1
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Wang Z, Chen K, Xue D. Crystallization of amorphous anodized TiO 2 nanotube arrays. RSC Adv 2024; 14:8195-8203. [PMID: 38469199 PMCID: PMC10925910 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00852a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Anodized TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs) prepared by anodization have garnered widespread attention due to their unique structure and properties. In this study, we prepared TNTAs of varying lengths by controlling the anodization time. Among them, the nanotubes anodized for 2 h have an inner diameter of approximately 92 nm and a wall thickness of approximately 12 nm. Then we subjected amorphous TNTAs prepared by the anodization method to annealing treatments, systematically analyzing the evolution of morphology and structure with varying annealing temperatures. As the annealing temperature increases, the amorphous successively undergoes transitions to the anatase phase and then to the rutile phase. During the transition to the anatase phase, the structure of the nanotube array remains intact, with the complete preservation of the tubular array structure. However, during the transition to the rutile phase, the tubular array structure is destroyed. To address why the tubular array remains undamaged during the amorphous-to-anatase transition, we subjected amorphous TNTAs to annealing at 300 °C for different durations. Raman spectroscopy was employed for fit analysis, providing insights into the evolution of the molecular structure during the anatase phase transition. Finally, TNTAs annealed at different temperatures were incorporated into lithium-ion batteries. By combining XRD for semi-quantitative phase content and anatase particle size calculations, we established a correlation between structure and electrochemical performance. The results indicate a significant improvement in electrochemical performance for an amorphous-anatase structure obtained through annealing at 300 °C, providing insights for the design of high-performance energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wang
- Institute of Novel Semiconductors, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Kunfeng Chen
- Institute of Novel Semiconductors, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Dongfeng Xue
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Shenzhen 518110 China
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2
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Kausar A. Polymer and nanobelt derived nanomaterials: opening doors to revolutionary stadia. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1793194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- Nanosciences Division, National Center For Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
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3
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Oyarzún DP, Chardon-Noblat S, Linarez Pérez OE, López Teijelo M, Zúñiga C, Zarate X, Schott E, Carreño A, Arratia-Perez R. Comparative study of the anchorage and the catalytic properties of nanoporous TiO2 films modified with ruthenium (II) and rhenium (I) carbonyl complexes. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Gu X, Zhang Y, Su H. Insight into the role of UV-irradiation in photothermal catalytic Fischer–Tropsch synthesis over TiO2 nanotube-supported cobalt nanoparticles. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy02304a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To explore an efficient catalytic system with high activity and selectivity is the key to improve Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) technology and the main focus in the academic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Coal Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Coal Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- China
| | - Xiaojun Gu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Coal Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Coal Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- China
| | - Haiquan Su
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Coal Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- China
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5
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Li T, Ding D, Dong Z, Ning C. Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Properties of Ti-Ni-Si-O Nanostructures on Ti-Ni-Si Alloy. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7110359. [PMID: 29088083 PMCID: PMC5707576 DOI: 10.3390/nano7110359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ti-Ni-Si-O nanostructures were successfully prepared on Ti-1Ni-5Si alloy foils via electrochemical anodization in ethylene glycol/glycerol solutions containing a small amount of water. The Ti-Ni-Si-O nanostructures were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and diffuse reflectance absorption spectra. Furthermore, the photoelectrochemical water splitting properties of the Ti-Ni-Si-O nanostructure films were investigated. It was found that, after anodization, three different kinds of Ti-Ni-Si-O nanostructures formed in the α-Ti phase region, Ti2Ni phase region, and Ti5Si3 phase region of the alloy surface. Both the anatase and rutile phases of Ti-Ni-Si-O oxide appeared after annealing at 500 °C for 2 h. The photocurrent density obtained from the Ti-Ni-Si-O nanostructure photoanodes was 0.45 mA/cm2 at 0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in 1 M KOH solution. The above findings make it feasible to further explore excellent photoelectrochemical properties of the nanostructure-modified surface of Ti-Ni-Si ternary alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Institute of Electronic Materials and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Dongyan Ding
- Institute of Electronic Materials and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zhenbiao Dong
- Institute of Electronic Materials and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Congqin Ning
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
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6
