1
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Pham TTD, Jung SJ, Oh CM, Yang JK, Lee D, Kidanemariam A, Muhammad A, Kim S, Shin TJ, Park J, Hwang IW, Park J. Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles: Photothermal and Photodynamic Capabilities According to Molecular Ordering in Their Assembly Structures. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Thuy Duong Pham
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Mok Oh
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyoung Yang
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dabin Lee
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Alemayehu Kidanemariam
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Arbanah Muhammad
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehoon Kim
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities & School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeHong Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Wook Hwang
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Park
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
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2
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Doan-Nguyen TP, Mantala K, Atithep T, Crespy D. Osmotic Pressure as Driving Force for Reducing the Size of Nanoparticles in Emulsions. ACS NANO 2022; 17:940-954. [PMID: 36472438 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We describe here a method to decrease particle size of nanoparticles synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization. Small nanoparticles or nanocapsules were obtained by generating an osmotic pressure to induce the diffusion of monomer molecules from the dispersed phase of a miniemulsion before polymerization to an upper oil layer. The size reduction is dependent on the difference in concentration of monomer in the dispersed phase and in the upper oil layer and on the solubility of the monomer in water. By labeling the emulsion droplets with a copolymer of stearyl methacrylate and a polymerizable dye, we demonstrated that the migration of the monomer to the upper hexadecane layer relied on molecular diffusion rather than diffusion of monomer droplets to the oil layer. Moreover, surface tension measurements confirmed that the emulsions were still in the miniemulsion regime and not in the microemulsion regime. The particle size can be tuned by controlling the duration during which the miniemulsion stayed in contact with the hexadecane layer, the interfacial area between the miniemulsion and the hexadecane layer and by the concentration of surfactant. Our method was applied to reduce the size of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles, nanocapsules of a copolymer of styrene and methyl methacrylic acid, and silica nanocapsules. This work demonstrated that a successful reduction of nanoparticle size in the miniemulsion process can be achieved without using excess amounts of surfactant. The method relies on building osmotic pressure in oil droplets dispersed in water which acts as semipermeable membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao P Doan-Nguyen
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Mantala
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Thassanant Atithep
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
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3
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Verma M, Chan YH, Saha S, Liu MH. Recent Developments in Semiconducting Polymer Dots for Analytical Detection and NIR-II Fluorescence Imaging. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2142-2159. [PMID: 35014343 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) have attracted enormous attention in applications from fundamental analytical detection to advanced deep-tissue bioimaging due to their ultrahigh fluorescence brightness with excellent photostability and minimal cytotoxicity. Pdots have therefore been widely adopted for a variety types of molecular sensing for analytical detection. More importantly, the recent development of Pdots for use in the optical window between 1000 and 1700 nm, popularly known as the "second near-infrared window" (NIR-II), has emerged as a class of optical transparent imaging technology in the living body. The advantages of the NIR-II region over the traditional NIR-I (700-900 nm) window in fluorescence imaging originate from the reduced autofluorescence, minimal absorption and scattering of light, and improved penetration depths to yield high spatiotemporal images for biological tissues. Herein, we discuss and summarize the recent developments of Pdots employed for analytical detection and NIR-II fluorescence imaging. Starting with their preparation, the recent developments for targeting various analytes are then highlighted. After that, the importance of and latest progress in NIR-II fluorescence imaging using Pdots are reported. Finally, perspectives and challenges associated with the emergence of Pdots in different fields are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Verma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Yang-Hsiang Chan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ming-Ho Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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4
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Yuan Y, Hou W, Qin W, Wu C. Recent advances in semiconducting polymer dots as optical probes for biosensing. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:328-346. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01038c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review mainly summarized the recent results that used bright polymer dots (Pdots) for the detection of different analytes such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), metal ions, pH values, and a variety of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Weiying Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Weiping Qin
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Changfeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
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5
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Eversole D, Subramanian K, Harrison RK, Bourgeois F, Yuksel A, Ben-Yakar A. Femtosecond Plasmonic Laser Nanosurgery (fs-PLN) mediated by molecularly targeted gold nanospheres at ultra-low pulse fluences. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12387. [PMID: 32709944 PMCID: PMC7382507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic Laser Nanosurgery (PLN) is a novel photomodification technique that exploits the near-field enhancement of femtosecond (fs) laser pulses in the vicinity of gold nanoparticles. While prior studies have shown the advantages of fs-PLN to modify cells, further reduction in the pulse fluence needed to initiate photomodification is crucial to facilitate deep–tissue treatments. This work presents an in-depth study of fs-PLN at ultra-low pulse fluences using 47 nm gold nanoparticles, conjugated to antibodies that target the epithelial growth factor receptor and excited off-resonance using 760 nm, 270 fs laser pulses at 80 MHz repetition rate. We find that fs-PLN can optoporate cellular membranes with pulse fluences as low as 1.3 mJ/cm2, up to two orders of magnitude lower than those used at lower repetition rates. Our results, corroborated by simulations of free-electron generation by particle photoemission and photoionization of the surrounding water, shed light on the off-resonance fs-PLN mechanism. We suggest that photo-chemical pathways likely drive cellular optoporation and cell damage at these off-resonance, low fluence, and high repetition rate fs-laser pulses, with clusters acting as local concentrators of ROS generation. We believe that the low fluence and highly localized ROS-mediated fs-PLN approach will enable targeted therapeutics and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eversole
- Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Kaushik Subramanian
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Rick K Harrison
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Frederic Bourgeois
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Anil Yuksel
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Adela Ben-Yakar
- Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. .,Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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6
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Zhou S, Zhu J, Li Y, Feng L. A high brightness probe of polymer nanoparticles for biological imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 192:228-235. [PMID: 29149694 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) with high brightness in long wavelength region were prepared by the nano-precipitation method. Based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism, the high brightness property of the CPNs was realized by four different emission polymers. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displayed that the CPNs possessed a spherical structure and an average diameter of ~75nm. Analysis assays showed that the CPNs had excellent biocompatibility, good photostability and low cytotoxicity. The CPNs were bio-modified with a cell penetrating peptide (Tat, a targeted element) through covalent link. Based on the entire wave fluorescence emission, the functionalized CPNs1-4 can meet multichannel and high throughput assays in cell and organ imaging. The contribution of the work lies in not only providing a new way to obtain a high brightness imaging probe in long wavelength region, but also using targeted cell and organ imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Jiarong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Yaping Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
| | - Liheng Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
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7
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Zhao X, Deng K, Liu F, Zhang X, Yang H, Peng J, Liu Z, Ma L, Wang B, Wei H. Fabrication of Conjugated Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymer for Drug Delivery and Fluorescence Cell Imaging. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:566-575. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and
Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Kaicheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and
Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Fangjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and
Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and
Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Huiru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and
Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jinlei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and
Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zengkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and
Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Liwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and
Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Baoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and
Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and
Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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8
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Geng S, Fu Q, Zhao H, Peng X, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Wan J, Yang X. Temperature-sensitive poly(phenyleneethynylene) nanomedicines for intracellular tracking via fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py02081c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
pNIPAM-grafted poly(phenyleneethynylene) nanoparticles (pNE NPs) were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization and Sonogashira coupling reaction and were developed as novel self-indicating drug nano-carriers for monitoring the intracellular drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinan Geng
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan City
- P. R. China
| | - Qianwen Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan City
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan City
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaole Peng
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan City
- P. R. China
| | - Chun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan City
- P. R. China
| | - Yanbing Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan City
- P. R. China
| | - Jiangling Wan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan City
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan City
- P. R. China
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9
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Jana B, Ghosh A, Patra A. Photon Harvesting in Conjugated Polymer-Based Functional Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4608-4620. [PMID: 28853893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The design of new generation light-harvesting systems based on conjugated polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) is an emerging field of research to convert solar energy into renewable energy. In this Perspective, we focus on the understanding of the light harvesting processes like exciton dynamics, energy transfer, antenna effect, charge carrier dynamics, and other related processes of conjugated polymer-based functional nanomaterials. Spectroscopic investigations unveil the rotational dynamics of the dye molecules inside of PNPs and exciton dynamics of the self-assembled structures. A detailed understanding of the cascade energy transfer for white light and singlet oxygen generation in multiple fluorophores containing a PNP system by time-resolved spectroscopy is highlighted. Finally, ultrafast spectroscopic investigations provide direct insight into the impacts of electron and hole transfer at the interface in the hybrid materials for photocatalysis and photocurrent generation to construct efficient light-harvesting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Jana
- Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Amitava Patra
- Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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10
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Pu K, Chattopadhyay N, Rao J. Recent advances of semiconducting polymer nanoparticles in in vivo molecular imaging. J Control Release 2016; 240:312-322. [PMID: 26773769 PMCID: PMC4938792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) emerge as attractive molecular imaging nanoagents in living animals because of their excellent optical properties including large absorption coefficients, tunable optical properties and controllable dimensions, high photostability, and the use of organic and biologically inert components without toxic metals. This review summarizes the recent advances of these new organic nanoparticles in in vivo molecular imaging. The in vivo biocompatibility of SPNs is discussed first in details, followed by examples of their applications ranging from sentinel lymph node mapping and tumor imaging to long-term cell tracking, to drug toxicity and bacterial infection imaging for fluorescence, bioluminescence, chemiluminescence and photoacoustic imaging in living animals. The utility of SPNs for designing smart activatable probes for real-time in vivo imaging is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyi Pu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology School of Medicine, Stanford University, USA; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
| | - Niladri Chattopadhyay
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology School of Medicine, Stanford University, USA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology School of Medicine, Stanford University, USA.
