Chemistry and Properties of Indolocarbazoles

The indolocarbazoles are an important class of nitrogen heterocycles which has evolved significantly in recent years, with numerous studies focusing on their diverse biological effects, or targeting new materials with potential applications in organic electronics. This review aims at providing a broad survey of the chemistry and properties of indolocarbazoles from an interdisciplinary point of view, with particular emphasis on practical synthetic aspects, as well as certain topics which have not been previously accounted for in detail, such as the occurrence, formation, biological activities, and metabolism of indolo[3,2- b]carbazoles. The literature of the past decade forms the basis of the text, which is further supplemented with older key references.

Synthesis of Linearly Fused Benzodipyrrole Based Organic Materials

The objective of this review is to give an overview of the synthetic methods to prepare different indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles and similar systems with a potential use in electro-optical devices such as OLEDs (organic light emitting diode), OPVs (organic photovoltaic) and OFETs (organic field effect transistor). Some further modifications to the core units and their implications for specific applications are also discussed.

Effect of chain curvature on the performance of diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymer solar cells

Two polymer semiconductors with different degrees of chain curvature are designed and synthesized. The curved polymer blended with PC₇₁BM exhibits a higher PCE of 5.3% than that of a linear polymer.

New D–π–A organic dyes containing a tert-butyl-capped indolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazole donor with bithiophene unit as π-linker for dye-sensitized solar cells

A new kind of D–π–A organic dye containing a tert-butyl-capped indolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazole unit as a donor with bithiophene unit as a π bridge and cyanoacrylic acid as an acceptor has been designed and synthesized for DSSCs.

25th anniversary article: isoindigo-based polymers and small molecules for bulk heterojunction solar cells and field effect transistors

Driven by the potential advantages and promising applications of organic solar cells, donor-acceptor (D-A) polymers have been intensively investigated in the past years. One of the strong electron-withdrawing groups that were widely used as acceptors for the construction of D-A polymers for applications in polymer solar cells and FETs is isoindigo. The isoindigo-based polymer solar cells have reached efficiencies up to ∼7% and hole mobilities as high as 3.62 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) have been realized by FETs based on isoindigo polymers. Over one hundred isoindigo-based small molecules and polymers have been developed in only three years. This review is an attempt to summarize the structures and properties of the isoindigo-based polymers and small molecules that have been reported in the literature since their inception in 2010. Focus has been given only to the syntheses and device performances of those polymers and small molecules that were designed for use in solar cells and FETs. Attempt has been made to deduce structure-property relationships that would guide the design of isoindigo-based materials. It is expected that this review will present useful guidelines for the design of efficient isoindigo-based materials for applications in solar cells and FETs.

Indolo[3,2-b]carbazole and benzofurazan based narrow band-gap polymers for photovoltaic cells

Two indolo[3,2-b]carbazole and 5,6-bis(octyloxy)benzofurazan based narrow band-gap polymersPICzODTBFandPICzHDDTBFgive maximum power conversion efficiencies of 3.32% and 3.13% with open circuit voltages of 0.80 V and 0.95 V, respectively.

Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of D–A copolymers of benzodithiophene and naphtho[2,3-c]thiophene-4,9-dione

Two D–A copolymers containing naphtho[2,3-c]thiophene-4,9-dione (NTDO) acceptor unit were synthesized, and the PSC based on PBDTNTDO-2/PC₇₀BM showed PCE of 1.52%.