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Preparation of Ti foil-based TiO2 film containing rutile sea urchin-like microspheres covered with anatase nanotubes self-organized layer and its application in dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Ge M, Li Q, Cao C, Huang J, Li S, Zhang S, Chen Z, Zhang K, Al‐Deyab SS, Lai Y. One-dimensional TiO 2 Nanotube Photocatalysts for Solar Water Splitting. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600152. [PMID: 28105391 PMCID: PMC5238753 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen production from water splitting by photo/photoelectron-catalytic process is a promising route to solve both fossil fuel depletion and environmental pollution at the same time. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes have attracted much interest due to their large specific surface area and highly ordered structure, which has led to promising potential applications in photocatalytic degradation, photoreduction of CO2, water splitting, supercapacitors, dye-sensitized solar cells, lithium-ion batteries and biomedical devices. Nanotubes can be fabricated via facile hydrothermal method, solvothermal method, template technique and electrochemical anodic oxidation. In this report, we provide a comprehensive review on recent progress of the synthesis and modification of TiO2 nanotubes to be used for photo/photoelectro-catalytic water splitting. The future development of TiO2 nanotubes is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzheng Ge
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern SilkCollege of Textile and Clothing, EngineeringSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Qingsong Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern SilkCollege of Textile and Clothing, EngineeringSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern SilkCollege of Textile and Clothing, EngineeringSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Jianying Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern SilkCollege of Textile and Clothing, EngineeringSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Shuhui Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern SilkCollege of Textile and Clothing, EngineeringSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Songnan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern SilkCollege of Textile and Clothing, EngineeringSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Zhong Chen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Keqin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern SilkCollege of Textile and Clothing, EngineeringSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Salem S. Al‐Deyab
- Petrochemical Research ChairDepartment of ChemistryCollege of ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11451Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuekun Lai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern SilkCollege of Textile and Clothing, EngineeringSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
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8
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Synergistic effect between hydrodynamic conditions during Ti anodization and acidic treatment on the photoelectric properties of TiO2 nanotubes. J Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Investigation of TiO 2 nanotubes/nanoparticles stacking sequences to improve power conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.05.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Zhao Z, Tian J, Sang Y, Cabot A, Liu H. Structure, synthesis, and applications of TiO2 nanobelts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:2557-82. [PMID: 25800706 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201405589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 semiconductor nanobelts have unique structural and functional properties, which lead to great potential in many fields, including photovoltaics, photocatalysis, energy storage, gas sensors, biosensors, and even biomaterials. A review of synthetic methods, properties, surface modification, and applications of TiO2 nanobelts is presented here. The structural features and basic properties of TiO2 nanobelts are systematically discussed, with the many applications of TiO2 nanobelts in the fields of photocatalysis, solar cells, gas sensors, biosensors, and lithium-ion batteries then introduced. Research efforts that aim to overcome the intrinsic drawbacks of TiO2 nanobelts are also highlighted. These efforts are focused on the rational design and modification of TiO2 nanobelts by doping with heteroatoms and/or forming surface heterostructures, to improve their desirable properties. Subsequently, the various types of surface heterostructures obtained by coupling TiO2 nanobelts with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, chalcogenides, and conducting polymers are described. Further, the charge separation and electron transfer at the interfaces of these heterostructures are also discussed. These properties are related to improved sensitivity and selectivity for specific gases and biomolecules, as well as enhanced UV and visible light photocatalytic properties. The progress in developments of near-infrared-active photocatalysts based on TiO2 nanobelts is also highlighted. Finally, an outline of important directions of future research into the synthesis, modification, and applications of this unique material is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China; Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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11
