty estimate based on investigations of the basis set, electron correlation, relativistic effects, and geometry. Our recommended values of the two parameters, including conservative uncertainty estimates, are 3.13 ±0.12×1024Hzecm for Wd and 8.29 ± 0.12 kHz for Ws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi A B Haase
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diewertje J Doeglas
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Boeschoten
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ephraim Eliav
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Miroslav Iliaš
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 97401 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Parul Aggarwal
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H L Bethlem
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anastasia Borschevsky
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Esajas
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yongliang Hao
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Hoekstra
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Virginia R Marshall
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas B Meijknecht
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten C Mooij
- Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Steinebach
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob G E Timmermans
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anno P Touwen
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Ubachs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenz Willmann
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yanning Yin
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | -
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Fernandes GFS, Pontes MAP, Faria UJ, Machado FBC, Ferrão LFA. Multireference study of ionic/covalent electronic states of MF (M = Be, Mg and Ca). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 233:118210. [PMID: 32163875 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultracold environments composed by atoms or molecules offer an opportunity to study chemical reactions at the quantum-state level, for simulation of solid-state systems, as qubits in quantum computing, and for test fundamental symmetries. Those ultracold conditions formed by molecules can be obtained from cryogenic buffer gas, via supersonic expansion, followed by deceleration or from the laser cooling process. Diatomic alkaline earth monofluoride molecules have been shown as great candidates for the laser cooling process. In this sense, the present work focuses on the characterization of the low-lying doublet electronic states correlated to the first dissociation channel of the alkaline earth monofluorides diatomic molecules MF (M = Be, Mg and Ca). The developed state-of-the-art methodology was based on a qualitative analysis of the diatomic electronic structure, employing a hypothetical potential energy curve or by a simple molecular orbital diagram combined with bond order analysis. The potential energy curves, excitation and dissociation energies, and various sets of spectroscopic parameters were calculated by the MRCI/cc-pV5Z methodology. Transition probabilities for emission and radiative lifetimes among the characterized electronic states were also calculated for the (A)2Π ⟶ (X)2Σ+ electronic transition. Comparing the spectroscopy properties, we were able to indicate the CaF molecule as the best candidate molecule for laser cooling devices among the studied molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo A P Pontes
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil
| | - Ulisses J Faria
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz F A Ferrão
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil.
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5
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Caldwell L, Williams HJ, Fitch NJ, Aldegunde J, Hutson JM, Sauer BE, Tarbutt MR. Long Rotational Coherence Times of Molecules in a Magnetic Trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:063001. [PMID: 32109098 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.063001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polar molecules in superpositions of rotational states exhibit long-range dipolar interactions, but maintaining their coherence in a trapped sample is a challenge. We present calculations that show many laser-coolable molecules have convenient rotational transitions that are exceptionally insensitive to magnetic fields. We verify this experimentally for CaF where we find a transition with sensitivity below 5 Hz G^{-1} and use it to demonstrate a rotational coherence time of 6.4(8) ms in a magnetic trap. Simulations suggest it is feasible to extend this to more than 1 s using a smaller cloud in a biased magnetic trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Caldwell
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - H J Williams
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - N J Fitch
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - J Aldegunde
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jeremy M Hutson
- Joint Quantum Centre (JQC) Durham-Newcastle, Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - B E Sauer
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - M R Tarbutt
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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6
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Lim J, Almond JR, Trigatzis MA, Devlin JA, Fitch NJ, Sauer BE, Tarbutt MR, Hinds EA. Laser Cooled YbF Molecules for Measuring the Electron's Electric Dipole Moment. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:123201. [PMID: 29694100 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.123201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate one-dimensional sub-Doppler laser cooling of a beam of YbF molecules to 100 μK. This is a key step towards a measurement of the electron's electric dipole moment using ultracold molecules. We compare the effectiveness of magnetically assisted and polarization-gradient sub-Doppler cooling mechanisms. We model the experiment and find good agreement with our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lim
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - J R Almond
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - M A Trigatzis
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - J A Devlin
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - N J Fitch
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - B E Sauer
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - M R Tarbutt
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - E A Hinds
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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7
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Rabey IM, Devlin JA, Hinds EA, Sauer BE. Low magnetic Johnson noise electric field plates for precision measurement. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:115110. [PMID: 27910460 DOI: 10.1063/1.4966991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a parallel pair of high voltage electric field plates designed and constructed to minimise magnetic Johnson noise. They are formed by laminating glass substrates with a commercially available polyimide (Kapton) tape, covered with a thin gold film. Tested in vacuum, the outgassing rate is less than 5 × 10-5 mbar l/s. The plates have been operated at electric fields up to 8.3 kV/cm, when the leakage current is at most a few hundred pA. The design is discussed in the context of a molecular spin precession experiment to measure the permanent electric dipole moment of the electron.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Rabey
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - J A Devlin
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - E A Hinds
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - B E Sauer
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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8
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A novel molecular synchrotron for cold collision and EDM experiments. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32663. [PMID: 27600539 PMCID: PMC5013392 DOI: 10.1038/srep32663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited by the construction demands, the state-of-the-art molecular synchrotrons consist of only 40 segments that hardly make a good circle. Imperfections in the circular structure will lead to the appearance of unstable velocity regions (i.e. stopbands), where molecules of certain forward velocity will be lost from the structure. In this paper, we propose a stopband-free molecular synchrotron. It contains 1570 ring electrodes, which nearly make a perfect circle, capable of confining both light and heavy polar molecules in the low-field-seeking states. Molecular packets can be conveniently manipulated with this synchrotron by various means, like acceleration, deceleration or even trapping. Trajectory calculations are carried out using a pulsed 88SrF molecular beam with a forward velocity of 50 m/s. The results show that the molecular beam can make more than 500 round trips inside the synchrotron with a 1/e lifetime of 6.2 s. The synchrotron can find potential applications in low-energy collision and reaction experiments or in the field of precision measurements, such as the searches for electric dipole moment of elementary particles.