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11
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Feng L, Zhu J, Wang Z. Biological Functionalization of Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Targeted Imaging and Photodynamic Killing of Tumor Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:19364-19370. [PMID: 27406913 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer nanoparticles composed of PFT/PS as a core and PEG-COOH on the surface were prepared by a reprecipitating method. The CPNs diaplay excellet properties such as good photostability, low cytotoxicity, and strong brightness, etc. The average diamater of CPNs is 30 nm with a spherical morphology. To realize specific imaging in different parts of tumor cells, the bare CPNs with the carboxyls on the surface were conjugated with antibody or peptide by a covalent mode. Studies display that CPNs modified with anti-EpCAM can recognize MCF-7 tumor cells and locate on the membrane, while CPNs conjugated with transcriptional activator protein (Tat) specifically locate in the cytoplasm of MCF-7 cells. On the basis of the ability of CPNs for producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light irradiation, photodynamic therapy for tumor cells was investigated. Due to the long distance and wide diffusion range, MCF-7 tumor cells with CPNs/anti-EpCAM have no obvious change with or without white light irradiation. However, CPNs/Tat exhibits higher killing ability for MCF-7 cells. Noticeably, multifunctional CPNs linked with anti-EpCAM and Tat simultaneously not only can specifically target MCF-7 tumor cells, but also may inhibit and kill these cells. This work develops a potential application platform for multifunctional CPNs in locating imaging, photodynamic therapy, and other aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Jiarong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University , Changzhi 046011, P. R. China
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12
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Singh A, Bezuidenhout M, Walsh N, Beirne J, Felletti R, Wang S, Fitzgerald KT, Gallagher WM, Kiely P, Redmond G. Functionalization of emissive conjugated polymer nanoparticles by coprecipitation: consequences for particle photophysics and colloidal properties. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:305603. [PMID: 27306338 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/30/305603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of polyfluorene (PFO) nanoparticles by coprecipitation of the conjugated polymer with an amphiphilic comb polymer, consisting of a hydrophobic polystyrene backbone with hydrophilic, carboxylic acid-terminated polyethylene oxide side-chains (PS-PEG-COOH), is investigated. The comb polymer affects the properties of the formed hybrid nanoparticles. Non-functionalized particles are typically larger (28 nm) than functionalized ones (20 nm); peak molar extinction coefficients are found to differ in a similar trend. Zeta potentials are negative, consistent with negative surface charge on PFO particles due to chemical defect formation, with additional charge on functionalized particles due to the pendant carboxylic acid groups. Emission quantum yields of functionalized particles are typically larger, consistent with lower efficiency of energy transfer to quenchers in smaller particles and weaker PFO interchain interactions due to chain dilution. The trend in per-particle fluorescence brightness values, as confirmed by single particle fluorescence imaging, reflects the nanoparticle extinction coefficients. Photostability studies on aqueous dispersions of hybrid particles indicate mild photobrightening under continuous illumination while PFO particles exhibit slow exponential emission decay. Functionalized particles are also resistant to aggregation during exposure to adenocarcinoma cells. Generally, the hybrid particles exhibit more favorable time-, pH- and medium-dependent stabilities, likely due to steric and electrostatic stabilization by PEG-carboxylic acid functionalities. Overall, the functionalized particles exhibit attractive properties: Reasonably small size, tight size distribution, high absorption cross section, radiative rate and emission quantum yield, excellent brightness and photostability, and good colloidal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Singh
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. The University of Texas at Austin, McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, 200 E Dean Keeton St. Stop, C0400, Austin, TX 78712-1589, USA
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13
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Kulkarni B, Surnar B, Jayakannan M. Dual Functional Nanocarrier for Cellular Imaging and Drug Delivery in Cancer Cells Based on π-Conjugated Core and Biodegradable Polymer Arms. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1004-16. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashree Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha
Road, Pune, 411008 Maharashtra, India
| | - Bapurao Surnar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha
Road, Pune, 411008 Maharashtra, India
| | - Manickam Jayakannan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha
Road, Pune, 411008 Maharashtra, India
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14
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Dai R, Wu F, Xu H, Chi Y. Anodic, cathodic, and annihilation electrochemiluminescence emissions from hydrophilic conjugated polymer dots in aqueous medium. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:15160-15167. [PMID: 26115552 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophilic poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) conjugated polymer dots (CP-dots) capped by Triton X-100 were synthesized. For the first time, the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emission of CP-dots was investigated in aqueous solution. At the glassy carbon/water interface, the CP-dots have excellent and multichannel ECL properties, such as having annihilation ECL activity in the absence of coreactants, and give bright anodic and cathodic ECL emission (590 nm) in the presence of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) and peroxydisulfate (S2O8(2-)), respectively. The versatile ECL properties of the hydrophilic CP-dots combined with their low cytotoxicity, good biocompatibility, and easy bioconjugation may suggest promising applications of this new type of ECL nanomaterial in novel biosensing and bioimaging, and new types of light-emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Dai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Fanmin Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Huifeng Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yuwu Chi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, and College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
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15
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Abstract