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Yoo H, Choi YW, Choi J. Ruthenium Oxide-Doped TiO2Nanotubes by Single-Step Anodization for Water-Oxidation Applications. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Lee K, Mazare A, Schmuki P. One-dimensional titanium dioxide nanomaterials: nanotubes. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9385-454. [PMID: 25121734 DOI: 10.1021/cr500061m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science WW4-LKO, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Chen H, Rui Z, Ji H. Monolith-Like TiO2 Nanotube Array Supported Pt Catalyst for HCHO Removal under Mild Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5004009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huayao Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and The Key Lab of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zebao Rui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and The Key Lab of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and The Key Lab of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Ye M, Zheng D, Wang M, Chen C, Liao W, Lin C, Lin Z. Hierarchically structured microspheres for high-efficiency rutile TiO(2)-based dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:2893-901. [PMID: 24467178 DOI: 10.1021/am405442n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Peachlike rutile TiO2 microsphere films were successfully produced on transparent conducting fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate via a facile, one-pot chemical bath route at low temperature (T = 80-85 °C) by introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) as steric dispersant. The formation of TiO2 microspheres composed of nanoneedles was attributed to the acidic medium for the growth of 1D needle-shaped building blocks where the steric interaction of PEG reduced the aggregation of TiO2 nanoneedles and the Ostwald ripening process. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) assembled by employing these complex rutile TiO2 microspheres as photoanodes exhibited a light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 2.55%. It was further improved to a considerably high efficiency of 5.25% upon a series of post-treatments (i.e., calcination, TiCl4 treatment, and O2 plasma exposure) as a direct consequence of the well-crystallized TiO2 for fast electron transport, the enhanced capacity of dye loading, the effective light scattering, and trapping from microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meidan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
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15
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Xin X, Liu HY, Ye M, Lin Z. Semiconductor hierarchically structured flower-like clusters for dye-sensitized solar cells with nearly 100% charge collection efficiency. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11220-11226. [PMID: 24081015 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04370c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
By combining the ease of producing ZnO nanoflowers with the advantageous chemical stability of TiO2, hierarchically structured hollow TiO2 flower-like clusters were yielded via chemical bath deposition (CBD) of ZnO nanoflowers, followed by their conversion into TiO2 flower-like clusters in the presence of TiO2 precursors. The effects of ZnO precursor concentration, precursor amount, and reaction time on the formation of ZnO nanoflowers were systematically explored. Dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated by utilizing these hierarchically structured ZnO and TiO2 flower clusters exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 1.16% and 2.73%, respectively, under 100 mW cm(-2) illumination. The intensity modulated photocurrent/photovoltage spectroscopy (IMPS/IMVS) studies suggested that flower-like structures had a fast electron transit time and their charge collection efficiency was nearly 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xukai Xin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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16
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Rui Z, Feng D, Chen H, Ji H. Evaluation of TiO2 nanotube supported Ru catalyst for syngas production. Catal Today 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Composition and photoelectrochemical properties of WO3/TNAs photoelectrodes fabricated by in situ electrochemical method. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.04.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Ye M, Chen C, Lv M, Zheng D, Guo W, Lin C. Facile and effective synthesis of hierarchical TiO2 spheres for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:6577-6583. [PMID: 23759872 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01604h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) crystalline anatase TiO2 hierarchical spheres were successfully derived from Ti foils via a fast, template-free, low-temperature hydrothermal route followed by a calcination post-treatment. These dandelion-like TiO2 spheres are composed of numerous ultrathin nanoribbons, which were subsequently split into fragile nanoflakes as a result of the decomposition of Ti-complex intermediates to TiO2 and H2O at high temperature. The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) employing such hierarchically structured TiO2 spheres as the photoanodes exhibited a light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 8.50%, yielding a 28% enhancement in comparison with that (6.64%) of P25-based DSSCs, which mainly benefited from the enhanced capacity of dye loading in combination with effective light scattering and trapping from hierarchical architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meidan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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19
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Ye M, Zheng D, Lv M, Chen C, Lin C, Lin Z. Hierarchically structured nanotubes for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:3039-44. [PMID: 23450829 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201205274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical TiO2 nanotube arrays grown on Ti foil are yielded by subjecting electrochemically anodized, vertically oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays to hydrothermal processing. The resulting DSSCs exhibit a significantly enhanced power conversion efficiency of 7.24%, which is a direct consequence of the synergy of higher dye loading, superior light-scattering ability, and fast electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meidan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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20
