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Saunders K, Thuenemann EC, Shah SN, Peyret H, Kristianingsih R, Lopez SG, Richardson J, Lomonossoff GP. The Use of a Replicating Virus Vector For in Planta Generation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Nanorods Suitable For Metallization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:877361. [PMID: 35557863 PMCID: PMC9086362 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.877361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of designer-length tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) nanorods in plants has been problematic in terms of yields, particularly when modified coat protein subunits are incorporated. To address this, we have investigated the use of a replicating potato virus X-based vector (pEff) to express defined length nanorods containing either wild-type or modified versions of the TMV coat protein. This system has previously been shown to be an efficient method for producing virus-like particles of filamentous plant viruses. The length of the resulting TMV nanorods can be controlled by varying the length of the encapsidated RNA. Nanorod lengths were analyzed with a custom-written Python computer script coupled with the Nanorod UI user interface script, thereby generating histograms of particle length. In addition, nanorod variants were produced by incorporating coat protein subunits presenting metal-binding peptides at their C-termini. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by generating nanorods that bind colloidal gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Saunders
- Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Eva C. Thuenemann
- Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sachin N. Shah
- Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Hadrien Peyret
- Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Kristianingsih
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio G. Lopez
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Richardson
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - George P. Lomonossoff
- Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: George P. Lomonossoff,
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2
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Aljabali A. Meet Our Editorial Board Member. Curr Drug Metab 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/138920022112201207105350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Aljabali AA, Obeid MA. Inorganic-organic Nanomaterials for Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2210681209666190807145229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background::
Surface modification of nanoparticles with targeting moieties can be
achieved through bioconjugation chemistries to impart new Functionalities. Various polymeric
nanoparticles have been used for the formulation of nanoparticles such as naturally-occurring
protein cages, virus-like particles, polymeric saccharides, and liposomes. These polymers have
been proven to be biocompatible, side effects free and degradable with no toxicity.
Objectives::
This paper reviews available literature on the nanoparticles pharmaceutical and medical
applications. The review highlights and updates the customized solutions for selective drug
delivery systems that allow high-affinity binding between nanoparticles and the target receptors.
Methods::
Bibliographic databases and web-search engines were used to retrieve studies that assessed
the usability of nanoparticles in the pharmaceutical and medical fields. Data were extracted
on each system in vivo and in vitro applications, its advantages and disadvantages, and its ability to
be chemically and genetically modified to impart new functionalities. Finally, a comparison
between naturally occurring and their synthetic counterparts was carried out.
Results::
The results showed that nanoparticles-based systems could have promising applications in
diagnostics, cell labeling, contrast agents (Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography),
antimicrobial agents, and as drug delivery systems. However, precautions should be taken
to avoid or minimize toxic effect or incompatibility of nanoparticles-based systems with the biological
systems in case of pharmaceutical or medical applications.
Conclusion::
This review presented a summary of recent developments in the field of pharmaceutical
nanotechnology and highlighted the challenges and the merits that some of the nanoparticles-
based systems both in vivo and in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A.A. Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, P.O. BOX 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Mohammad A. Obeid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, P.O. BOX 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan
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Huynh KH, Pham XH, Kim J, Lee SH, Chang H, Rho WY, Jun BH. Synthesis, Properties, and Biological Applications of Metallic Alloy Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5174. [PMID: 32708351 PMCID: PMC7404399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallic alloy nanoparticles are synthesized by combining two or more different metals. Bimetallic or trimetallic nanoparticles are considered more effective than monometallic nanoparticles because of their synergistic characteristics. In this review, we outline the structure, synthesis method, properties, and biological applications of metallic alloy nanoparticles based on their plasmonic, catalytic, and magnetic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Hung Huynh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (K.-H.H.); (X.-H.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Xuan-Hung Pham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (K.-H.H.); (X.-H.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaehi Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (K.-H.H.); (X.-H.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1762, USA;
| | - Hyejin Chang
- Division of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Won-Yeop Rho
- School of International Engineering and Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (K.-H.H.); (X.-H.P.); (J.K.)