Soft fluorescent nanomaterials have attracted recent attention as imaging agents for biological applications, because they provide the advantages of good biocompatibility, high brightness, and easy biofunctionalization. Here, we provide a survey of recent developments in fluorescent soft nano-sized biological imaging agents. Various soft fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) (including dye-doped polymer NPs, semiconducting polymer NPs, small-molecule organic NPs, nanogels, micelles, vesicles, and biomaterial-based NPs) are summarized from the perspectives of preparation methods, structure, optical properties, and surface functionalization. Based on both optical and functional properties of the nano-sized imaging agents, their applications are then reviewed in terms of in vitro imaging, in vivo imaging, and cellular-process imaging, by means of specific or nonspecific targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Shang Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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16
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Kim H, Jin YJ, Kim BSI, Aoki T, Kwak G. Optically Active Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles from Chiral Solvent Annealing and Nanoprecipitation. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Kim
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Major in Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Buk-ku, Daegu 702−701, Korea
- Daegu Technopark Nano Convergence Practical Application Center, 891−5 Daecheon-dong, Dalseo-ku, Daegu 704−801, Korea
| | - Young-Jae Jin
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Major in Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Buk-ku, Daegu 702−701, Korea
| | - Beomsu Shin-Il Kim
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Major in Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Buk-ku, Daegu 702−701, Korea
| | - Toshiki Aoki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, and Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Giseop Kwak
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Major in Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Buk-ku, Daegu 702−701, Korea
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17
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Schütze F, Krumova M, Mecking S. Size Control of Spherical and Anisotropic Fluorescent Polymer Nanoparticles via Precise Rigid Molecules. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Schütze
- Chair of Chemical Materials
Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marina Krumova
- Chair of Chemical Materials
Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair of Chemical Materials
Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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18
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Battistelli G, Cantelli A, Guidetti G, Manzi J, Montalti M. Ultra-bright and stimuli-responsive fluorescent nanoparticles for bioimaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 8:139-50. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Battistelli
- Department of Chemistry ‘Giacomo Ciamician’; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Cantelli
- Department of Chemistry ‘Giacomo Ciamician’; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Gloria Guidetti
- Department of Chemistry ‘Giacomo Ciamician’; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Jeannette Manzi
- Department of Chemistry ‘Giacomo Ciamician’; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Montalti
- Department of Chemistry ‘Giacomo Ciamician’; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
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19
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Fischer CS, Jenewein C, Mecking S. Conjugated Star Polymers from Multidirectional Suzuki–Miyaura Polymerization for Live Cell Imaging. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502294n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph S. Fischer
- Chair of
Chemical Materials
Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christian Jenewein
- Chair of
Chemical Materials
Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair of
Chemical Materials
Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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20
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Pennakalathil J, Özgün A, Durmaz I, Cetin-Atalay R, Tuncel D. pH-responsive near-infrared emitting conjugated polymer nanoparticles for cellular imaging and controlled-drug delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jousheed Pennakalathil
- Department of Chemistry; Bilkent University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
- National Nanotechnology Research Center; Institute of Material Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Alp Özgün
- National Nanotechnology Research Center; Institute of Material Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Irem Durmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Bilkent University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Rengül Cetin-Atalay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Bilkent University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Dönüs Tuncel
- Department of Chemistry; Bilkent University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
- National Nanotechnology Research Center; Institute of Material Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
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21
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Pennakalathil J, Jahja E, Özdemir ES, Konu Ö, Tuncel D. Red Emitting, Cucurbituril-Capped, pH-Responsive Conjugated Oligomer-Based Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Cellular Imaging. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3366-74. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500839j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jousheed Pennakalathil
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Institute of Materials Science and
Nanotechnology,
National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), and §Department of Molecular Biology and
Genetics, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ermira Jahja
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Institute of Materials Science and
Nanotechnology,
National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), and §Department of Molecular Biology and
Genetics, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - E. Sıla Özdemir
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Institute of Materials Science and
Nanotechnology,
National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), and §Department of Molecular Biology and
Genetics, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özlen Konu
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Institute of Materials Science and
Nanotechnology,
National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), and §Department of Molecular Biology and
Genetics, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dönüs Tuncel
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Institute of Materials Science and
Nanotechnology,
National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), and §Department of Molecular Biology and
Genetics, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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22
