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Dille SA, Colston KJ, Ratvasky SC, Pu J, Basu P. Interligand communication in a metal mediated LL'CT system - a case study. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24381-24386. [PMID: 34354823 PMCID: PMC8285364 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04716g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of oxo-Mo(iv) complexes, [MoO(Dt2−)(Dt0)] (where Dt2− = benzene-1,2-dithiol (bdt), toluene-3,4-dithiol (tdt), quinoxaline-2,3-dithiol (qdt), or 3,6-dichloro-benzene-1,2-dithiol (bdtCl2); Dt0 = N,N′-dimethylpiperazine-2,3-dithione (Me2Dt0) or N,N′-diisopropylpiperazine-2,3-dithione (iPr2Dt0)), possessing a fully oxidized and a fully reduced dithiolene ligand have been synthesized and characterized. The assigned oxidation states of coordinated dithiolene ligands are supported with spectral and crystallographic data. The molecular structure of [MoO(tdt)(iPr2Dt0)] (6) demonstrates a large ligand fold angle of 62.6° along the S⋯S vector of the Dt0 ligand. The electronic structure of this system is probed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The HOMO is largely localized on the Dt2− ligand while virtual orbitals are mostly Mo and Dt0 in character. Modeling the electronic spectrum of 6 with time dependent (TD) DFT calculations attributes the intense low energy transition at ∼18 000 cm−1 to a ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LL′CT). The electron density difference map (EDDM) for the low energy transition depicts the electron rich Dt2− ligand donating charge density to the redox-active orbitals of the electron deficient Dt0 ligand. Electronic communication between dithiolene ligands is facilitated by a Mo-monooxo center and distortion about its primary coordination sphere. The interligand communication between non-innocent dithiolene ligands of different oxidation states has been described in a Mo system. The fully reduced ene-dithiolate (Dt2−) acts as a donor moiety to the oxidized dithione (Dt0) in an LL′CT process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Dille
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
| | - Kyle J Colston
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
| | - Stephen C Ratvasky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University Pittsburgh PA 15282 USA
| | - Jingzhi Pu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
| | - Partha Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
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Dille SA, Colston KJ, Mogesa B, Cassell J, Perera E, Zeller M, Basu P. The Impact of Ligand Oxidation State and Fold Angle on the Charge Transfer Processes of Mo
IV
O‐Dithione Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Dille
- School Science Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis 402 N. Blackford St. Indianapolis IN 462020 USA
| | - Kyle J. Colston
- School Science Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis 402 N. Blackford St. Indianapolis IN 462020 USA
| | - Benjamin Mogesa
- Bayer School of Natural Science Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Duquesne University 600 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh PA 15282 USA
| | - Joseph Cassell
- School Science Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis 402 N. Blackford St. Indianapolis IN 462020 USA
| | - Eranda Perera
- Bayer School of Natural Science Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Duquesne University 600 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh PA 15282 USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- College of Science Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Dr. West Lafayette In 47907 USA
| | - Partha Basu
- School Science Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis 402 N. Blackford St. Indianapolis IN 462020 USA
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Colston KJ, Dille SA, Mogesa B, Brant J, Nemykin VN, Zeller M, Basu P. Syntheses, spectroscopic, redox, and structural properties of homoleptic Iron(III/II) dithione complexes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38294-38303. [PMID: 35517554 PMCID: PMC9057267 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07371g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two sets of FeIII/II dithione complexes [FeII(iPr2Dt0)3][PF6]2 ([1][PF6]2), [FeII(Me2Dt0)3][PF6]2 ([2][PF6]2), and [FeIII(iPr2Dt0)3][PF6]3 ([3][PF6]3), [FeIII(Me2Dt0)3][PF6]3 ([4][PF6]3), and compound [FeIII(iPr2Dt0)3][FeCl4][PF]2 ([3][FeCl4][PF6]2) were synthesized from N,N′-diisopropyl piperazine-2,3-dithione (iPr2Dt0) and N,N′-dimethyl piperazine-2,3-dithione (Me2Dt0) ligands. Complexes [1][PF6]2–[4][PF6]3 have been characterized by NMR, IR, and UV-visible spectroscopies, and by electrochemistry. The molecular structures of [2][PF6]2 and [3][FeCl4][PF6]2 