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5
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Steele JFC, Peyret H, Saunders K, Castells‐Graells R, Marsian J, Meshcheriakova Y, Lomonossoff GP. Synthetic plant virology for nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 9:e1447. [PMID: 28078770 PMCID: PMC5484280 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding field seeking to utilize nano-scale structures for a wide range of applications. Biologically derived nanostructures, such as viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs), provide excellent platforms for functionalization due to their physical and chemical properties. Plant viruses, and VLPs derived from them, have been used extensively in biotechnology. They have been characterized in detail over several decades and have desirable properties including high yields, robustness, and ease of purification. Through modifications to viral surfaces, either interior or exterior, plant-virus-derived nanoparticles have been shown to support a range of functions of potential interest to medicine and nano-technology. In this review we highlight recent and influential achievements in the use of plant virus particles as vehicles for diverse functions: from delivery of anticancer compounds, to targeted bioimaging, vaccine production to nanowire formation. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1447. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1447 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadrien Peyret
- Department of Biology ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
| | - Keith Saunders
- Department of Biology ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
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6
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Huynh NT, Hesketh EL, Saxena P, Meshcheriakova Y, Ku YC, Hoang LT, Johnson JE, Ranson NA, Lomonossoff GP, Reddy VS. Crystal Structure and Proteomics Analysis of Empty Virus-like Particles of Cowpea Mosaic Virus. Structure 2016; 24:567-575. [PMID: 27021160 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Empty virus-like particles (eVLPs) of Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) are currently being utilized as reagents in various biomedical and nanotechnology applications. Here, we report the crystal structure of CPMV eVLPs determined using X-ray crystallography at 2.3 Å resolution and compare it with previously reported cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of eVLPs and virion crystal structures. Although the X-ray and cryo-EM structures of eVLPs are mostly similar, there exist significant differences at the C terminus of the small (S) subunit. The intact C terminus of the S subunit plays a critical role in enabling the efficient assembly of CPMV virions and eVLPs, but undergoes proteolysis after particle formation. In addition, we report the results of mass spectrometry-based proteomics analysis of coat protein subunits from CPMV eVLPs and virions that identify the C termini of S subunits undergo proteolytic cleavages at multiple sites instead of a single cleavage site as previously observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung T Huynh
- Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emma L Hesketh
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Pooja Saxena
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yulia Meshcheriakova
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - You-Chan Ku
- Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Linh T Hoang
- Scripps Center for Metabolics and Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John E Johnson
- Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Neil A Ranson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - George P Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vijay S Reddy
- Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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7
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Mechanisms of assembly and genome packaging in an RNA virus revealed by high-resolution cryo-EM. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10113. [PMID: 26657148 PMCID: PMC4682053 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus is a plant-infecting member of the Picornavirales and is of major interest in the development of biotechnology applications. Despite the availability of >100 crystal structures of Picornavirales capsids, relatively little is known about the mechanisms of capsid assembly and genome encapsidation. Here we have determined cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions for the wild-type virus and an empty virus-like particle, to 3.4 Å and 3.0 Å resolution, respectively, and built de novo atomic models of their capsids. These new structures reveal the C-terminal region of the small coat protein subunit, which is essential for virus assembly and which was missing from previously determined crystal structures, as well as residues that bind to the viral genome. These observations allow us to develop a new model for genome encapsidation and capsid assembly. Little is known about how the plant-infecting cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV)—an invaluable tool in several biotechnology applications—packages its single-strand RNA genome into the capsid. Here the authors present two high-resolution cryo-EM structures of CPMV and a new model for RNA recognition and capsid assembly.
