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Imali DY, Perera ECJ, Kaumal MN, Dissanayake DP. Conducting polymer functionalization in search of advanced materials in ionometry: ion-selective electrodes and optodes. RSC Adv 2024; 14:25516-25548. [PMID: 39139237 PMCID: PMC11321474 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02615b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Functionalized conducting polymers (FCPs) have recently garnered attention as ion-selective sensor materials, surpassing their intrinsic counterparts due to synergistic effects that lead to enhanced electrochemical and analytical parameters. Following a brief introduction of the fundamental concepts, this article provides a comprehensive review of the recent developments in the application of FCPs in ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and ion-selective optodes (ISOs), particularly as ion-to-electron transducers, optical transducers, and ion-selective membranes. Utilizing FCPs in these devices offers a promising avenue for detecting and measuring ions in various applications, regardless of the sample nature and composition. Research has focused on functionalizing different conducting polymers, such as polyaniline and polypyrrole, through strategies such as doping and derivatization to alter their hydrophobicity, conductance, redox capacitance, surface area, pH sensitivity, gas and light sensitivity, etc. These modifications aim to enhance performance outcomes, including potential stability/emission signal stability, reproducibility and low detection limits. The advancements have led to the transition of ISEs from conventional zero-current potentiometric ion sensing to innovative current-triggered sensing approaches, enabling calibration-free applications and emerging concepts such as opto-electro dual sensing systems. The intrinsic pH cross-response and instability of the optical signal of ISOs have been overcome through the novel optical signal transduction mechanisms facilitated by FCPs. In this review, the characteristics of materials, functionalization approaches, particular implementation strategies, specific performance outcomes and challenges faced are discussed. Consolidating dispersed information in the field, the in-depth analysis presented here is poised to drive further innovations by broadening the scope of ion-selective sensors in real-world scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yureka Imali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo Colombo 03 Sri Lanka
| | | | - M N Kaumal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo Colombo 03 Sri Lanka
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Rousseau CR, Bühlmann P. Calibration-free potentiometric sensing with solid-contact ion-selective electrodes. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Anantha-Iyengar G, Shanmugasundaram K, Nallal M, Lee KP, Whitcombe MJ, Lakshmi D, Sai-Anand G. Functionalized conjugated polymers for sensing and molecular imprinting applications. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wang Z, Qian Y, Wei X, Zhang Y, Wu G, Lu X. An “on-off” Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymer and Recycling Amplifications for Determination of Dopamine. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Solid contact ion sensor with conducting polymer layer copolymerized with the ion-selective membrane for determination of calcium in blood serum. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 943:50-57. [PMID: 27769376 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A new solid contact ion selective electrode with intermediate conducting polymer (CP) layer formed by electropolymerization on a gold electrode of a bifunctional monomer, n-phenyl-ethylenediamine-methacrylamide (NPEDMA), which contains a methacrylamide group attached to aniline, is presented. The conducting polymer was studied by means of optical spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and potentiometric measurements. Ca2+-ion-selective membrane based on acrylated urethane polymer was shown to co-polymerize with the CP forming highly adhesive boundary that prevents formation of water layers between the CP and membrane, thus enhancing the stability and life-time of the sensor. The designed ion-selective electrode was successfully used for determination of total calcium ion concentration in blood serum samples.
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Voitechovič E, Bratov A, Abramova N, Razumienė J, Kirsanov D, Legin A, Lakshmi D, Piletsky S, Whitcombe M, Ivanova-Mitseva P. Development of label-free impedimetric platform based on new conductive polyaniline polymer and three-dimensional interdigitated electrode array for biosensor applications. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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7
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Application of Photocured Polymer Ion Selective Membranes for Solid-State Chemical Sensors. CHEMOSENSORS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors3020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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He Z, Zhong A, Zhang H, Xiong L, Xu Y, Wang T, Zhou M, Huang K. In Situ Formation of Dual-Phase Thermosensitive Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2015; 21:10220-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Khan MS, Pal S, Krupadam RJ. Computational strategies for understanding the nature of interaction in dioxin imprinted nanoporous trappers. J Mol Recognit 2015; 28:427-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muntazir S. Khan
- Physical Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune 411008 India
| | - Sourav Pal
- Physical Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune 411008 India
| | - Reddithota J. Krupadam
- Environmental Impact and Risk Assessment Division; CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute; Nagpur 440020 India
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Shoravi S, Olsson GD, Karlsson BCG, Nicholls IA. On the influence of crosslinker on template complexation in molecularly imprinted polymers: a computational study of prepolymerization mixture events with correlations to template-polymer recognition behavior and NMR spectroscopic studies. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10622-34. [PMID: 24927149 PMCID: PMC4100172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspects of the molecular-level basis for the function of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and trimethylolproprane trimethacrylate crosslinked methacrylic acid copolymers molecularly imprinted with (S)-propranolol have been studied using a series of all-component and all-atom molecular dynamics studies of the corresponding prepolymerization systems. The crosslinking agents were observed to contribute to template complexation, and the results were contrasted with previously reported template-recognition behavior of the corresponding polymers. Differences in the extent to which the two crosslinkers interacted with the functional monomer were identified, and correlations were made to polymer-ligand recognition behavior and the results of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies studies. This study demonstrates the importance of considering the functional monomer–crosslinker interaction when designing molecularly imprinted polymers, and highlights the often neglected general contribution of crosslinker to determining the nature of molecularly imprinted polymer-template selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Shoravi
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Linnæus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnæus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Gustaf D Olsson
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Linnæus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnæus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Björn C G Karlsson