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9
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Wang Q, Hou S, Xu L, Yin J. Slowing and cooling of heavy or light (even with a tiny electric dipole moment) polar molecules using a novel, versatile electrostatic Stark decelerator. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:5432-43. [PMID: 26823151 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06392b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To meet some demands for realizing precise measurements of an electric dipole moment of electron (eEDM) and examining cold collisions or cold chemical physics, we have proposed a novel, versatile electrostatic Stark decelerator with an array of true 3D electric potential wells, which are created by a series of horizontally-oriented, U-shaped electrodes with time-sequence controlling high voltages (± HV) and two guiding electrodes with a constant voltage. We have calculated the 2D electric field distribution, the Stark shifts of the four lowest rotational sub-levels of PbF molecules in the X1(2)Π1/2(v = 0) electronic and vibrational ground states as well as the population in the different rotational levels. We have discussed the 2D longitudinal and transverse phase-space acceptances of PbF molecules in our decelerator. Subsequently, we have simulated the dynamic processes of the decelerated PbF molecules using the 3D Monte-Carlo method, and have found that a supersonic PbF beam with a velocity of 300 m s(-1) can be efficiently slowed to about 5 m s(-1), which will greatly enhance the sensitivities to research a parity violation and measure an eEDM. In addition, we have investigated the dependences of the longitudinal velocity spread, longitudinal temperature and bunching efficiency on both the number of guiding stages and high voltages, and found that after bunching, a cold packet of PbF molecules in the J = 7/2, MΩ = -7/4 state with a longitudinal velocity spread of 0.69 m s(-1) (corresponding to a longitudinal temperature of 2.35 mK) will be produced by our high-efficient decelerator, which will generate a high energy-resolution molecular beam for studying cold collision physics. Finally, our novel decelerator can also be used to efficiently slow NO molecules with a tiny electric dipole moment (EDM) of 0.16 D from 315 m s(-1) to 28 m s(-1). It is clear that our proposed new decelerator has a good slowing performance and experimental feasibility as well as wide applications in the field of precise measurements and cold molecule physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China.
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10
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Fu M, Cao J, Ma H, Bian W. Laser cooling of copper monofluoride: a theoretical study including spin–orbit coupling. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07835d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A laser cooling scheme is proposed for CuF by including the spin–orbit coupling effects, and based on our calculated radiative lifetimes and vibrational branching ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Jianwei Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Haitao Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Wensheng Bian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
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11
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Lam J, Rennick CJ, Softley TP. A chopper system for shortening the duration of pulsed supersonic beams seeded with NO or Br2 down to 13 μs. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:053108. [PMID: 26026515 DOI: 10.1063/1.4921398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A chopper wheel construct is used to shorten the duration of a molecular beam to 13 μs. Molecular beams seeded with NO or with Br2 and an initial pulse width of ≥200 μs were passed through a spinning chopper wheel, which was driven by a brushless DC in vacuo motor at a range of speeds, from 3000 rpm to 80,000 rpm. The resulting duration of the molecular-beam pulses measured at the laser detection volume ranged from 80 μs to 13 μs and was the same for both NO and Br2. The duration is consistent with a simple analytical model, and the minimum pulse width measured is limited by the spreading of the beam between the chopper and the detection point as a consequence of the longitudinal velocity distribution of the beam. The setup adopted here effectively eliminates buildup of background gas without the use of a differential pumping stage, and a clean narrow pulse is obtained with low rotational temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Rennick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy P Softley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
The field of cold molecules has become an important source of new insight in fundamental chemistry and molecular physics. High-resolution spectroscopy benefits from translationally and internally cold molecules by increased interaction times and reduced spectral congestion. Completely new effects in scattering dynamics become accessible with cold and controlled molecules. Many of these experiments use molecular beams as a starting point for the generation of molecular samples. This review gives an overview of methods to produce beams of cold molecules, starting from supersonic expansions or effusive sources, and provides examples of applications in spectroscopy and molecular dynamics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jankunas
- Institute for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Osterwalder
- Institute for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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van de Meerakker SYT, Bethlem HL, Vanhaecke N, Meijer G. Manipulation and Control of Molecular Beams. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4828-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200349r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hendrick L. Bethlem
- Institute for Lasers, Life and
Biophotonics, VU University Amsterdam,
De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Vanhaecke
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Bâtiment 505, Université Paris-Sud,