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8
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Nikitin N, Trifonova E, Evtushenko E, Kirpichnikov M, Atabekov J, Karpova O. Comparative Study of Non-Enveloped Icosahedral Viruses Size. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142415. [PMID: 26545232 PMCID: PMC4636260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Now, as before, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a widely used technique for the determination of virions size. In some studies, dynamic light scattering (DLS) has also been applied for this purpose. Data obtained by different authors and using different methods could vary significantly. The process of TEM sample preparation involves drying on the substrate, which can cause virions to undergo morphology changes. Therefore, other techniques should be used for measurements of virions size in liquid, (i.e. under conditions closer to native). DLS and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) provide supplementary data about the virions hydrodynamic diameter and aggregation state in liquid. In contrast to DLS, NTA data have a higher resolution and also are less sensitive to minor admixtures. In the present work, the size of non-enveloped icosahedral viruses of different nature was analyzed by TEM, DLS and NTA: the viruses used were the encephalomyocarditis virus (animal virus), and cauliflower mosaic virus, brome mosaic virus and bean mild mosaic virus (plant viruses). The same, freshly purified, samples of each virus were used for analysis using the different techniques. The results were compared with earlier published data and description databases. DLS data about the hydrodynamic diameter of bean mild mosaic virus, and NTA data for all examined viruses, were obtained for the first time. For all virus samples, the values of size obtained by TEM were less than virions sizes determined by DLS and NTA. The contribution of the electrical double layer (EDL) in virions hydrodynamic diameter was evaluated. DLS and NTA data adjusted for EDL thickness were in better agreement with TEM results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Olga Karpova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Shah SS, Shah SN, Heddle JG. Polymer-mediated Dual Mineralization of a Plant Virus: A Platinum Nanowire Encapsulated by Iron Oxide. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shama S. Shah
- Heddle Initiative Research Unit
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University
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10
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Kumar K, Kumar Doddi S, Kalle Arunasree M, Paik P. CPMV-induced synthesis of hollow mesoporous SiO2 nanocapsules with excellent performance in drug delivery. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:4308-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02549k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of CPMV- hollow silica nanocapsules and their use in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushi Kumar
- School of Engineering Sciences and Technology
- University of Hyderabad
- India
| | | | | | - Pradip Paik
- School of Engineering Sciences and Technology
- University of Hyderabad
- India
- Advanced Research Centre for High Energy Materials
- University of Hyderabad
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11
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Shah SN, Shah SS, Ito E, Heddle JG. Template-free, hollow and porous platinum nanotubes derived from tobamovirus and their three-dimensional structure at the nanoscale. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04681a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A tobamovirus is used as a removable template for facile production of a porous platinum nanotube with a 13 nm central channel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shama S. Shah
- Heddle Initiative Research Unit
- Wako, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience
- Waseda University
- Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ito
- Functional Thin Films Team
- Research Center for Photovoltaic Technologies
- Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba, Japan
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12
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Aljabali AAA, Evans DJ. Templated mineralization by charge-modified cowpea mosaic virus. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1108:89-95. [PMID: 24243242 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-751-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Templated mineralization of virus particles provides routes to narrowly dispersed nanoparticles that are not readily prepared by other means. The templated mineralization of metal or metal oxide on the external surface of wild-type cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), a plant virus, is facilitated by increasing the external surface negative charge. This is achieved by the chemical modification of surface lysine groups by succinic anhydride. Hence, for example, treatment of charge-modified CPMV succinamate with a 1:2 mixture of iron(II) and iron(III) salts, followed by raising the pH to 10.2, led to the formation of narrowly dispersed, CPMV-templated, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles.
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13
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Sahu NK, Prakash A, Bahadur D. Role of different platinum precursors on the formation and reaction mechanism of FePt nanoparticles and their electrocatalytic performance towards methanol oxidation. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:4892-900. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Schematic representation of the formation of FePt NPs from different platinum precursors and a fixed iron precursor and their electrochemical activity towards methanol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niroj Kumar Sahu
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Anand Prakash
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - D. Bahadur
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400 076, India
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14
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Genetic engineering and characterization of Cowpea mosaic virus empty virus-like particles. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1108:139-53. [PMID: 24243247 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-751-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of methods for the production of empty Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) virus-like particles (VLPs) that are devoid of RNA, eVLPs, has renewed promise in CPMV capsid technologies. The recombinant nature of CPMV eVLP production means that the extent and variety of genetic modifications that may be incorporated into the particles is theoretically much greater than those that can be made to infectious CPMV virions due to restrictions on viral propagation of the latter. Free of the infectious agent, the genomic RNA, these particles are now finding potential uses in vaccine development, in vivo imaging, drug delivery, and other nanotechnology applications that make use of internal loading of the empty particles. Here we describe methods for the genetic modification and production of CPMV eVLPs and describe techniques useful for their characterization.
