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Bak DW, Weerapana E. Proteomic strategies to interrogate the Fe-S proteome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119791. [PMID: 38925478 PMCID: PMC11365765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Iron‑sulfur (Fe-S) clusters, inorganic cofactors composed of iron and sulfide, participate in numerous essential redox, non-redox, structural, and regulatory biological processes within the cell. Though structurally and functionally diverse, the list of all proteins in an organism capable of binding one or more Fe-S clusters is referred to as its Fe-S proteome. Importantly, the Fe-S proteome is highly dynamic, with continuous cluster synthesis and delivery by complex Fe-S cluster biogenesis pathways. This cluster delivery is balanced out by processes that can result in loss of Fe-S cluster binding, such as redox state changes, iron availability, and oxygen sensitivity. Despite continued expansion of the Fe-S protein catalogue, it remains a challenge to reliably identify novel Fe-S proteins. As such, high-throughput techniques that can report on native Fe-S cluster binding are required to both identify new Fe-S proteins, as well as characterize the in vivo dynamics of Fe-S cluster binding. Due to the recent rapid growth in mass spectrometry, proteomics, and chemical biology, there has been a host of techniques developed that are applicable to the study of native Fe-S proteins. This review will detail both the current understanding of the Fe-S proteome and Fe-S cluster biology as well as describing state-of-the-art proteomic strategies for the study of Fe-S clusters within the context of a native proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bak
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States of America.
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States of America.
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2
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Doni D, Cavallari E, Noguera ME, Gentili HG, Cavion F, Parisi G, Fornasari MS, Sartori G, Santos J, Bellanda M, Carbonera D, Costantini P, Bortolus M. Searching for Frataxin Function: Exploring the Analogy with Nqo15, the Frataxin-like Protein of Respiratory Complex I from Thermus thermophilus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1912. [PMID: 38339189 PMCID: PMC10855754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nqo15 is a subunit of respiratory complex I of the bacterium Thermus thermophilus, with strong structural similarity to human frataxin (FXN), a protein involved in the mitochondrial disease Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA). Recently, we showed that the expression of recombinant Nqo15 can ameliorate the respiratory phenotype of FRDA patients' cells, and this prompted us to further characterize both the Nqo15 solution's behavior and its potential functional overlap with FXN, using a combination of in silico and in vitro techniques. We studied the analogy of Nqo15 and FXN by performing extensive database searches based on sequence and structure. Nqo15's folding and flexibility were investigated by combining nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), circular dichroism, and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Nqo15's iron-binding properties were studied using NMR, fluorescence, and specific assays and its desulfurase activation by biochemical assays. We found that the recombinant Nqo15 isolated from complex I is monomeric, stable, folded in solution, and highly dynamic. Nqo15 does not share the iron-binding properties of FXN or its desulfurase activation function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Doni
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (D.D.); (F.C.)
| | - Eva Cavallari
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (D.D.); (F.C.)
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Martin Ezequiel Noguera
- Department of Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (iB3), Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires C1428EG, Argentina; (M.E.N.); (H.G.G.); (J.S.)
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Dr Alejandro Paladini (UBA-CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires 1113AAD, Argentina
- Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina; (G.P.); (M.S.F.)
| | - Hernan Gustavo Gentili
- Department of Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (iB3), Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires C1428EG, Argentina; (M.E.N.); (H.G.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Federica Cavion
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (D.D.); (F.C.)
| | - Gustavo Parisi
- Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina; (G.P.); (M.S.F.)
| | - Maria Silvina Fornasari
- Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina; (G.P.); (M.S.F.)
| | - Geppo Sartori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Javier Santos
- Department of Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (iB3), Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires C1428EG, Argentina; (M.E.N.); (H.G.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Massimo Bellanda
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (D.C.)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (D.C.)
| | - Paola Costantini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (D.D.); (F.C.)
| | - Marco Bortolus
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (D.C.)