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Ye M, Liu HY, Lin C, Lin Z. Hierarchical rutile TiO2 flower cluster-based high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells via direct hydrothermal growth on conducting substrates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:312-21. [PMID: 23047462 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on hierarchical rutile TiO(2) flower clusters prepared by a facile, one-pot hydrothermal process exhibit a high efficiency. Complex yet appealing rutile TiO(2) flower films are, for the first time, directly hydrothermally grown on a transparent conducting fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. The thickness and density of as-grown flower clusters can be readily tuned by tailoring growth parameters, such as growth time, the addition of cations of different valence and size, initial concentrations of precursor and cation, growth temperature, and acidity. Notably, the small lattice mismatch between the FTO substrate and rutile TiO(2) renders the epitaxial growth of a compact rutile TiO(2) layer on the FTO glass. Intriguingly, these TiO(2) flower clusters can then be exploited as photoanodes to produce DSSCs, yielding a power conversion efficiency of 2.94% despite their rutile nature, which is further increased to 4.07% upon the TiCl(4) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meidan Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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21
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Hyam RS, Choi D. Effects of titanium foil thickness on TiO2 nanostructures synthesized by anodization. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40581h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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22
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Lv M, Zheng D, Ye M, Sun L, Xiao J, Guo W, Lin C. Densely aligned rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays with high surface area for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:5872-9. [PMID: 22899164 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31431b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1-D) TiO(2) nanorod arrays (NRAs) with large inner surface area are desired in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). So far, good performance of DSSCs based on 1-D rutile TiO(2) NRAs remains a challenge mainly owing to their low dye-loading ability resulting from the insufficient specific surface area of 1-D TiO(2) nanostructures. In this paper, densely aligned TiO(2) NRAs with tunable thickness were grown directly on transparent conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates by hydrothermal method, followed by a facile chemical etching route to further increase the specific surface area of the TiO(2) NRAs. The etching treatment leads to the split of TiO(2) nanorods into secondary nanorods with a reduced diameter, which markedly enlarges the inner surface area of the TiO(2) NRAs. The formation of 1-D rutile TiO(2) nanotube arrays (NTAs) is observed as well in the etched TiO(2) films. Finally, a DSSC efficiency of 5.94% was achieved by utilizing an etched TiO(2) NRA as the photoanode, which is so far the best DSSC efficiency that has been reported for the 1-D rutile TiO(2) NRA films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqiang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
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23
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Ye M, Gong J, Lai Y, Lin C, Lin Z. High-Efficiency Photoelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Generation Enabled by Palladium Quantum Dots-Sensitized TiO2 Nanotube Arrays. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15720-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja307449z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meidan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiaojiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuekun Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Changjian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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24
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Wang J, Lin Z. Dye-Sensitized TiO2Nanotube Solar Cells: Rational Structural and Surface Engineering on TiO2Nanotubes. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:2754-62. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Xin X, Wang J, Han W, Ye M, Lin Z. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on a nanoparticle/nanotube bilayer structure and their equivalent circuit analysis. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:964-969. [PMID: 22193983 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11617k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were prepared by capitalizing on a TiO(2) bilayer structure composed of P-25 nanoparticles and freestanding crystalline nanotube arrays as photoanodes. After being subjected to sequential TiCl(4) treatment and O(2) plasma exposure, the bilayer photoanode was sensitized with N719 dye. DSSCs based on a 20 μm TiO(2) nanoparticle film solely and a bilayer of 13 μm TiO(2) nanoparticles and 7 μm TiO(2) nanotubes exhibited the highest power conversion efficiency, PCE, of 8.02% and 7.00%, respectively, compared to the devices made of different TiO(2) thicknesses. On the basis of J-V parameter analysis acquired by equivalent circuit model simulation, in comparison to P-25 nanoparticles, charge transport in nanotubes was found to be facilitated due to the presence of advantageous nanotubular structures, while photocurrent was reduced owing to their small surface area, which in turn resulted in low dye loading, as well as the lack of cooperative effect of anatase and rutile phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xukai Xin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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26
