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Murphy BM, Festersen S, Magnussen OM. The Atomic scale structure of liquid metal-electrolyte interfaces. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:13859-13866. [PMID: 27301317 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01571a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical interfaces between immiscible liquids have lately received renewed interest, both for gaining fundamental insight as well as for applications in nanomaterial synthesis. In this feature article we demonstrate that the atomic scale structure of these previously inaccessible interfaces nowadays can be explored by in situ synchrotron based X-ray scattering techniques. Exemplary studies of a prototypical electrochemical system - a liquid mercury electrode in pure NaCl solution - reveal that the liquid metal is terminated by a well-defined atomic layer. This layering decays on length scales of 0.5 nm into the Hg bulk and displays a potential and temperature dependent behaviour that can be explained by electrocapillary effects and contributions of the electronic charge distribution on the electrode. In similar studies of nanomaterial growth, performed for the electrochemical deposition of PbFBr, a complex nucleation and growth behaviour is found, involving a crystalline precursor layer prior to the 3D crystal growth. Operando X-ray scattering measurements provide detailed data on the processes of nanoscale film formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Murphy
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, Leibnizstr. 19, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
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Huang L, Chen Y, Bian S, Huang YF, Tian ZQ, Zhan D. Composite PET membrane with nanostructured Ag/AgTCNQ Schottky junctions: electrochemical nanofabrication and charge-transfer properties. Chemistry 2014; 20:724-8. [PMID: 24339244 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Large-area nanostructured Ag/Ag-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) Schottky junctions are fabricated electrochemically on a mesoporous polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membrane-supported water/1, 2-dichloroethane (DCE) interface. When the interface is polarized, Ag(+) ions transfer across the PET membrane from the aqueous phase and are reduced to form metallic Ag on the PET membrane, which reacts further with tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) in the DCE phase to form nanostructured Ag/AgTCNQ Schottky junctions. Once the mesoporous membrane is blocked by metallic Ag, a bipolar mechanism is proposed to explain the successive growth of AgTCNQ nanorods and Ag film on each side of the PET membrane. Due to the well-formed nanostructure of Ag/AgTCNQ Schottky junctions, the direct electrochemical behavior is observed, which is essential to explain the physicochemical mechanism of its electric performance. Moreover, the composite PET membrane with nanostructured Ag/AgTCNQ Schottky junctions is tailorable and can be assembled directly into electric devices without any pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005 (P.R. China), Tel: (+86) 592-2185797
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Elsen A, Festersen S, Runge B, Koops CT, Ocko BM, Deutsch M, Seeck OH, Murphy BM, Magnussen OM. In situ X-ray studies of adlayer-induced crystal nucleation at the liquid-liquid interface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6663-8. [PMID: 23553838 PMCID: PMC3637733 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1301800110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystal nucleation and growth at a liquid-liquid interface is studied on the atomic scale by in situ Å-resolution X-ray scattering methods for the case of liquid Hg and an electrochemical dilute electrolyte containing Pb(2+), F(-), and Br(-) ions. In the regime negative of the Pb amalgamation potential Φ(rp) = -0.70 V, no change is observed from the surface-layered structure of pure Hg. Upon potential-induced release of Pb(2+) from the Hg bulk at Φ > Φ(rp), the formation of an intriguing interface structure is observed, comprising a well-defined 7.6-Å-thick adlayer, decorated with structurally related 3D crystallites. Both are identified by their diffraction peaks as PbFBr, preferentially aligned with their axis along the interface normal. X-ray reflectivity shows the adlayer to consist of a stack of five ionic layers, forming a single-unit-cell-thick crystalline PbFBr precursor film, which acts as a template for the subsequent quasiepitaxial 3D crystal growth. This growth behavior is assigned to the combined action of electrostatic and short-range chemical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Elsen
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sven Festersen
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Benjamin Runge
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian T. Koops
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Benjamin M. Ocko
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - Moshe Deutsch
- Physics Department, and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Oliver H. Seeck
- Deutsches Elektronensynchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Bridget M. Murphy
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht Haensel Laboratory, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Olaf M. Magnussen
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht Haensel Laboratory, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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Bhattacharya R, Basu J. Microscopic dynamics of nanoparticle monolayers at air–water interface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 396:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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McBride SP, Law BM. Influence of line tension on spherical colloidal particles at liquid-vapor interfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:196101. [PMID: 23215406 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.196101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging of isolated submicron dodecyltrichlorosilane coated silica spheres, immobilized at the liquid polystyrene- (PS-) air interface at the PS glass transition temperature, T(g), allows for determination of the contact angle θ versus particle radius R. At T(g), all θ versus R measurements are well described by the modified Young's equation for a line tension τ = 0.93 nN. The AFM measurements are also consistent with a minimum contact angle θ(min) and minimum radius R(min), below which single isolated silica spheres cannot exist at the PS-air interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P McBride
- Physics Department, Kansas State University, 116 Cardwell Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 2601, USA
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Kumpfer JR, Rowan SJ. Directed Self-Assembly of Metallosupramolecular Polymers at the Polymer-Polymer Interface. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:882-887. [PMID: 35607137 DOI: 10.1021/mz300224x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Directed self-assembly of a metallosupramolecular polymer is achieved at the interface between two polymer films by simple melt pressing. Blends of a 2,6-bis(N-methylbenzimidazolyl)pyridine (MeBip) side-chain functionalized polystyrene in a polystyrene matrix and Zn(NTf2)2 in a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix were pressed together above the Tg of the matrix polymers resulting in diffusion of the components and subsequent self-assembly of the metallosupramolecular polymer at the polymer-polymer interface. The formation of the metallosupramolecular polymer was monitored by spectroscopy and microscopy and it was found that the interfacial self-assembly occurs at the processing temperatures (ca. 210 °C) within 5 min. It was further shown that this materials system resulted in robust films that exhibited a new emergent property, namely, phosphorescence, which is not exhibited by any of the individual components nor the metallosupramolecular polymer itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Kumpfer
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Stuart J. Rowan
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
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Cheng XL, Jiang JS, Hu M, Mao GY, Bu FX, Lin CC, Zeng Y, Zhang QH. Controlled synthesis of novel flowerlike α-Fe2O3 nanostructures via a one-step biphasic interfacial reaction route. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25575h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhou M, Hedlund J. Assembly of oriented iron oxide and zeolite crystals via biopolymer films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm35068h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhou M, Hedlund J. Oriented monolayers of submicron crystals by dynamic interfacial assembly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm15990b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Cheng XL, Jiang JS, Hu M, Mao GY, Liu ZW, Zeng Y, Zhang QH. Liquid–liquid interface-assisted solvothermal synthesis of durian-like α-Fe2O3 hollow spheres constructed by nano-polyhedrons. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce06411a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wang C, Zhang X, Shao C, Zhang Y, Yang J, Sun P, Liu X, Liu H, Liu Y, Xie T, Wang D. Rutile TiO2 nanowires on anatase TiO2 nanofibers: A branched heterostructured photocatalysts via interface-assisted fabrication approach. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 363:157-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yu Z, Wang CF, Chen S. Fabrication of quantum dot-based photonic materials from small to large via interfacial self-assembly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10281h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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