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3
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Falb N, Patil G, Furtmüller PG, Gabler T, Hofbauer S. Structural aspects of enzymes involved in prokaryotic Gram-positive heme biosynthesis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:3933-3945. [PMID: 37593721 PMCID: PMC10427985 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The coproporphyrin dependent heme biosynthesis pathway is almost exclusively utilized by Gram-positive bacteria. This fact makes it a worthwhile topic for basic research, since a fundamental understanding of a metabolic pathway is necessary to translate the focus towards medical biotechnology, which is very relevant in this specific case, considering the need for new antibiotic targets to counteract the pathogenicity of Gram-positive superbugs. Over the years a lot of structural data on the set of enzymes acting in Gram-positive heme biosynthesis has accumulated in the Protein Database (www.pdb.org). One major challenge is to filter and analyze all available structural information in sufficient detail in order to be helpful and to draw conclusions. Here we pursued to give a holistic overview of structural information on enzymes involved in the coproporphyrin dependent heme biosynthesis pathway. There are many aspects to be extracted from experimentally determined structures regarding the reaction mechanisms, where the smallest variation of the position of an amino acid residue might be important, but also on a larger level regarding protein-protein interactions, where the focus has to be on surface characteristics and subunit (secondary) structural elements and oligomerization. This review delivers a status quo, highlights still missing information, and formulates future research endeavors in order to better understand prokaryotic heme biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Falb
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gaurav Patil
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gabler
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Blauenburg B, Mielcarek A, Altegoer F, Fage CD, Linne U, Bange G, Marahiel MA. Crystal Structure of Bacillus subtilis Cysteine Desulfurase SufS and Its Dynamic Interaction with Frataxin and Scaffold Protein SufU. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158749. [PMID: 27382962 PMCID: PMC4934914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of iron sulfur (Fe-S) clusters in Bacillus subtilis is mediated by a SUF-type gene cluster, consisting of the cysteine desulfurase SufS, the scaffold protein SufU, and the putative chaperone complex SufB/SufC/SufD. Here, we present the high-resolution crystal structure of the SufS homodimer in its product-bound state (i.e., in complex with pyrodoxal-5'-phosphate, alanine, Cys361-persulfide). By performing hydrogen/deuterium exchange (H/DX) experiments, we characterized the interaction of SufS with SufU and demonstrate that SufU induces an opening of the active site pocket of SufS. Recent data indicate that frataxin could be involved in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis by facilitating iron incorporation. H/DX experiments show that frataxin indeed interacts with the SufS/SufU complex at the active site. Our findings deepen the current understanding of Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, a complex yet essential process, in the model organism B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Blauenburg
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Hans-Meerwein Str. 4, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Mielcarek
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Hans-Meerwein Str. 4, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Altegoer
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christopher D. Fage
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Hans-Meerwein Str. 4, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Linne
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Hans-Meerwein Str. 4, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gert Bange
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Hans-Meerwein Str. 4, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed A. Marahiel
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Hans-Meerwein Str. 4, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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5
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Roche B, Agrebi R, Huguenot A, Ollagnier de Choudens S, Barras F, Py B. Turning Escherichia coli into a Frataxin-Dependent Organism. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005134. [PMID: 25996492 PMCID: PMC4440780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fe-S bound proteins are ubiquitous and contribute to most basic cellular processes. A defect in the ISC components catalyzing Fe-S cluster biogenesis leads to drastic phenotypes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In this context, the Frataxin protein (FXN) stands out as an exception. In eukaryotes, a defect in FXN results in severe defects in Fe-S cluster biogenesis, and in humans, this is associated with Friedreich's ataxia, a neurodegenerative disease. In contrast, prokaryotes deficient in the FXN homolog CyaY are fully viable, despite the clear involvement of CyaY in ISC-catalyzed Fe-S cluster formation. The molecular basis of the differing importance in the contribution of FXN remains enigmatic. Here, we have demonstrated that a single mutation in the scaffold protein IscU rendered E. coli viability strictly dependent upon a functional CyaY. Remarkably, this mutation changed an Ile residue, conserved in prokaryotes at position 108, into a Met residue, conserved in eukaryotes. We found that in the double mutant IscUIM ΔcyaY, the ISC pathway was completely abolished, becoming equivalent to the ΔiscU deletion strain and recapitulating the drastic phenotype caused by FXN deletion in eukaryotes. Biochemical analyses of the "eukaryotic-like" IscUIM scaffold revealed that it exhibited a reduced capacity to form Fe-S clusters. Finally, bioinformatic studies of prokaryotic IscU proteins allowed us to trace back the source of FXN-dependency as it occurs in present-day eukaryotes. We propose an evolutionary scenario in which the current mitochondrial Isu proteins originated from the IscUIM version present in the ancestor of the Rickettsiae. Subsequent acquisition of SUF, the second Fe-S cluster biogenesis system, in bacteria, was accompanied by diminished contribution of CyaY in prokaryotic Fe-S cluster biogenesis, and increased tolerance to change in the amino acid present at the 108th position of the scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Roche
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR 7283, Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Rym Agrebi