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Synthesis of N-doped TiO2 mesosponge by solvothermal transformation of anodic TiO2 nanotubes and enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Jang YH, Xin X, Byun M, Jang YJ, Lin Z, Kim DH. An unconventional route to high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells via embedding graphitic thin films into TiO2 nanoparticle photoanode. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:479-485. [PMID: 22148913 DOI: 10.1021/nl203901m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic thin films embedded with highly dispersed titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles were incorporated for the first time into the conventional dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), resulting in a remarkably improved cell efficiency due to its superior electron conductivity. Massively ordered arrays of TiO(2) dots embedded in carbon matrix were fabricated via UV-stabilization of polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) films containing TiO(2) precursors followed by direct carbonization. For dye-sensitized TiO(2) based solar cells containing carbon/TiO(2) thin layers at both sides of pristine TiO(2) layer, an increase of 62.3% [corrected] in overall power conversion efficiency was achieved compared with neat TiO(2)-based DSSCs. Such a remarkably improved cell efficiency was ascribed to the superior electron conductivity and extended electron lifetime elucidated by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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28
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Pazoki M, Taghavinia N, Abdi Y, Tajabadi F, Boschloo G, Hagfeldt A. CVD-grown TiO2 particles as light scattering structures in dye-sensitized solar cells. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21361c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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29
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Mali SS, Desai SK, Kalagi SS, Betty CA, Bhosale PN, Devan RS, Ma YRR, Patil PS. PbS quantum dot sensitized anatase TiO2 nanocorals for quantum dot-sensitized solar cell applications. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:6130-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12464e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Xin X, Scheiner M, Ye M, Lin Z. Surface-treated TiO2 nanoparticles for dye-sensitized solar cells with remarkably enhanced performance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:14594-14598. [PMID: 22013973 DOI: 10.1021/la2034627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were prepared by capitalizing on mesoporous P-25 TiO(2) nanoparticle film sensitized with N719 dyes. Subjecting TiO(2) nanoparticle films to TiCl(4) treatment, the device performance was improved. More importantly, O(2) plasma processing of TiO(2) film that was not previously TiCl(4)-treated resulted in a lower efficiency; by contrast, subsequent O(2) plasma exposure after TiCl(4) treatment markedly enhanced the power conversion efficiency, PCE, of DSSCs. Remarkably, with TiCl(4) and O(2) plasma treatments dye-sensitized TiO(2) nanoparticle solar cells produced with 21 μm thick TiO(2) film illuminated under 100 mW/cm(2) exhibited a PCE as high as 8.35%, twice of untreated cells of 3.86%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xukai Xin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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31
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Xie K, Wu Q, Wang Y, Guo W, Wang M, Sun L, Lin C. Electrochemical construction of Z-scheme type CdS–Ag–TiO2 nanotube arrays with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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32
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Sun L, Zhang S, Wang X, Sun XW, Ong DY, Wang X, Zhao D. Transition from Anodic Titania Nanotubes to Nanowires: Arising from Nanotube Growth to Application in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:3634-41. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ye M, Xin X, Lin C, Lin Z. High efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells based on hierarchically structured nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:3214-3220. [PMID: 21728278 DOI: 10.1021/nl2014845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on hierarchically structured TiO(2) nanotubes prepared by a facile combination of two-step electrochemical anodization with a hydrothermal process exhibited remarkable performance. Vertically oriented, smooth TiO(2) nanotube arrays fabricated by a two-step anodic oxidation were subjected to hydrothermal treatment, thereby creating advantageous roughness on the TiO(2) nanotube surface (i.e., forming hierarchically structured nanotube arrays-nanoscopic tubes composed of a large number of nanoparticles on the surface) that led to an increased dye loading. Subsequently, these nanotubes were exploited to produce DSSCs in a backside illumination mode, yielding a significantly high power conversion efficiency, of 7.12%, which was further increased to 7.75% upon exposure to O(2) plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meidan Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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34
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Wang J, Xin X, Lin Z. Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystals and graphene quantum dots for photovoltaics. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:3040-3048. [PMID: 21713274 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10425j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots exhibit great potential for applications in next generation high efficiency, low cost solar cells because of their unique optoelectronic properties. Cu(2)ZnSnS(4) (CZTS) nanocrystals and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have recently received much attention as building blocks for use in solar energy conversion due to their outstanding properties and advantageous characteristics, including high optical absorptivity, tunable bandgap, and earth abundant chemical composition. In this Feature Article, recent advances in the synthesis and utilization of CZTS nanocrystals and colloidal GQDs for photovoltaics are highlighted, followed by an outlook on the future research efforts in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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35