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Feng G, Li K, Liu J, Ding D, Liu B. Bright single-chain conjugated polymer dots embedded nanoparticles for long-term cell tracing and imaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1212-1219. [PMID: 24339178 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Single-chain conjugated polymer (CP) dots embedded nanoparticles (NPs) bearing cell penetration peptide (TAT) as surface ligands are synthesized for long term cancer cell tracing applications. The CPNPs are fabricated by matrix-encapsulation method and the embedded CPs can be modulated into spherical dots with different size upon alteration of feed concentrations. Single-chain CP dots are formed upon decreasing feed concentration to 0.2 mg/mL, where CPNPs exhibit highest fluorescence quantum yield of 32%. Maleimide is introduced as the new NP surface functional group, which favors easy conjugation with cell penetration peptide via click chemistry to preserve its biofunctions. The obtained CPNPs show high brightness and good biocompatibility, which allow cell tracing for over 9 generations, superior to commercial cell tracker Qtracker 585.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxue Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biomoelcular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore; Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
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23
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Gezici Ö, Durmaz İ, Bilget Güven E, Ünal Ö, Özgün A, Cetin-Atalay R, Tuncel D. Dual functionality of conjugated polymer nanoparticles as an anticancer drug carrier and a fluorescent probe for cell imaging. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45120h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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24
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Ding D, Liu J, Feng G, Li K, Hu Y, Liu B. Bright far-red/near-infrared conjugated polymer nanoparticles for in vivo bioimaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3093-3102. [PMID: 23625815 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A highly emissive far-red/near-infrared (FR/NIR) fluorescent conjugated polymer (CP), poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorene)-co-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-co-4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole] (PFBTDBT10) is designed and synthesized via Suzuki polymerization. Formulation of PFBTDBT10 using 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG2000 ) and DSPE-PEG5000-folate as the encapsulation matrix yielded CP-loaded DSPE-PEG-folic acid nanoparticles (CPDP-FA NPs) with bright FR/NIR fluorescence (27% quantum yield) and a large Stoke's shift of 233 nm in aqueous solution. CPDP-FA NPs show improved thermal/photostabilities and larger Stoke's shifts as compared to commercially available quantum dots (Qdot 655) and organic dyes such as Alexa Fluor 555 and Rhodamine 6G. In vivo studies of CPDP-FA NPs on a hepatoma H22 tumor-bearing mouse model reveal that they could serve as an efficient FR/NIR fluorescent probe for targeted in vivo fluorescence imaging and cancer detection in a high contrast and specific manner. Together with the negligible in vivo toxicity, CPDP-FA NPs are promising FR/NIR fluorescent probes for future in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ding
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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25
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Erdem T, Ibrahimova V, Jeon DW, Lee IH, Tuncel D, Demir HV. Morphology-Dependent Energy Transfer of Polyfluorene Nanoparticles Decorating InGaN/GaN Quantum-Well Nanopillars. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C 2013; 117:18613-18619. [DOI: 10.1021/jp404354s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Talha Erdem
- Departments
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Physics, and Chemistry,
UNAM−National Nanotechnology Research Center, and Institute
of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Vusala Ibrahimova
- Departments
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Physics, and Chemistry,
UNAM−National Nanotechnology Research Center, and Institute
of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Dae-Woo Jeon
- School
of Advanced Materials Engineering, Research Center of Industrial Technology, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hwan Lee
- School
of Advanced Materials Engineering, Research Center of Industrial Technology, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Dönüs Tuncel
- Departments
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Physics, and Chemistry,
UNAM−National Nanotechnology Research Center, and Institute
of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Volkan Demir
- Departments
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Physics, and Chemistry,
UNAM−National Nanotechnology Research Center, and Institute
of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- School
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and School of Physical and
Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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26
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Wu C, Chiu DT. Highly fluorescent semiconducting polymer dots for biology and medicine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3086-109. [PMID: 23307291 PMCID: PMC5616106 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 727] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, semiconducting polymer nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention because of their outstanding characteristics as fluorescent probes. These nanoparticles, which primarily consist of π-conjugated polymers and are called polymer dots (Pdots) when they exhibit small particle size and high brightness, have demonstrated utility in a wide range of applications such as fluorescence imaging and biosensing. In this review, we summarize recent findings of the photophysical properties of Pdots which speak to the merits of these entities as fluorescent labels. This review also highlights the surface functionalization and biomolecular conjugation of Pdots, and their applications in cellular labeling, in vivo imaging, single-particle tracking, biosensing, and drug delivery. We discuss the relationship between the physical properties and performance, and evaluate the merits and limitations of the Pdot probes for certain imaging tasks and fluorescence assays. We also tackle the current challenges of Pdots and share our perspective on the future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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27
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Fischer CS, Baier MC, Mecking S. Enhanced brightness emission-tuned nanoparticles from heterodifunctional polyfluorene building blocks. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1148-54. [PMID: 23272736 DOI: 10.1021/ja311497e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Three-coordinate complexes (bromo)[4-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-phenyl](tri-tert-butyl-phosphine)palladium (1) and (bromo){4-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)methyl]phenyl}(tri-tert-butyl-phosphine)palladium (2) were used to initiate Suzuki-Miyaura chain growth polymerization of 7'-bromo-9',9'-dioctyl-fluoren-2'-yl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolane (3). The polymerization was optionally terminated by end-capping with red-emitting N-(2-ethylhexyl)-1,6-bis(4-tert-octylphenoxy)-9-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-perylene-3,4-dicarboximide. Heterodisubstituted polyfluorenes of adjustable molecular weights between 5 × 10(3) and 1.0 × 10(4) g mol(-1) and narrow molecular weight distribution (M(w)/M(n) < 1.2), bearing precisely one or two hydroxyl groups on one chain end and optionally a dye-label on the opposite end, were obtained virtually devoid of any side-products. Covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (M(n) = 2 × 10(3) g mol(-1)) to the reactive end groups yielded amphiphilic block copolymer, which afforded stable nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 25-50 nm when dispersed in water. These particles exhibited a bright fluorescence emission with quantum yields as high as Φ = 84%, which could optionally be tuned to longer wavelengths by energy transfer to the perylene monoimide dye. The heterodifunctional nature of these polyfluorenes is crucial for a bright and enduring fluorescence brightness as revealed by comparison to nanoparticles containing physically mixed dye. Further addition of terrylene diimide dye to the nanoparticles of perylene-end-capped polyfluorene block copolymers allows for an energy cascade resulting in emission exclusively in the deep red and near-infrared regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph S Fischer