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15
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Aljabali AAA, Evans DJ. Polyelectrolyte-modified cowpea mosaic virus for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1108:97-103. [PMID: 24243243 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-751-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte surface-modified cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) can be used for the templated synthesis of narrowly dispersed gold nanoparticles. Cationic polyelectrolyte, poly(allylamine) hydrochloride, is electrostatically bound to the external surface of the virus capsid. The polyelectrolyte-coated CPMV promotes adsorption of aqueous gold hydroxide anionic species, prepared from gold(III) chloride and potassium carbonate, that are easily reduced to form CPMV-templated gold nanoparticles. The process is simple and environmentally benign using only water as solvent at ambient temperature.
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16
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Love AJ, Makarov V, Yaminsky I, Kalinina NO, Taliansky ME. The use of tobacco mosaic virus and cowpea mosaic virus for the production of novel metal nanomaterials. Virology 2013; 449:133-9. [PMID: 24418546 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to the nanoscale size and the strictly controlled and consistent morphologies of viruses, there has been a recent interest in utilizing them in nanotechnology. The structure, surface chemistries and physical properties of many viruses have been well elucidated, which have allowed identification of regions of their capsids which can be modified either chemically or genetically for nanotechnological uses. In this review we focus on the use of such modifications for the functionalization and production of viruses and empty viral capsids that can be readily decorated with metals in a highly tuned manner. In particular, we discuss the use of two plant viruses (Cowpea mosaic virus and Tobacco mosaic virus) which have been extensively used for production of novel metal nanoparticles (<100nm), composites and building blocks for 2D and 3D materials, and illustrate their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Love
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom.
| | - Valentine Makarov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Yaminsky
- Physical Faculty of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia O Kalinina
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Saunders K, Lomonossoff GP. Exploiting plant virus-derived components to achieve in planta expression and for templates for synthetic biology applications. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:16-26. [PMID: 23452220 PMCID: PMC7167714 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the varying roles that have been played by many plant-viral regulatory sequences and proteins in the creation of plant-based expression systems and virus particles for use in nanotechnology. Essentially, there are two ways of expressing an exogenous protein: the creation of transgenic plants possessing a stably integrated gene construction, or the transient expression of the desired gene following the infiltration of the gene construct. Both depend on disarmed strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to deliver the created gene construction into cell nuclei, usually through the deployment of virus-derived components. The importance of efficient mRNA translation in the latter process is highlighted. Plant viruses replicate to sustain an infection to promote their survival. The major product of this, the virus particle, is finding increasing roles in the emerging field of bionanotechnology. One of the major products of plant-viral expression is the virus-like particle (VLP). These are increasingly playing a role in vaccine development. Similarly, many VLPs are suitable for the investigation of the many facets of the emerging field of synthetic biology, which encompasses the design and construction of new biological functions and systems not found in nature. Genetic and chemical modifications to plant-generated VLPs serve as ideal starter templates for many downstream synthetic biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Saunders
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - George P. Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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18
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Geiger FC, Eber FJ, Eiben S, Mueller A, Jeske H, Spatz JP, Wege C. TMV nanorods with programmed longitudinal domains of differently addressable coat proteins. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:3808-16. [PMID: 23519401 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr33724c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The spacing of functional nanoscopic elements may play a fundamental role in nanotechnological and biomedical applications, but is so far rarely achieved on this scale. In this study we show that tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and the RNA-guided self-assembly process of its coat protein (CP) can be used to establish new nanorod scaffolds that can be loaded not only with homogeneously distributed functionalities, but with distinct molecule species grouped and ordered along the longitudinal axis. The arrangement of the resulting domains and final carrier rod length both were governed by RNA-templated two-step in vitro assembly. Two selectively addressable TMV CP mutants carrying either thiol (TMVCys) or amino (TMVLys) groups on the exposed surface were engineered and shown to retain reactivity towards maleimides or NHS esters, respectively, after acetic acid-based purification and re-assembly to novel carrier rod types. Stepwise combination of CP(Cys) and CP(Lys) with RNA allowed fabrication of TMV-like nanorods with a controlled total length of 300 or 330 nm, respectively, consisting of adjacent longitudinal 100-to-200 nm domains of differently addressable CP species. This technology paves the way towards rod-shaped scaffolds with pre-defined, selectively reactive barcode patterns on the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fania C Geiger
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Proteins are the work-horses of life and excute the essential processes involved in the growth and repair of cells. These roles include all aspects of cell signalling, metabolism and repair that allow living things to exist. They are not only chemical catalysts and machine components, they are also structural components of the cell or organism, capable of self-organisation into strong supramolecular cages, fibres and meshes. How proteins are encoded genetically and how they are sythesised in vivo is now well understood, and for an increasing number of proteins, the relationship between structure and function is known in exquisite detail. The next challenge in bionanoscience is to adapt useful protein systems to build new functional structures. Well-defined natural structures with potential useful shapes are a good starting point. With this in mind, in this chapter we discuss the properties of natural and artificial protein channels, nanotubes and cages with regard to recent progress and potential future applications. Chemistries for attaching together different proteins to form superstructures are considered as well as the difficulties associated with designing complex protein structures ab initio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Heddle
- Heddle Initiative Research Unit RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Jeremy R. H. Tame
- Protein Design Laboratory Yokohama City University 1-7—29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
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Taghavian O, Mandal MK, Steinmetz NF, Rasche S, Spiegel H, Fischer R, Schillberg S. A potential nanobiotechnology platform based on infectious bursal disease subviral particles. RSC Adv 2012. [PMID: 28638593 DOI: 10.1039/c2ra00857b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel nanobiotechnology platform based on subviral particles derived from infectious bursal disease virus (IBD-SVPs). The major virus coat protein VP2 assembles into spherical, 23 nm SVPs when expressed as a heterologous protein in the yeast Pichia pastoris. We recovered up to 38 mg of IBD-SVPs at > 95% purity from 1 L of recombinant yeast culture. The purified particles were able to tolerate organic solvents up to 20% concentration (ethanol or dimethylsulfoxide), they resisted temperatures up to 65 °C and remained stable over a wide pH range (2.5-9.0). We achieved bioconjugation to the amine groups of lysine residues and to the carboxyl groups of aspartic and glutamic acid residues, allowing the functionalization of IBD-SVPs with biotin. The accessibility of surface amine groups was measured using Alexa Fluor 488 N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester, an amine-selective fluorescent dye, revealing that approximately 60 dye molecules were attached to the surface of each particle. IBD-SVPs can therefore be exploited as a robust and versatile nanoscaffold to display diverse functional ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Taghavian
- Fraunhofer IME, Forckenbeckstraβe 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Manoj K Mandal
- Fraunhofer IME, Forckenbeckstraβe 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stefan Rasche
- Fraunhofer IME, Forckenbeckstraβe 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Spiegel
- Fraunhofer IME, Forckenbeckstraβe 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer IME, Forckenbeckstraβe 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institut für Molekulare Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Galloway JM, Staniland SS. Protein and peptide biotemplated metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and their patterning onto surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31620j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The capsids of most plant viruses are simple and robust structures consisting of multiple copies of one or a few types of protein subunit arranged with either icosahedral or helical symmetry. In many cases, capsids can be produced in large quantities either by the infection of plants or by the expression of the subunit(s) in a variety of heterologous systems. In view of their relative simplicity, stability and ease of production, plant virus particles or virus-like particles (VLPs) have attracted attention as potential reagents for applications in bionanotechnology. As a result, plant virus particles have been subjected to both genetic and chemical modification, have been used to encapsulate foreign material and have, themselves, been incorporated into supramolecular structures.