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Wang C, Wang M, Xie K, Wu Q, Sun L, Lin Z, Lin C. Room temperature one-step synthesis of microarrays of N-doped flower-like anatase TiO2 composed of well-defined multilayer nanoflakes by Ti anodization. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:305607. [PMID: 21719961 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/30/305607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microarrays of N-doped flower-like TiO(2) composed of well-defined multilayer nanoflakes were synthesized at room temperature by electrochemical anodization of Ti in NH(4)F aqueous solution. The TiO(2) flowers were of good anatase crystallinity. The effects of anodizing time, applied voltage and NH(4)F concentration on the flower-like morphology were systematically examined. It was found that the morphologies of the anodized Ti were related to the anodizing time and NH(4)F concentration. The size and density of the TiO(2) flowers could be tuned by changing the applied voltage. The obtained N-doped flower-like TiO(2) microarrays exhibited intense absorption in wavelengths ranging from 320 to 800 nm. Under both UV and visible light irradiation, the photocatalytic activity of the N-doped flower-like TiO(2) microarrays in the oxidation of methyl orange showed a significant increase compared with that of commercial P25 TiO(2) film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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36
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Liao Y, Que W, Zhong P, Zhang J, He Y. A facile method to crystallize amorphous anodized TiO₂ nanotubes at low temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:2800-4. [PMID: 21675751 DOI: 10.1021/am200685s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Anodic growth of TiO(2) nanotubes has attracted intensive interests recently. However, the as-prepared TiO(2) nanotubes are usually amorphous and they generally need to be crystallized by sintering above 450 °C. Here, we report on a facile method to crystallize amorphous anodized TiO(2) nanotubes at a low temperature. We find that, simply by immersing them into hot water, the anodized TiO(2) nanotubes can be transformed from amorphous to crystalline state at a temperature as low as 92 °C. Results indicate that the hot water treatment might be a versatile strategy to crystallize amorphous anodized TiO(2) nanotubes at low temperature. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, UV-vis spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis via N(2) adsorption are used to characterize the resulting samples. In addition, the TiO(2) nanotubes in powder form are taken as photocatalysts to explore their potential applications. Results indicate that the sample after 35 h of hot water treatment shows the highest photoactivity, which is as efficient as the commercial photocatalyst Degussa P25. The photocatalytic testing results demonstrate that the hot water treatment reported in this study can be an alternative approach to the conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Liao
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, School of Electronic and Information Engineering and International Center for Dielectric Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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37
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Fan J, Cai W, Yu J. Adsorption of N719 Dye on Anatase TiO2 Nanoparticles and Nanosheets with Exposed (001) Facets: Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:2481-90. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Bauer S, Pittrof A, Tsuchiya H, Schmuki P. Size-effects in TiO2 nanotubes: Diameter dependent anatase/rutile stabilization. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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39
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Darányi M, Csesznok T, Kukovecz Á, Kónya Z, Kiricsi I, Ajayan PM, Vajtai R. Layer-by-layer assembly of TiO2nanowire/carbon nanotube films and characterization of their photocatalytic activity. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:195701. [PMID: 21430324 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/19/195701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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40
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Hu A, Cheng C, Li X, Jiang J, Ding R, Zhu J, Wu F, Liu J, Huang X. Two novel hierarchical homogeneous nanoarchitectures of TiO2 nanorods branched and P25-coated TiO2 nanotube arrays and their photocurrent performances. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2011; 6:91. [PMID: 21711607 PMCID: PMC3212241 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report here for the first time the synthesis of two novel hierarchical homogeneous nanoarchitectures of TiO2 nanorods branched TiO2 nanotube arrays (BTs) and P25-coated TiO2 nanotube arrays (PCTs) using two-step method including electrochemical anodization and hydrothermal modification process. Then the photocurrent densities versus applied potentials of BTs, PCTs, and pure TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs) were investigated as well. Interestingly, at -0.11 V and under the same illumination condition, the photocurrent densities of BTs and PCTs show more than 1.5 and 1 times higher than that of pure TNTAs, respectively, which can be mainly attributed to significant improvement of the light-absorbing and charge-harvesting efficiency resulting from both larger and rougher surface areas of BTs and PCTs. Furthermore, these dramatic improvements suggest that BTs and PCTs will achieve better photoelectric conversion efficiency and become the promising candidates for applications in DSSCs, sensors, and photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzheng Hu
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xiangfan University, Xiangfan 441053, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Cuixia Cheng
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ruimin Ding
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wu
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jinping Liu
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xintang Huang
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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41
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Lin J, Shen J, Wang R, Cui J, Zhou W, Hu P, Liu D, Liu H, Wang J, Boughton RI, Yue Y. Nano-p–n junctions on surface-coarsened TiO2 nanobelts with enhanced photocatalytic activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04131a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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43
