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Siddiqui I, Kumar S, Tsai YF, Gautam P, Shahnawaz, Kesavan K, Lin JT, Khai L, Chou KH, Choudhury A, Grigalevicius S, Jou JH. Status and Challenges of Blue OLEDs: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2521. [PMID: 37764550 PMCID: PMC10536903 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have outperformed conventional display technologies in smartphones, smartwatches, tablets, and televisions while gradually growing to cover a sizable fraction of the solid-state lighting industry. Blue emission is a crucial chromatic component for realizing high-quality red, green, blue, and yellow (RGBY) and RGB white display technologies and solid-state lighting sources. For consumer products with desirable lifetimes and efficiency, deep blue emissions with much higher power efficiency and operation time are necessary prerequisites. This article reviews over 700 papers covering various factors, namely, the crucial role of blue emission for full-color displays and solid-state lighting, the performance status of blue OLEDs, and the systematic development of fluorescent, phosphorescent, and thermally activated delayed fluorescence blue emitters. In addition, various challenges concerning deep blue efficiency, lifetime, and approaches to realizing deeper blue emission and higher efficacy for blue OLED devices are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Siddiqui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Fang Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Prakalp Gautam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shahnawaz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kiran Kesavan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ting Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Luke Khai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsien Chou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Abhijeet Choudhury
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Saulius Grigalevicius
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jwo-Huei Jou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Ertl CD, Bolink HJ, Housecroft CE, Constable EC, Ortí E, Junquera-Hernández JM, Neuburger M, Shavaleev NM, Nazeeruddin MK, Vonlanthen D. Bis-Sulfone- and Bis-Sulfoxide-Spirobifluorenes: Polar Acceptor Hosts with Tunable Solubilities for Blue-Phosphorescent Light-Emitting Devices. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chen D, Han L, Chen W, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Yang B, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Wang Y. Bis(2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-5-fluorophenolate)beryllium: a high-performance electron transport material for phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24244d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A beryllium complex with a low-lying LUMO level, high triplet energy and high electron mobility served as an excellent electron transport material for green, yellow and red phosphorescent OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Shitong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Bing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Zuolun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
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Zhao J, Yu Y, Yang X, Yan X, Zhang H, Xu X, Zhou G, Wu Z, Ren Y, Wong WY. Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing Fluorinated Aromatic Sulfonyl Group with Nearly Unity Phosphorescent Quantum Yields and Outstanding Electroluminescent Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:24703-24714. [PMID: 26458215 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of heteroleptic functional Ir(III) complexes bearing different fluorinated aromatic sulfonyl groups has been synthesized. Their photophysical features, electrochemical behaviors, and electroluminescent (EL) properties have been characterized in detail. These complexes emit intense yellow phosphorescence with exceptionally high quantum yields (ΦP > 0.9) at room temperature, and the emission maxima of these complexes can be finely tuned depending upon the number of the fluorine substituents on the pendant phenyl ring of the sulfonyl group. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties and electron injection/transporting (EI/ET) abilities of these Ir(III) phosphors can also be effectively tuned by the fluorinated aromatic sulfonyl group to furnish some desired characters for enhancing the EL performance. Hence, the maximum luminance efficiency (ηL) of 81.2 cd A(-1), corresponding to power efficiency (ηP) of 64.5 lm W(-1) and external quantum efficiency (ηext) of 19.3%, has been achieved, indicating the great potential of these novel phosphors in the field of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Furthermore, a clear picture has been drawn for the relationship between their optoelectronic properties and chemical structures. These results should provide important information for developing highly efficient phosphors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Institute of Chemistry for New Energy Material, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Institute of Chemistry for New Energy Material, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Institute of Chemistry for New Energy Material, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiming Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Institute of Chemistry for New Energy Material, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianbin Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Institute of Chemistry for New Energy Material, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guijiang Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Institute of Chemistry for New Energy Material, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixia Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Institute of Chemistry for New Energy Material, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park , Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China
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Yang X, Zhou G, Wong WY. Functionalization of phosphorescent emitters and their host materials by main-group elements for phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:8484-575. [PMID: 26245654 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00424a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) have attracted increased attention from both academic and industrial communities due to their potential practical application in high-resolution full-color displays and energy-saving solid-state lightings. The performance of phosphorescent OLEDs is mainly limited by the phosphorescent transition metal complexes (such as iridium(III), platinum(II), gold(III), ruthenium(II), copper(I) and osmium(II) complexes, etc.) which can play a crucial role in furnishing efficient energy transfer, balanced charge injection/transporting character and high quantum efficiency in the devices. It has been shown that functionalized main-group element (such as boron, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur and fluorine, etc.) moieties can be incorporated into phosphorescent emitters and their host materials to tune their triplet energies, frontier molecular orbital energies, charge injection/transporting behavior, photophysical properties and thermal stability and hence bring about highly efficient phosphorescent OLEDs. So, in this review, the recent advances in the phosphorescent emitters and their host materials functionalized with various main-group moieties will be introduced from the point of view of their structure-property relationship. The main emphasis lies on the important role played by the main-group element groups in addressing the key issues of both phosphorescent emitters and their host materials to fulfill high-performance phosphorescent OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
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Li C, Wang S, Chen W, Wei J, Yang G, Ye K, Liu Y, Wang Y. High performance full color OLEDs based on a class of molecules with dual carrier transport channels and small singlet-triplet splitting. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:10632-5. [PMID: 26040328 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03492b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two deep blue emitting materials PPI-PPITPA and PPI-PPIPCz with dual carrier transport properties and small singlet-triplet splitting features are designed and synthesized. PPI-PPITPA and PPI-PPIPCz were used not only as non-doped emitting layers to fabricate highly efficient deep blue OLEDs, but also as hosts to construct high performance green, yellow and red phosphorescent OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
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Wang K, Wang S, Wei J, Miao Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Wang Y. Structurally simple phenanthroimidazole-based bipolar hosts for high-performance green and red electroluminescent devices. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14570h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two structurally simple and easily synthesized phenanthroimidazole-based bipolar-transporting host materials realized efficient green and red phosphorescent OLEDs with low efficiency roll-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Shipan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Jinbei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Zuolun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
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Tang C, Bi R, Tao Y, Wang F, Cao X, Wang S, Jiang T, Zhong C, Zhang H, Huang W. A versatile efficient one-step approach for carbazole–pyridine hybrid molecules: highly efficient host materials for blue phosphorescent OLEDs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:1650-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08335k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of carbazole–pyridine hybrid hosts were prepared by a convenient catalyst free C–N coupling reaction for high-efficiency blue electrophosphorescence.