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Sainsbury F, Saunders K, Aljabali AAA, Evans DJ, Lomonossoff GP. Peptide-Controlled Access to the Interior Surface of Empty Virus Nanoparticles. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2435-40. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bronstein LM. Virus-based nanoparticles with inorganic cargo: what does the future hold? SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1609-1618. [PMID: 21520496 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of the accumulated knowledge on virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs) consisting of virus protein capsids and inorganic cargo, such as nanoparticles (NPs), nanowires, and thin layers, is presented. Virus capsids (VCs) can serve either as templates or nanoreactors when inorganic materials are formed outside or inside VCs. The third possibility is when inorganic NPs nucleate the formation of VCs. The structural and mechanistic studies of VNP formation are paving the way to a better understating of virus structure and behavior, and these facilitate promising applications of VNPs in biomedical and materials research.
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Aljabali AAA, Lomonossoff GP, Evans DJ. CPMV-Polyelectrolyte-Templated Gold Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2723-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200499v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A. A. Aljabali
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - George P. Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Evans
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Viral nanotechnology is an emerging and highly interdisciplinary field in which viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are applied in diverse areas such as electronics, energy and next-generation medical devices. VNPs have been developed as candidates for novel materials, and are often described as "programmable" because they can be modified and functionalized using a number of techniques. In this review, we discuss the concepts and methods that allow VNPs to be engineered, including (i) bioconjugation chemistries, (ii) encapsulation techniques, (iii) mineralization strategies, and (iv) film and hydrogel development. With all these techniques in hand, the potential applications of VNPs are limited only by the imagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Aljabali AAA, Shah SN, Evans-Gowing R, Lomonossoff GP, Evans DJ. Chemically-coupled-peptide-promoted virus nanoparticle templated mineralization. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:119-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Aljabali AAA, Barclay JE, Lomonossoff GP, Evans DJ. Virus templated metallic nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:2596-2600. [PMID: 20877898 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00525h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are considered as nanobuilding blocks that can be used as synthons or templates for novel materials. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) particles have been shown to template the fabrication of metallic nanoparticles by an electroless deposition metallization process. Palladium ions were electrostatically bound to the virus capsid and, when reduced, acted as nucleation sites for the subsequent metal deposition from solution. The method, although simple, produced highly monodisperse metallic nanoparticles with a diameter of ca. ≤35 nm. CPMV-templated particles were prepared with cobalt, nickel, iron, platinum, cobalt-platinum and nickel-iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Aljabali AAA, Sainsbury F, Lomonossoff GP, Evans DJ. Cowpea mosaic virus unmodified empty viruslike particles loaded with metal and metal oxide. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:818-821. [PMID: 20213652 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200902135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR47UH, UK
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Sainsbury F, Cañizares MC, Lomonossoff GP. Cowpea mosaic virus: the plant virus-based biotechnology workhorse. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2010; 48:437-55. [PMID: 20455698 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the 50 years since it was first described, Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) has become one of the most intensely studied plant viruses. Research in the past 15 to 20 years has shifted from studying the underlying genetics and structure of the virus to focusing on ways in which it can be exploited in biotechnology. This work led first to the use of virus particles to present peptides, then to the creation of a variety of replicating virus vectors and finally to the development of a highly efficient protein expression system that does not require viral replication. The circle has been completed by the use of the latter system to create empty particles for peptide presentation and other novel uses. The history of CPMV in biotechnology can be likened to an Ouroborus, an ancient symbol depicting a snake or dragon swallowing its own tail, thus forming a circle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sainsbury
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH,United Kingdom.
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Wu H, Gao Y, Li H. Controlled synthesis of nickel phosphate hexahedronal and flower-like architectures via a simple template-free hydrothermal route. CrystEngComm 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c002120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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