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Hardcastle FD, Ishihara H, Sharma R, Biris AS. Photoelectroactivity and Raman spectroscopy of anodized titania (TiO2) photoactive water-splitting catalysts as a function of oxygen-annealing temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03106b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Gong J, Lin C, Ye M, Lai Y. Enhanced photoelectrochemical activities of a nanocomposite film with a bamboo leaf-like structured TiO2layer on TiO2nanotube arrays. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:2598-600. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04407e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Sun L, Zhang S, Sun XW, Wang X, Cai Y. Double-sided anodic titania nanotube arrays: a lopsided growth process. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:18424-18429. [PMID: 21049918 DOI: 10.1021/la103390s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, the pore diameter of anodic titania nanotubes was reported to be influenced by a number of factors in organic electrolyte, for example, applied potential, working distance, water content, and temperature. All these were closely related to potential drop in the organic electrolyte. In this work, the essential role of electric field originating from the potential drop was directly revealed for the first time using a simple two-electrode anodizing method. Anodic titania nanotube arrays were grown simultaneously at both sides of a titanium foil, with tube length being longer at the front side than that at the back side. This lopsided growth was attributed to the higher ionic flux induced by electric field at the front side. Accordingly, the nanotube length was further tailored to be comparable at both sides by modulating the electric field. These results are promising to be used in parallel configuration dye-sensitized solar cells, water splitting, and gas sensors, as a result of high surface area produced by the double-sided architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Sun
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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46
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Xie Z, Blackwood D. Effects of anodization parameters on the formation of titania nanotubes in ethylene glycol. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Yu J, Fan J, Lv K. Anatase TiO(2) nanosheets with exposed (001) facets: improved photoelectric conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:2144-2149. [PMID: 20852787 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00427h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are fabricated based on anatase TiO(2) nanosheets (TiO(2)-NSs) with exposed {001} facets, which were obtained by a simple one-pot hydrothermal route using HF as a morphology controlling agent and Ti(OC(4)H(9))(4) as precursor. The prepared samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and N(2) adsorption-desorption isotherms. The photoelectric conversion performances of TiO(2)-NSs solar cells are also compared with TiO(2) nanoparticles (TiO(2)-NPs) and commercial-grade Degussa P25 TiO(2) nanoparticle (P25) solar cells at the same film thickness, and their photoelectric conversion efficiencies (η) are 4.56, 4.24 and 3.64%, respectively. The enhanced performance of the TiO(2)-NS solar cell is due to their good crystallization, high pore volume, large particle size and enhanced light scattering. The prepared TiO(2) nanosheet film electrode should also find wide-ranging potential applications in various fields including photocatalysis, catalysis, electrochemistry, separation, purification and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaguo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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48
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Lockman Z, Ismail S, Sreekantan S, Schmidt-Mende L, Macmanus-Driscoll JL. The rapid growth of 3 microm long titania nanotubes by anodization of titanium in a neutral electrochemical bath. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:055601. [PMID: 20023309 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/5/055601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The length of titania nanotubes formed by anodization of 0.1 mm thick titanium foil was found to be a strong function of the pH of the electrolyte. The longest nanotubes were formed by using an electrolyte consisting of 1 M Na(2)SO(4) plus 5 wt% NH(4)F with pH 7. At this pH, after 30 min of anodization, 3 microm length nanotubular titania arrays with top diameters of approximately 50 nm and bottom diameters of 100 nm were produced. No acid was added to this electrolyte. The formation of titania nanotubes in neutral pH systems was therefore successful due to the excess NH(4)F in the electrolyte which increases the chemical dissolution process at the metal/oxide interface. Since the pH of the electrolyte at the top part of the nanotubes is kept very high, the dissolution of the nanotubes at the surface is minimal. However, the amount is adequate to remove the initial barrier layer, forming a rather well-defined nanoporous structure. All anodized foils were weakly crystalline and the transformation to anatase phase was achieved by heat treatment at temperatures from 200 to 500 degrees C for 1 h in air. Annealing at temperatures above 500 degrees C induce rutile phase formation and annealing at higher temperatures accelerates the diffusion of Ti(4+) leading to excessive growth and the nanotubular structure diminishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainovia Lockman
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
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49
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Liu H, Liu G, Zhou Q. Preparation and characterization of Zr doped TiO2 nanotube arrays on the titanium sheet and their enhanced photocatalytic activity. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Jiang QW, Li GR, Gao XP. Highly ordered TiN nanotube arrays as counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:6720-2. [DOI: 10.1039/b912776c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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