have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Complexes [2][PF6]2 and [3][FeCl4][PF6]2 both crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/n. Both complexes exhibit distorted octahedral geometry and the three coordinated ligands in each complex exhibit different dithione folding. Complexes [1][PF6]2–[4][PF6]3 exhibit a single FeIII/II based couple and three quasi-reversible ligand-based redox couples. The electronic spectra of [1][PF6]2–[4][PF6]3 show intense MLCT bands that indicate strong mixing between metal and ligand orbitals. DFT calculations were used to provide a framework for understanding the electronic origin of their redox chemistry and spectroscopic features. Two sets of FeIII/II complexes, synthesized from N,N′-diisopropyl piperazine-2,3-dithione (iPr2Dt0) and N,N′-dimethyl piperazine-2,3-dithione (Me2Dt0) ligands, exhibit electronically asymmetrical ligands with metal–ligand orbital mixing.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Colston
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
| | - Sara A Dille
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
| | - Benjamin Mogesa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University Pittsburgh PA 15282 USA
| | - Jacilynn Brant
- The Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Layfette IN 47907 USA
| | - Partha Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
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4
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Basu P, Colston KJ, Mogesa B. Dithione, the antipodal redox partner of ene-1,2-dithiol ligands and their metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2020; 409:213211. [PMID: 38094102 PMCID: PMC10718511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Defining the oxidation state of the central atom in a coordination compound is fundamental in understanding the electronic structure and provides a starting point for elucidating molecular properties. The presence of non-innocent ligand(s) can obscure the oxidation state of the central atom as the ligand contribution to the electronic structure is difficult to ascertain. Redox-active ligands, such as dithiolene ligands, are well known non-innocent ligands that can exist in both a fully reduced (Dt2-) and fully oxidized (Dt0) states. Complexes containing the fully oxidized dithione state of the ligand are uncommon and only a few have been completely characterized. Dithione ligands are of interest due to their electron-deficient nature and ability to act as an electron acceptor for more electron-rich moieties, such as other dithiolene ligands or metal centers. This article focuses the syntheses, structures, and metal coordination, particularly coordination compounds, of dithione ligands. Various examples of mono, bis, and tris dithione complexes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Kyle J. Colston
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Benjamin Mogesa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
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Colston KJ, Dille SA, Mogesa B, Astashkin AV, Brant JA, Zeller M, Basu P. Design, Synthesis, and Structure of Copper Dithione Complexes: Redox‐Dependent Charge Transfer. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Colston
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University‐Purdue University Indianapolis 402 N. Blackford Street 46202 Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Sara A. Dille
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University‐Purdue University Indianapolis 402 N. Blackford Street 46202 Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Benjamin Mogesa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Duquesne University 15282 Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Andrei V. Astashkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arizona 85721 Tucson AZ USA
| | - Jacilynn A. Brant
- The Air Force Research Laboratory Aerospace Systems Directorate 1950 Fifth Street, Building 18 45433 Wright‐Patterson Air Force Base Ohio USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive 47907 West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Partha Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University‐Purdue University Indianapolis 402 N. Blackford Street 46202 Indianapolis IN USA