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Linnæus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnæus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Ian A Nicholls
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Linnæus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnæus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
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Development of molecularly imprinted polymer in porous film format for binding of phenol and alkylphenols from water. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1338-57. [PMID: 24447925 PMCID: PMC3907872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15011338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were fabricated on glass slides with a “sandwich” technique giving ~20 μm thick films. Methanol/water as a solvent, and polyethyleneglycol and polyvinylacetate as solvent modifiers, were used to give a porous morphology, which was studied with scanning electron microscopy and gravimetric analysis. Various MIPs were synthesized through non-covalent imprinting with phenol as the template; itaconic acid, 4-vinylpyridine, and styrene as monomers; ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) as cross-linkers. Binding and imprinting properties of the MIPs were evaluated based on phenol adsorption isotherms. Since phenol has only one weakly acidic hydroxyl group and lacks unique structural characteristics necessary for binding specificity, the preparation of selective MIPs was challenging. The recognition of phenol via hydrogen bonding is suppressed in water, while hydrophobic interactions, though promoted, are not specific enough for highly-selective phenol recognition. Nevertheless, the styrene-PETA MIP gave modest imprinting effects, which were higher at lower concentrations (Imprinting Factor (IF) = 1.16 at 0.5 mg·L−1). The isotherm was of a Freundlich type over 0.1–40 mg·L−1 and there was broad cross-reactivity towards other structurally similar phenols. This shows that phenol MIPs or simple adsorbents can be developed based on styrene for hydrophobic binding, and PETA to form a tighter, hydrophilic network.
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Lakshmi D, Akbulut M, Ivanova-Mitseva PK, Whitcombe MJ, Piletska EV, Karim K, Güven O, Piletsky SA. Computational Design and Preparation of MIPs for Atrazine Recognition on a Conjugated Polymer-Coated Microtiter Plate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie302982h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhana Lakshmi
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43
0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Meshude Akbulut
- Hacettepe University, Chemistry Department,
Polymer Chemistry Division, 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Petya K. Ivanova-Mitseva
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43
0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Whitcombe
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43
0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Elena V. Piletska
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43
0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kal Karim
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43
0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Olgun Güven
- Hacettepe University, Chemistry Department,
Polymer Chemistry Division, 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sergey A. Piletsky
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43
0AL, United Kingdom
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Akbulut M, Lakshmi D, Whitcombe MJ, Piletska EV, Chianella I, Güven O, Piletsky SA. Microplates with adaptive surfaces. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2011; 13:646-52. [PMID: 21888414 DOI: 10.1021/co200073w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a new and versatile method for the modification of the well surfaces of polystyrene microtiter plates (microplates) with poly(N-phenylethylene diamine methacrylamide), (poly-NPEDMA). The chemical grafting of poly-NPEDMA to the surface of microplates resulted in the formation of thin layers of a polyaniline derivative bearing pendant methacrylamide double bonds. These were used as the attachment point for various functional polymers through photochemical grafting of various, for example, acrylate and methacrylate, polymers with different functionalities. In a model experiment, we have modified poly-NPEDMA-coated microplates with a small library of polymers containing different functional groups using a two-step approach. In the first step, double bonds were activated by UV irradiation in the presence of N,N-diethyldithiocarbamic acid benzyl ester (iniferter). This enabled grafting of the polymer library in the second step by UV irradiation of solutions of the corresponding monomers in the microplate wells. The uniformity of coatings was confirmed spectrophotometrically, by microscopic imaging and by contact angle measurements (CA). The feasibility of the current technology has been shown by the generation of a small library of polymers grafted to the microplate well surfaces and screening of their affinity to small molecules, such as atrazine, a trio of organic dyes, and a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA). The stability of the polymers, reproducibility of measurement, ease of preparation, and cost-effectiveness make this approach suitable for applications in high-throughput screening in the area of materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshude Akbulut
- Hacettepe University, Chemistry Department, Polymer Chemistry Division, 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dhana Lakshmi
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Michael J. Whitcombe
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Elena V. Piletska
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Iva Chianella
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Olgun Güven
- Hacettepe University, Chemistry Department, Polymer Chemistry Division, 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sergey A. Piletsky
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, U.K
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Ivanova-Mitseva PK, Fragkou V, Lakshmi D, Whitcombe MJ, Davis F, Guerreiro A, Crayston JA, Ivanova DK, Mitsev PA, Piletska EV, Piletsky SA. Conjugated Polymers with Pendant Iniferter Units: Versatile Materials for Grafting. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102692h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petya K. Ivanova-Mitseva
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Vasiliki Fragkou
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Dhana Lakshmi
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Michael J. Whitcombe
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Frank Davis
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Antonio Guerreiro
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Joseph A. Crayston
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, U.K
| | - Diana K. Ivanova
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Petar A. Mitsev
- School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Elena V. Piletska
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Sergey A. Piletsky
- Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, U.K
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Berti F, Marrazza G, Mascini M, Todros S, Baratto C, Ferroni M, Faglia G, Lakshmi D, Chianella I, Whitcombe MJ, Piletsky S, Turner APF. One-Dimensional Polyaniline Nanotubes for Enhanced Chemical and Biochemical Sensing. LECTURE NOTES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1324-6_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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