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9
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Ho CL, Li H, Wong WY. Red to near-infrared organometallic phosphorescent dyes for OLED applications. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Liu P, Zhang P, Cao D, Gan L, Li Y. New side groups-tuned triphenylamine-based chromophores: Synthesis, morphology, photophysical properties and electronic structures. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chen HF, Wang TC, Hung WY, Chiu HC, Yun C, Wong KT. Spiro-configured bipolar hosts incorporating 4,5-diazafluroene as the electron transport moiety for highly efficient red and green phosphorescent OLEDs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm30749a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chang CH, Kuo MC, Lin WC, Chen YT, Wong KT, Chou SH, Mondal E, Kwong RC, Xia S, Nakagawa T, Adachi C. A dicarbazole–triazine hybrid bipolar host material for highly efficient green phosphorescent OLEDs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm14686j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yang X, Huang H, Pan B, Zhuang S, Aldred MP, Wang L, Chen J, Ma D. Novel electron-type host material for unilateral homogeneous phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with low efficiency roll-off. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33988a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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You J, Lo MF, Liu W, Ng TW, Lai SL, Wang P, Lee CS. Synthesis and characterization of cyano-substituted pyridine derivatives for applications as exciton blockers in photovoltaic devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm15287h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ku SY, Hung WY, Chen CW, Yang SW, Mondal E, Chi Y, Wong KT. Spiro-Configured Bipolar Host Materials for Highly Efficient Electrophosphorescent Devices. Chem Asian J 2011; 7:133-42. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Chaskar A, Chen HF, Wong KT. Bipolar host materials: a chemical approach for highly efficient electrophosphorescent devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:3876-3895. [PMID: 21805507 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The future of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) is drifting from electrofluorescence toward electrophosphorescence due to the feasibility of realizing 100% internal quantum efficiency. There is limited availability of transition metals (TMs) such as Ir, Os, and Pt, which are used for color-tunable phosphorescent emitters, and the use of the host-guest strategy is necessary for suppressing the detrimental triplet-triplet annihilation inherently imparted by the TM-centered emitters. The inevitable demands of organic host materials provide organic chemists with tremendous opportunities to contribute their expertise to this technology. With suitable molecular design and judicious selection of chemical structures featured with different electronic nature, the incorporation of hole-transporting (HT) and electron-transporting (ET) moieties combines the advantages of both functional units into bipolar host materials, which perform balanced injection/transportation/recombination of charge carriers and consequentially lead the OLEDs to have higher performances and low roll-off efficiencies. This review highlights recently developed bipolar host materials with the focus on molecular design strategies and the structure-property-performance relationships of various classes of bipolar host materials, which are classified into several categories according to the structural features of their constituents (HT/ET blocks and spacers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Chaskar
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fan CH, Sun P, Su TH, Cheng CH. Host and dopant materials for idealized deep-red organic electrophosphorescence devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:2981-2985. [PMID: 21567483 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsiang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Tao Y, Yang C, Qin J. Organic host materials for phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:2943-70. [PMID: 21369622 DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00160k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) unfurl a bright future for the next generation of flat-panel displays and lighting sources due to their merit of high quantum efficiency compared with fluorescent OLEDs. This critical review focuses on small-molecular organic host materials as triplet guest emitters in PhOLEDs. At first, some typical hole and electron transport materials used in OLEDs are briefly introduced. Then the hole transport-type, electron transport-type, bipolar transport host materials and the pure-hydrocarbon compounds are comprehensively presented. The molecular design concept, molecular structures and physical properties such as triplet energy, HOMO/LUMO energy levels, thermal and morphological stabilities, and the applications of host materials in PhOLEDs are reviewed (152 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Youtian Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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Gong S, Chen Y, Zhang X, Cai P, Zhong C, Ma D, Qin J, Yang C. High-performance blue and green electrophosphorescence achieved by using carbazole-containing bipolar tetraarylsilanes as host materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11208b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tao Y, Wang Q, Ao L, Zhong C, Qin J, Yang C, Ma D. Molecular design of host materials based on triphenylamine/oxadiazole hybrids for excellent deep-red phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b920227g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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