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Allison Huguenot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR 7283, Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | | | - Frédéric Barras
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR 7283, Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Béatrice Py
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR 7283, Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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6
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Mielcarek A, Blauenburg B, Miethke M, Marahiel MA. Molecular insights into frataxin-mediated iron supply for heme biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122538. [PMID: 25826316 PMCID: PMC4380498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is required as an element to sustain life in all eukaryotes and most bacteria. Although several bacterial iron acquisition strategies have been well explored, little is known about the intracellular trafficking pathways of iron and its entry into the systems for co-factor biogenesis. In this study, we investigated the iron-dependent process of heme maturation in Bacillus subtilis and present, for the first time, structural evidence for the physical interaction of a frataxin homologue (Fra), which is suggested to act as a regulatory component as well as an iron chaperone in different cellular pathways, and a ferrochelatase (HemH), which catalyses the final step of heme b biogenesis. Specific interaction between Fra and HemH was observed upon co-purification from crude cell lysates and, further, by using the recombinant proteins for analytical size-exclusion chromatography. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments identified the landscape of the Fra/HemH interaction interface and revealed Fra as a specific ferrous iron donor for the ferrochelatase HemH. The functional utilisation of the in vitro-generated heme b co-factor upon Fra-mediated iron transfer was confirmed by using the B. subtilis nitric oxide synthase bsNos as a metabolic target enzyme. Complementary mutational analyses confirmed that Fra acts as an essential component for maturation and subsequent targeting of the heme b co-factor, hence representing a key player in the iron-dependent physiology of B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mielcarek
- Philipps-University Marburg, Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Blauenburg
- Philipps-University Marburg, Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Miethke
- Philipps-University Marburg, Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mohamed A. Marahiel
- Philipps-University Marburg, Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Marburg, Germany
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7
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Reprint of: Iron/sulfur proteins biogenesis in prokaryotes: formation, regulation and diversity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:923-37. [PMID: 23660107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Iron/sulfur centers are key cofactors of proteins intervening in multiple conserved cellular processes, such as gene expression, DNA repair, RNA modification, central metabolism and respiration. Mechanisms allowing Fe/S centers to be assembled, and inserted into polypeptides have attracted much attention in the last decade, both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Basic principles and recent advances in our understanding of the prokaryotic Fe/S biogenesis ISC and SUF systems are reviewed in the present communication. Most studies covered stem from investigations in Escherichia coli and Azotobacter vinelandii. Remarkable insights were brought about by complementary structural, spectroscopic, biochemical and genetic studies. Highlights of the recent years include scaffold mediated assembly of Fe/S cluster, A-type carriers mediated delivery of clusters and regulatory control of Fe/S homeostasis via a set of interconnected genetic regulatory circuits. Also, the importance of Fe/S biosynthesis systems in mediating soft metal toxicity was documented. A brief account of the Fe/S biosynthesis systems diversity as present in current databases is given here. Moreover, Fe/S biosynthesis factors have themselves been the object of molecular tailoring during evolution and some examples are discussed here. An effort was made to provide, based on the E. coli system, a general classification associating a given domain with a given function such as to help next search and annotation of genomes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Metals in Bioenergetics and Biomimetics Systems.
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8
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Paritala H, Carroll KS. New targets and inhibitors of mycobacterial sulfur metabolism. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2013; 13:85-115. [PMID: 23808874 PMCID: PMC4332622 DOI: 10.2174/18715265113139990022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The identification of new antibacterial targets is urgently needed to address multidrug resistant and latent tuberculosis infection. Sulfur metabolic pathways are essential for survival and the expression of virulence in many pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, microbial sulfur metabolic pathways are largely absent in humans and therefore, represent unique targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the enzymes associated with the production of sulfated and reduced sulfur-containing metabolites in Mycobacteria. Small molecule inhibitors of these catalysts represent valuable chemical tools that can be used to investigate the role of sulfur metabolism throughout the Mycobacterial lifecycle and may also represent new leads for drug development. In this light, we also summarize recent progress made in the development of inhibitors of sulfur metabolism enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate S. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
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9