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Yang J, Mogesa B, Basu P, Kirk ML. Large Ligand Folding Distortion in an Oxomolybdenum Donor-Acceptor Complex. Inorg Chem 2015; 55:785-93. [PMID: 26692422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interligand charge transfer is examined in the novel metallo-dithiolene complex MoO(SPh)2((i)Pr2Dt(0)) (where (i)Pr2Dt(0) = N,N'-isopropyl-piperazine-2,3-dithione). The title complex displays a remarkable 70° "envelope"-type fold of the five-membered dithiolene ring, which is bent upward toward the terminal oxo ligand. A combination of electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopies have been used to probe the basic electronic structure responsible for the large fold-angle distortion. The intense charge transfer transition observed at ∼18 000 cm(-1) is assigned as a thiolate → dithione ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LL'CT) transition that also possesses Mo(IV) → dithione charge transfer character. Strong orbital mixing between occupied and virtual orbitals with Mo(x(2)-y(2)) orbital character is derived from a strong pseudo Jahn-Teller effect, which drives the large fold-angle distortion to yield a double-well potential in the electronic ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico , MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - Benjamin Mogesa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Partha Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Martin L Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico , MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
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7
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Pimkov IV, Serli-Mitasev B, Peterson AA, Ratvasky SC, Hammann B, Basu P. Designing the Molybdopterin Core through Regioselective Coupling of Building Blocks. Chemistry 2015; 21:17057-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mogesa B, Perera E, Rhoda HM, Gibson JK, Oomens J, Berden G, van Stipdonk MJ, Nemykin VN, Basu P. Solution, Solid, and Gas Phase Studies on a Nickel Dithiolene System: Spectator Metal and Reactor Ligand. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:7703-16. [PMID: 26244772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of cationic nickel complexes using N,N'-dimethyl piperazine 2,3-dithione (Me2Dt(0)) and N,N'-diisopropyl piperazine 2,3-dithione ((i)Pr2Dt(0)) ligands are reported. These ligands were used in synthesizing bis and tris(dithione)Ni(II) complexes as tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate salts, i.e., [Ni((i)Pr2Dt(0))2][BF4]2 ([1a][BF4]2), [Ni((i)Pr2Dt(0))2][PF6]2 ([1a][PF6]2), [Ni(Me2Dt(0))2][BF4]2 ([1b][BF4]2), [Ni((i)Pr2Dt(0))3][BF4]2 ([2a][BF4]2), and [Ni((i)Pr2Dt(0))3][PF6]2 ([2a][PF6]2), respectively. Complex [2a][PF6]2 was isolated from a methanolic solution of [1a][PF6]2. Compound [1a][BF4]2 crystallizes in a trigonal crystal system (space group, P31/c) and exhibits unique packing features, whereas [2a][BF4]2 crystallizes in a monoclinic (P21/n) space group. Cyclic voltammograms of [1a][BF4]2 and [1b][BF4]2 are indicative of four reduction processes associated with stepwise single-electron reduction of the ligands. Spectroelectrochemical experiments on [1a][BF4]2 exhibit an intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) transition as a spectroscopic signature of the mixed-valence [Ni((i)Pr2Dt(0))((i)Pr2Dt(1-))](-) species. Analysis of this IVCT band suggests that this ligand based mixed valence complex, [Ni((i)Pr2Dt(0))((i)Pr2Dt(1-))](-), behaves more like a traditional class II/III metal based mixed-valence complex. The density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent DFT calculations provide a theoretical framework for understanding the electronic structures and the nature of excited states of the target compounds that are consistent with their spectroscopic and redox properties. Vibrational spectra of [1a](2+) and [2a](2+) were investigated as discrete species in the gas phase using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mogesa
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Eranda Perera
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Hannah M Rhoda
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - John K Gibson
- §Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jos Oomens
- ∥Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- ∥Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J van Stipdonk
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Partha Basu
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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Basu P, Nieter Burgmayer SJ. Recent developments in the study of molybdoenzyme models. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:373-83. [PMID: 25578808 PMCID: PMC4336637 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, a plethora of crystal structures of molybdenum enzymes has appeared in the literature providing a clearer picture of the enzymatic active sites and increasing the challenge to chemists to develop accurate models for those sites. In this minireview we discuss the most recent model studies aimed to reproduce detailed features of the pterin-dithiolene ligand, both as the uncoordinated form and as a chelate coordinated to molybdenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
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10