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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28
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Wu C, Chiu DT. Stark fluoreszierende halbleitende Polymerpunkte für Biologie und Medizin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Liu J, Feng G, Ding D, Liu B. Bright far-red/near-infrared fluorescent conjugated polymer nanoparticles for targeted imaging of HER2-positive cancer cells. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00605k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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30
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Li H, Wu X, Xu B, Tong H, Wang L. Solution-processible hyperbranched conjugated polymer nanoparticles with tunable particle sizes by Suzuki polymerization in miniemulsion. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40901e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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31
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Wang B, Zhu C, Liu L, Lv F, Yang Q, Wang S. Synthesis of a new conjugated polymer for cell membrane imaging by using an intracellular targeting strategy. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00097d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Fernando LP, Kandel PK, Ackroyd PC, Christensen KA. The relative brightness of PEG lipid-conjugated polymer nanoparticles as fluid-phase markers in live cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:3003-14. [PMID: 23052882 PMCID: PMC3501596 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) have been widely touted as ultra-bright labels for biological imaging, no direct comparative measurements of their intracellular brightness have been reported. Simple in vitro comparisons are not definitive since fluorophore brightness in vitro may not correspond with intracellular brightness. We have compared the fluorescence brightness of J774A.1 cells loaded with 24 nm methoxy-capped 2,000 M(r) polyethylene glycol lipid PFBT nanoparticles (PEG lipid-PFBT CPNs) to cells loaded with carboxy-functionalized quantum dots (Qdots) or a dextran-linked small molecule organic dye, Alexa Fluor 488 dextran (AF488-dex). Under conditions likely to be used for biological imaging or flow cytometry, these CPNs are 175× brighter than Qdots and 1,400× brighter than AF488-dex in cells. Evaluation of the minimum incubation concentration required for detection of nanoparticle fluorescence with a commercial flow cytometer indicated that the limit of detection for PEG lipid-PFBT CPNs was 19 pM (86 ppb), substantially lower than values obtained for Qdots (980 pM) or AF488-dex (11.2 nM). Investigation of the mechanism of cellular uptake of the three fluid-phase labels indicates that these particles are passively taken into macrophage cells via macropinocytosis without interaction with cell surface receptors, and ultimately localize in lysosomes. In addition, no cytotoxicity could be observed at any of the CPN concentrations tested. Together, these data suggest that these CPNs are appropriate and attractive candidates as fluid-phase markers with significantly greater fluorescence brightness than existing dyes or nanoparticles. We expect that these CPNs will find application in both imaging and flow cytometry.
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33
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Li Y, Liu J, Liu B, Tomczak N. Highly emissive PEG-encapsulated conjugated polymer nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:5694-5702. [PMID: 22878417 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31267k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel bioimaging probe based on a conjugated polymer, poly(9,9-dihexylfluorene-alt-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole) (PFBD), is demonstrated. Transfer of the hydrophobic polymer into water using a short chain poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) resulted in conjugated polymer nanoparticles (PEG-PFBD) with a fluorescence quantum yield of 46%. The PEG-PFBD nanoparticles possessed several desirable structural and photophysical properties, such as colloidal stability in a broad range of pH values, sub-20 nm particle size, the presence of surface chemical functionality, as well as desirable excitation and emission spectra, for bioimaging applications. PEG-PFBD nanoparticles were conjugated with cyclic RGDfK targeting peptide for labeling of membrane α(V)β(3) integrin receptors on live HT-29 adenocarcinoma cells. Single nanoparticle microscopy revealed that the PEG-capped PFBD nanoparticles exhibit at least ten times higher emitted photon counts than single quantum dots (QD655) of comparable size. In addition, Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) of single PEG-PFBD nanoparticles revealed that the nanoparticles display a clearly resolvable single nanoparticle fluorescence lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602
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34
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Zhang X, Yu J, Wu C, Jin Y, Rong Y, Ye F, Chiu DT. Importance of having low-density functional groups for generating high-performance semiconducting polymer dots. ACS NANO 2012; 6:5429-39. [PMID: 22607220 PMCID: PMC3383935 DOI: 10.1021/nn301308w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting polymers with low-density side-chain carboxylic acid groups were synthesized to form stable, functionalized, and highly fluorescent polymer dots (Pdots). The influence of the molar fraction of hydrophilic side-chains on Pdot properties and performance was systematically investigated. Our results show that the density of side-chain carboxylic acid groups significantly affects Pdot stability, internal structure, fluorescence brightness, and nonspecific binding in cellular labeling. Fluorescence spectroscopy, single-particle imaging, and a dye-doping method were employed to investigate the fluorescence brightness and the internal structure of the Pdots. The results of these experiments indicate that semiconducting polymers with low density of side-chain functional groups can form stable, compact, and highly bright Pdots as compared to those with high density of hydrophilic side-chains. The functionalized polymer dots were conjugated to streptavidin (SA) by carbodiimide-catalyzed coupling and the Pdot-SA probes effectively and specifically labeled the cancer cell-surface marker Her2 in human breast cancer cells. The carboxylate-functionalized polymer could also be covalently modified with small functional molecules to generate Pdot probes for click chemistry-based bio-orthogonal labeling. This study presents a promising approach for further developing functional Pdot probes for biological applications.