91405 Orsay, France
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin,
Germany
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14
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Quintero-Pérez M, Jansen P, Bethlem HL. Velocity map imaging of a slow beam of ammonia molecules inside a quadrupole guide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:9630-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40822h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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de Nijs AJ, Bethlem HL. On deflection fields, weak-focusing and strong-focusing storage rings for polar molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19052-8. [PMID: 21979152 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21477b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we analyze electric deflection fields for polar molecules in terms of a multipole expansion and derive a simple but rather insightful expression for the force on the molecules. Ideally, a deflection field exerts a strong, constant force in one direction, while the force in the other directions is zero. We show how, by a proper choice of the expansion coefficients, this ideal can be best approximated. We present a design for a practical electrode geometry based on this analysis. By bending such a deflection field into a circle, a simple storage ring can be created; the direct analog of a weak-focusing cyclotron for charged particles. We show that for realistic parameters a weak-focusing ring is only stable for molecules with a very low velocity. A strong-focusing (alternating-gradient) storage ring can be created by arranging many straight deflection fields in a circle and by alternating the sign of the hexapole term between adjacent deflection fields. The acceptance of this ring is numerically calculated for realistic parameters. Such a storage ring might prove useful in experiments looking for an EDM of elementary particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J de Nijs
- Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hudson JJ, Kara DM, Smallman IJ, Sauer BE, Tarbutt MR, Hinds EA. Improved measurement of the shape of the electron. Nature 2011; 473:493-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature10104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Janssen LMC, Żuchowski PS, van der Avoird A, Hutson JM, Groenenboom GC. Cold and ultracold NH–NH collisions: The field-free case. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:124309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3570596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Wall TE, Kanem JF, Dyne JM, Hudson JJ, Sauer BE, Hinds EA, Tarbutt MR. Stark deceleration of CaF molecules in strong- and weak-field seeking states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:18991-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21254k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stoecklin T, Halvick P. Collisional relaxation of MnH (X7Σ+) in a magnetic field: effect of the nuclear spin of Mn. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19142-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21466g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhuang X, Le A, Steimle TC, Bulleid NE, Smallman IJ, Hendricks RJ, Skoff SM, Hudson JJ, Sauer BE, Hinds EA, Tarbutt MR. Franck–Condon factors and radiative lifetime of the A2Π1/2–X2Σ+ transition of ytterbium monofluoride, YbF. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19013-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21585j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schnell M, Küpper J. Tailored molecular samples for precision spectroscopy experiments. Faraday Discuss 2011; 150:33-49; discussion 113-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c0fd00009d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Skomorowski W, González-Martínez ML, Moszynski R, Hutson JM. Cold collisions of an open-shell S-state atom with a 2Π molecule: N(4S) colliding with OH in a magnetic field. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19077-88. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Turpin F, Halvick P, Stoecklin T. The interaction of MnH(X Σ7+) with He:Ab initiopotential energy surface and bound states. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:214305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3432762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Chandler DW. Cold and ultracold molecules: Spotlight on orbiting resonances. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:110901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3357286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Janssen LMC, Groenenboom GC, van der Avoird A, Żuchowski PS, Podeszwa R. Ab initio potential energy surfaces for NH(Σ3−)–NH(Σ3−) with analytical long range. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:224314. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3268920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Shuman ES, Barry JF, Glenn DR, DeMille D. Radiative force from optical cycling on a diatomic molecule. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:223001. [PMID: 20366090 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.223001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a scheme for optical cycling in the polar, diatomic molecule strontium monofluoride (SrF) using the X2Sigma+ --> A2Pi(1/2) electronic transition. SrF's highly diagonal Franck-Condon factors suppress vibrational branching. We eliminate rotational branching by employing a quasicycling N = 1 --> N' = 0 type transition in conjunction with magnetic field remixing of dark Zeeman sublevels. We observe cycling fluorescence and deflection through radiative force of an SrF molecular beam using this scheme. With straightforward improvements our scheme promises to allow more than 10(5) photon scatters, possibly enabling the direct laser cooling of SrF.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Shuman
- Department of Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208120, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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