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Sparacino-Watkins C, Stolz JF, Basu P. Nitrate and periplasmic nitrate reductases. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:676-706. [PMID: 24141308 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60249d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nitrate anion is a simple, abundant and relatively stable species, yet plays a significant role in global cycling of nitrogen, global climate change, and human health. Although it has been known for quite some time that nitrate is an important species environmentally, recent studies have identified potential medical applications. In this respect the nitrate anion remains an enigmatic species that promises to offer exciting science in years to come. Many bacteria readily reduce nitrate to nitrite via nitrate reductases. Classified into three distinct types--periplasmic nitrate reductase (Nap), respiratory nitrate reductase (Nar) and assimilatory nitrate reductase (Nas), they are defined by their cellular location, operon organization and active site structure. Of these, Nap proteins are the focus of this review. Despite similarities in the catalytic and spectroscopic properties Nap from different Proteobacteria are phylogenetically distinct. This review has two major sections: in the first section, nitrate in the nitrogen cycle and human health, taxonomy of nitrate reductases, assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reduction, cellular locations of nitrate reductases, structural and redox chemistry are discussed. The second section focuses on the features of periplasmic nitrate reductase where the catalytic subunit of the Nap and its kinetic properties, auxiliary Nap proteins, operon structure and phylogenetic relationships are discussed.
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Pimkov IV, Nigam A, Venna K, Fleming FF, Solntsev PV, Nemykin VN, Basu P. Dithiolopyranthione Synthesis, Spectroscopy and an Unusual Reactivity with DDQ. J Heterocycl Chem 2013; 50:879-886. [PMID: 25328243 PMCID: PMC4200397 DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The bicyclic pyran thiolone tetrahydro-3αH-[1,3]dithiolo[4,5-β]pyran-2-thione (3a) engages in a highly unusual fragmentation in the presence of DDQ. The pyran thiolone, 3a, was synthesized by chlorination of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (1), followed by condensing with CS2 and NaSH. Reaction of 3a with DDQ generates the isomerized pyran thiolone tetrahydro-3αH-[1,3]dithiolo[4,5-β]pyran-2-thione (3b) and 4-benzyl-5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1,3-dithiole-2-thione (4) via a deep-seated rearrangement. The identity of 3b was confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis: P21/c, a=5.807(9) Å, b = 12.99(2) Å, c = 11.445(15), β=113.23(6)°. Mechanistic experiments and computational insight is used to explain the likely sequence of events in the highly unusual formation of 4. Collectively, these results establish fundamental reactivity patterns for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Pimkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
| | - Archana Nigam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
| | - Kiran Venna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
| | - Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
| | - Pavlo V. Solntsev
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812
| | - Partha Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
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12
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Mtei RP, Perera E, Mogesa B, Stein B, Basu P, Kirk ML. A Valence Bond Description of Dizwitterionic Dithiolene Character in an Oxomolybdenum-bis(dithione). Eur J Inorg Chem 2011; 2011:5467-5470. [PMID: 23956683 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metallo-dithiolene non-innocence is explored in an oxomolybdenum-bis(dithione) complex, [Mo4+O(i-Pr2Pipdt)2Cl][PF6] (where i-Pr2Pipdt is N,N'-piperazine-2,3-dithione), that possesses a piperazine ring as an integral part of the dithiolene ligand. The title complex displays unusual spectroscopic features for a formally reduced Mo(IV) dithiolene complex, namely a low energy metal-to-ligand charge transfer band with appreciable intensity and C-C and C-S stretching frequencies that are markedly different from those of oxomolydenum complexes coordinated to dianionic dithiolene ligands. The electronic structure of the ligand has been described in valence bond terms as a resonance hybrid of dithione and dizwitterionic dithiolene contributing structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina P Mtei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The Univesity of New Mexico, MSC03 2060. 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001
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