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35
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Zhu C, Liu L, Yang Q, Lv F, Wang S. Water-soluble conjugated polymers for imaging, diagnosis, and therapy. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4687-735. [PMID: 22670807 DOI: 10.1021/cr200263w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 843] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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36
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Schütze F, Stempfle B, Jüngst C, Wöll D, Zumbusch A, Mecking S. Fluorescent conjugated block copolymer nanoparticles by controlled mixing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:2104-6. [PMID: 22246316 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc17066c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of the formation of stable fluorescent nanoparticles from controlled mixing of a THF solution of poly(fluorene ethynylene)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) in a microfluidic laminar flow crossjunction by spatially resolved fluorescence spectroscopy reveals the time scale of particle formation as well as incorporation of small molecule guests and the role of solvent mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Schütze
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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37
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Li K, Liu B. Polymer encapsulated conjugated polymernanoparticles for fluorescence bioimaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm14397b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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38
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Tan H, Zhang Y, Wang M, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Yong AM, Wong SY, Chang AYC, Chen ZK, Li X, Choolani M, Wang J. Silica-shell cross-linked micelles encapsulating fluorescent conjugated polymers for targeted cellular imaging. Biomaterials 2011; 33:237-46. [PMID: 21963283 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A bioinspired silification approach was successfully used to encapsulate fluorescent conjugated polymers inside silica-shell cross-linked polymeric micelles (CP-SSCL) in the highly benign synthesis environment of room temperature and near-neutral aqueous environment. Four different conjugated polymers were employed to demonstrate the versatility of the bioinspired silification, resulting in the formation of CP-SSCL with different emission wavelengths across the visible spectrum. The CP-SSCL are characterized by a large absorption coefficient and high quantum yield, indicating that they exhibit the required high fluorescence brightness for cellular imaging application. In addition, the CP-SSCL also exhibit a high colloidal stability and low cytotoxicity. The in vitro studies of using MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells show that the CP-SSCL are successfully uptaken by the cancer cells and located at the cytoplasm of the cells. Furthermore, by conjugating folic acid on their surfaces, the uptake of CP-SSCL by MDA-MB-231 cells was enhanced significantly, suggesting their great potential for targeted imaging and early detection of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Happy Tan
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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Su F, Alam R, Mei Q, Tian Y, Meldrum DR. Micelles as delivery vehicles for oligofluorene for bioimaging. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24425. [PMID: 21915324 PMCID: PMC3167853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the successful development of organic/polymeric light emitting diodes, many organic and polymeric fluorophores with high quantum efficiencies and optical stability were synthesized. However, most of these materials which have excellent optical properties are insoluble in water, limiting their applications in biological fields. Herein, we used micelles formed from an amino-group-containing poly(ε-caprolactone)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL-b-PEG-NH2) to incorporate a hydrophobic blue emitter oligofluorene (OF) to enable its application in biological conditions. Although OF is completely insoluble in water, it was successfully transferred into aqueous solutions with a good retention of its photophysical properties. OF exhibited a high quantum efficiency of 0.84 in a typical organic solvent of tetrahydrofuran (THF). In addition, OF also showed a good quantum efficiency of 0.46 after being encapsulated into micelles. Two cells lines, human glioblastoma (U87MG) and esophagus premalignant (CP-A), were used to study the cellular internalization of the OF incorporated micelles. Results showed that the hydrophobic OF was located in the cytoplasm, which was confirmed by co-staining the cells with nucleic acid specific SYTO 9, lysosome specific LysoTracker Red®, and mitochondria specific MitoTracker Red. MTT assay indicated non-toxicity of the OF-incorporated micelles. This study will broaden the application of hydrophobic functional organic compounds, oligomers, and polymers with good optical properties to enable their applications in biological research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Su
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ruhaniyah Alam
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Qian Mei
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yanqing Tian
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Deirdre R. Meldrum
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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Tan H, Wang M, Yang CT, Pant S, Bhakoo KK, Wong SY, Chen ZK, Li X, Wang J. Silica Nanocapsules of Fluorescent Conjugated Polymers and Superparamagnetic Nanocrystals for Dual-Mode Cellular Imaging. Chemistry 2011; 17:6696-706. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Park EJ, Erdem T, Ibrahimova V, Nizamoglu S, Demir HV, Tuncel D. White-emitting conjugated polymer nanoparticles with cross-linked shell for mechanical stability and controllable photometric properties in color-conversion LED applications. ACS NANO 2011; 5:2483-92. [PMID: 21443258 DOI: 10.1021/nn103598q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and characterization of water-dispersible, mechanically stable conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) in shelled architecture with tunable emission and controllable photometric properties via cross-linking. Using a reprecipitation method, white-emitting polymer nanoparticles are prepared in different sizes by varying the concentration of polymer; the emission kinetics are tuned by controlling the shell formation. For this purpose, polyfluorene derivatives containing azide groups are selected that can be decomposed under UV light to generate very reactive species, which opportunely facilitate the inter- and intra-cross-linking of polymer chains to form shells. Nanoparticles before and after UV treatment are characterized by various techniques. Their size and morphologies are determined by using dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements and imaging techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). For optical characterization, UV-vis and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescent spectroscopies are performed. Solid-state behaviors of these CPNs are also investigated by forming films through drop-casting. Moreover, the photometric calculations are also performed for films and dispersions to determine the color quality. A device has been constructed to show proof-of-principle white light generation from these nanoparticles. Additionally, mechanical stability studies are performed and demonstrated that these nanoparticles are indeed mechanically stable by removing the solvent after cross-linking using a freeze-dryer and redispersing in water and THF. Optical and imaging data confirm that the redispersed particles preserve their shapes and sizes after cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Park
- Department of Chemistry, UNAM, National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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Kandel PK, Fernando LP, Ackroyd PC, Christensen KA. Incorporating functionalized polyethylene glycol lipids into reprecipitated conjugated polymer nanoparticles for bioconjugation and targeted labeling of cells. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:1037-45. [PMID: 21152603 PMCID: PMC5507079 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00746c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple and rapid method to prepare extremely bright, functionalized, stable, and biocompatible conjugated polymer nanoparticles incorporating functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG) lipids by reprecipitation. These nanoparticles retain the fundamental spectroscopic properties of conjugated polymer nanoparticles prepared without PEG lipid, but demonstrate greater hydrophilicity and quantum yield compared to unmodified conjugated polymer nanoparticles. The sizes of these nanoparticles, as determined by TEM, were 21-26 nm. Notably, these nanoparticles were prepared with several PEG lipid functional end groups, including biotin and carboxy moieties that can be easily conjugated to biomolecules. We have demonstrated the availability of these end groups for functionalization using the interaction of biotin PEG lipid conjugated polymer nanoparticles with streptavidin. Biotinylated PEG lipid conjugated polymer nanoparticles bound streptavidin-linked magnetic beads, while carboxy and methoxy PEG lipid modified nanoparticles did not. Similarly, biotinylated PEG lipid conjugated polymer nanoparticles bound streptavidin-coated glass slides and could be visualized as diffraction-limited spots, while nanoparticles without PEG lipid or with non-biotin PEG lipid end groups were not bound. To demonstrate that nanoparticle functionalization could be used for targeted labelling of specific cellular proteins, biotinylated PEG lipid conjugated polymer nanoparticles were bound to biotinylated anti-CD16/32 antibodies on J774A.1 cell surface receptors, using streptavidin as a linker. This work represents the first demonstration of targeted delivery of conjugated polymer nanoparticles and demonstrates the utility of these new nanoparticles for fluorescence based imaging and sensing.