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Roche B, Aussel L, Ezraty B, Mandin P, Py B, Barras F. Iron/sulfur proteins biogenesis in prokaryotes: formation, regulation and diversity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:455-69. [PMID: 23298813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron/sulfur centers are key cofactors of proteins intervening in multiple conserved cellular processes, such as gene expression, DNA repair, RNA modification, central metabolism and respiration. Mechanisms allowing Fe/S centers to be assembled, and inserted into polypeptides have attracted much attention in the last decade, both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Basic principles and recent advances in our understanding of the prokaryotic Fe/S biogenesis ISC and SUF systems are reviewed in the present communication. Most studies covered stem from investigations in Escherichia coli and Azotobacter vinelandii. Remarkable insights were brought about by complementary structural, spectroscopic, biochemical and genetic studies. Highlights of the recent years include scaffold mediated assembly of Fe/S cluster, A-type carriers mediated delivery of clusters and regulatory control of Fe/S homeostasis via a set of interconnected genetic regulatory circuits. Also, the importance of Fe/S biosynthesis systems in mediating soft metal toxicity was documented. A brief account of the Fe/S biosynthesis systems diversity as present in current databases is given here. Moreover, Fe/S biosynthesis factors have themselves been the object of molecular tailoring during evolution and some examples are discussed here. An effort was made to provide, based on the E. coli system, a general classification associating a given domain with a given function such as to help next search and annotation of genomes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Metals in Bioenergetics and Biomimetics Systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Roche
- Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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10
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Miethke M. Molecular strategies of microbial iron assimilation: from high-affinity complexes to cofactor assembly systems. Metallomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20193c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Lill R, Hoffmann B, Molik S, Pierik AJ, Rietzschel N, Stehling O, Uzarska MA, Webert H, Wilbrecht C, Mühlenhoff U. The role of mitochondria in cellular iron-sulfur protein biogenesis and iron metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1823:1491-508. [PMID: 22609301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in iron metabolism in that they synthesize heme, assemble iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins, and participate in cellular iron regulation. Here, we review the latter two topics and their intimate connection. The mitochondrial Fe/S cluster (ISC) assembly machinery consists of 17 proteins that operate in three major steps of the maturation process. First, the cysteine desulfurase complex Nfs1-Isd11 as the sulfur donor cooperates with ferredoxin-ferredoxin reductase acting as an electron transfer chain, and frataxin to synthesize an [2Fe-2S] cluster on the scaffold protein Isu1. Second, the cluster is released from Isu1 and transferred toward apoproteins with the help of a dedicated Hsp70 chaperone system and the glutaredoxin Grx5. Finally, various specialized ISC components assist in the generation of [4Fe-4S] clusters and cluster insertion into specific target apoproteins. Functional defects of the core ISC assembly machinery are signaled to cytosolic or nuclear iron regulatory systems resulting in increased cellular iron acquisition and mitochondrial iron accumulation. In fungi, regulation is achieved by iron-responsive transcription factors controlling the expression of genes involved in iron uptake and intracellular distribution. They are assisted by cytosolic multidomain glutaredoxins which use a bound Fe/S cluster as iron sensor and additionally perform an essential role in intracellular iron delivery to target metalloproteins. In mammalian cells, the iron regulatory proteins IRP1, an Fe/S protein, and IRP2 act in a post-transcriptional fashion to adjust the cellular needs for iron. Thus, Fe/S protein biogenesis and cellular iron metabolism are tightly linked to coordinate iron supply and utilization. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cell Biology of Metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Str. 6, 35033 Marburg, Germany.
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13
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Albrecht AG, Landmann H, Nette D, Burghaus O, Peuckert F, Seubert A, Miethke M, Marahiel MA. The frataxin homologue Fra plays a key role in intracellular iron channeling in Bacillus subtilis. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2052-61. [PMID: 21744456 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Frataxin homologues are important iron chaperones in eukarya and prokarya. Using a native proteomics approach we were able to identify the structural frataxin homologue Fra (formerly YdhG) of Bacillus subtilis and to quantify its native iron-binding stoichiometry. Using recombinant proteins we could show in vitro that Fra is able to transfer iron onto the B. subtilis SUF system for iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis. In a four-constituents reconstitution system (including SufU, SufS, Fra and CitB) we observed a Fra-dependent formation of a [4 Fe-4 S] cluster on SufU that could be efficiently transferred onto the target apo-aconitase (CitB). A Δfra deletion mutant showed a severe growth phenotype associated with a broadly disturbed iron homeostasis; this indicates that Fra is a central component of intracellular iron channeling in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Albrecht
- Fachbereich Chemie/Biochemie der Philipps Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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14
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Qi W, Cowan JA. Structural, Mechanistic and Coordination Chemistry of Relevance to the Biosynthesis of Iron-Sulfur and Related Iron Cofactors. Coord Chem Rev 2011; 255:688-699. [PMID: 21499539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur clusters are an important class of protein-bound prosthetic center that find wide utility in nature. Roles include electron transfer, enzyme catalysis, protein structure stabilization, and regulation of gene expression as transcriptional and translational sensors. In eukaryotes their biosynthesis requires a complex molecular machinery that is located within the mitochondrion, while bacteria exhibit up to three independent cluster assembly pathways. All of these paths share common themes. This review summarizes some key structural and functional properties of three central proteins dedicated to the Fe-S cluster assembly process: namely, the sulfide donor (cysteine desulfurase); iron donor (frataxin), and the iron-sulfur cluster scaffold protein (IscU/ISU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Qi
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University
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Hansson MD, Karlberg T, Söderberg CAG, Rajan S, Warren MJ, Al-Karadaghi S, Rigby SEJ, Hansson M. Bacterial ferrochelatase turns human: Tyr13 determines the apparent metal specificity of Bacillus subtilis ferrochelatase. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 16:235-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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