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Li K, Zhan R, Feng SS, Liu B. Conjugated Polymer Loaded Nanospheres with Surface Functionalization for Simultaneous Discrimination of Different Live Cancer Cells under Single Wavelength Excitation. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2125-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102949u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Ruoyu Zhan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Si-Shen Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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Jin Y, Ye F, Zeigler M, Wu C, Chiu DT. Near-infrared fluorescent dye-doped semiconducting polymer dots. ACS NANO 2011; 5:1468-75. [PMID: 21280613 PMCID: PMC3043135 DOI: 10.1021/nn103304m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence sensing is desirable for in vivo biological measurements, but the method is currently limited by the availability of NIR fluorescent markers as well as by their poor performance, such as self-aggregation and dim fluorescence, in a physiological environment. To address this issue, this paper describes a NIR fluorescent polymer dot (Pdot) that emits at 777 nm. This Pdot was comparable in size to a water-soluble NIR quantum dot that emits at 800 nm (ITK Qdot800) but was about four times brighter and with a narrower emission peak. We formed the NIR Pdot by doping the NIR dye, silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine bis(trihexylsilyloxide) (NIR775), into the matrix of poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (PFBT) as the Pdot formed using a nanoscale precipitation technique. Free molecules of NIR775 aggregate in aqueous solution, but encapsulating them into the hydrophobic Pdot matrix effectively introduced them into aqueous solution for use in biological studies. Most importantly, the brightness of NIR775 was dramatically enhanced because of the excellent light-harvesting ability of PFBT and the very efficient energy transfer from PFBT to NIR775. We anticipate this bright NIR Pdot will be useful in biological measurements and cellular imaging where strong NIR emission is beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pecher
- Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Wang J, Xu X, Zhao Y, Zheng C, Li L. Exploring the application of conjugated polymer nanoparticles in chemical sensing: detection of free radicals by a synergy between fluorescent nanoparticles of two conjugated polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13145a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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İbrahimova V, Ekiz S, Gezici Ö, Tuncel D. Facile synthesis of cross-linked patchy fluorescent conjugated polymer nanoparticles by click reactions. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ding L, Ju H. Biofunctionalization of nanoparticles for cytosensing and cell surface carbohydrate assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13700j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Hashim Z, Howes P, Green M. Luminescent quantum-dot-sized conjugated polymernanoparticles—nanoparticle formation in a miniemulsion system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02935a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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50
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Fernando LP, Kandel PK, Yu J, McNeill J, Ackroyd PC, Christensen KA. Mechanism of cellular uptake of highly fluorescent conjugated polymer nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2675-82. [PMID: 20863132 PMCID: PMC2962534 DOI: 10.1021/bm1007103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer nanoparticles are formed by precipitation of highly fluorescent conjugated polymers to form small nanoparticles with extremely bright fluorescence. We characterized cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of 18 ± 5 nm PFBT conjugated polymer nanoparticles in J774A.1 cells. Significant nanoparticle uptake was observed, indicating efficient nanoparticle entry into cells, even for short (1 h) incubations. The high fluorescence of these nanoparticles allows extremely low loading concentrations; PFBT nanoparticle fluorescence in cells could be detected with loading concentrations of 155 pM (270 ppb). Cellular uptake slows at low temperature, consistent with endocytic entry. Nanoparticles colocalize with Texas Red dextran and are trafficked to lysosomes, as demonstrated by the location of nanoparticle fluorescence in perinuclear organelles that also stain with an anti-LAMP-1 antibody. Inhibition of uptake by phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors implicates macropinocytosis as the operative endocytic mechanism. No significant cytotoxic or inflammatory effects could be observed, making PFBT nanoparticles attractive probes for live cell imaging.
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