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Thoma ED, Gitipour A, George I, Kariher P, MacDonald M, Queiroz G, Deshmukh P, Childers J, Rodak T, Schmid V. Assessment of Chemical Facility Ethylene Oxide Emissions Using Mobile and Multipoint Monitoring. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT: X 2023; 18:1-11. [PMID: 37260630 PMCID: PMC10228146 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene oxide (EtO) is a hazardous air pollutant that can be emitted from a variety of difficult to measure industrial sources, such as fugitive leaks, wastewater handling, and episodic releases. Emerging next generation emission measurement (NGEM) approaches capable of time-resolved, low parts per billion by volume (ppbv) method detection limits (MDLs) can help facilities understand and reduce EtO and other air pollutant emissions from these sources yielding a range of environmental and public health benefits. In October 2021, a first of its kind 4-day observational study was conducted at an EtO chemical facility in the midwestern United States. The study had dual objectives to both improve understanding of EtO emission sources within the facility and advance NGEM methods. Using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) instruments, a combination of mobile surveys and stationary multipoint process unit monitoring assessed EtO concentrations in and near facility operations, while testing and comparing measurement methods. The study concluded that four main areas of EtO source emissions existed within the facility, each possessing unique emission characteristics. Episodic EtO emissions from supply railcar switchovers and batch reactor washouts, lasting seconds to minutes in duration, produced EtO concentrations exceeding 500 ppbv inside the process unit in some cases. In one instance, EtO at ~30 ppbv was briefly observed hundreds of meters from the process unit. Lower level but more sustained EtO concentrations were observed near an EtO transfer pump and wastewater tank outfall and drain system. Overall, 4.6% of mobile survey data were above the 1.2 ppbv mobile test MDL while the nine stationary sampling locations ranged from 17.7% to 82.8% of data above the 1.0 ppbv multipoint test MDL. This paper describes the EtO emissions observed in and near the four defined source areas within the facility and provides details of the NGEM method development advances accomplished as part of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eben D. Thoma
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, 109 TW Alexander Dr., RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Ali Gitipour
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, 109 TW Alexander Dr., RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Ingrid George
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, 109 TW Alexander Dr., RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Peter Kariher
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, 109 TW Alexander Dr., RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Megan MacDonald
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, 109 TW Alexander Dr., RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Gustavo Queiroz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 7, U.S. EPA Region 7, 11201 Renner Blvd. Lenexa, KS 66219, USA
| | | | - Josh Childers
- CleanAir Engineering Inc., 110 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15275, USA
| | - Tim Rodak
- CleanAir Engineering Inc., 110 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15275, USA
| | - Volker Schmid
- CleanAir Engineering Inc., 110 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15275, USA
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2
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Demonstration of VOC Fenceline Sensors and Canister Grab Sampling near Chemical Facilities in Louisville, Kentucky. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22093480. [PMID: 35591173 PMCID: PMC9103096 DOI: 10.3390/s22093480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental fenceline sensor pods (SPods) fitted with 30 s duration canister grab sampling (CGS) systems were deployed at a site near chemical facilities in Louisville, KY, from 4 June 2018 to 5 January 2020. The objective of the study was to better understand lower cost 10.6 eV photoionization detector (PID)-based volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors and investigate their utility for near-source emissions detection applications. Prototype SPods containing PID sensor elements from two different manufacturers yielded between 78% and 86% valid data over the study, producing a dataset of over 120,000 collocated pair fenceline measurements averaged into 5-min datapoints. Ten-second time-resolved SPod data from an elevated fenceline sensor signal day are presented, illustrating source emission detections from the direction of a facility 500 m west of the monitoring site. An SPod-triggered CGS acquired in the emission plume on this day contained elevated concentrations of 1,3-butadiene and cyclohexane (36 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) and 637 ppbv, respectively), compounds known to be emitted by this facility. Elevated concentrations of these compounds were observed in a subset of the 61 manual and triggered CGS grab samples acquired during the study, with winds from the west. Using novel wind-resolved visualization and normalization approaches described herein, the collocated pair SPod datasets exhibited similarity in emission source signature. With winds from the west, approximately 50% of SPod readings were above our defined theoretical detection limit indicating persistent measurable VOC signal at this site. Overall, this 19-month study demonstrated reasonable prototype SPod operational performance indicating that improved commercial forms of lower cost PID sensors could be useful for select VOC fenceline monitoring applications.
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Mielczarek P, Silberring J, Smoluch M. MINIATURIZATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:453-470. [PMID: 31793697 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Expectations for continuous miniaturization in mass spectrometry are not declining for years. Portable instruments are highly welcome by the industry, science, space agencies, forensic laboratories, and many other units. All are striving for the small, cheap, and as good as possible instruments. This review describes the recent developments of miniature mass spectrometers and also provides selected applications where these devices are used. Upcoming perspectives of further development are also discussed. @ 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Mielczarek
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Silberring
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Curie-Sklodowskiej St. 34, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marek Smoluch
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
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Ju T, Yoshinaga K, Imasaka T, Nakamura H, Imasaka T. Time-correlated Single Ion Counting Mass Spectrometer with Long and Short Time-of-Flight Tubes and an Evaluation of Its Performance for Use in Trace Analysis of Allergenic Substances. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:539-543. [PMID: 31956162 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19sbp03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
An analyte molecule was ionized using a femtosecond laser as the ionization source and was measured by a twin-type time-of-flight mass spectrometer with long (42 cm) and short (6.4 cm) flight tubes. The signal was measured using an analog signal digitizer and a time-correlated single ion counting system, and performance was evaluated by comparing data obtained from both instruments. The short mass spectrometer had a mass resolution of 450 and was used in the trace analysis of allergenic substances in a fragrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Ju
- Division of International Strategy, Center of Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yoshinaga
- Division of International Strategy, Center of Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Environmental Design, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan
| | - Tomoko Imasaka
- Department of Environmental Design, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- Division of International Strategy, Center of Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Totaro Imasaka
- Division of International Strategy, Center of Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Hikari Giken, Co., 2-10-30 Sakurazaka, Chuo, Fukuoka, 810-0024, Japan
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Gas Analysis by Electron Ionization Combined with Chemical Ionization in a Compact FTICR Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7517-7525. [PMID: 29779386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this Article, a compact Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer based on a permanent magnet is presented. This instrument has been developed for real-time analysis of gas emissions. The instrument is well-suited to industrial applications or analysis of toxic and complex samples where the concentrations can vary rapidly on a wide range. The novelty of this instrument is the ability to use either electron ionization (EI) or chemical ionization (CI) individually or both of them alternatively. Also in CI mode, different precursor ions can be used alternatively. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the ppb level to very high concentrations (% level) can be detected by CI or EI. The magnet is composed of three Halbach arrays, and the nominal field achieved is 1.5 T. The ICR cell is a 3 cm side length cubic cell. The mass range is 12-200 u with a broad band detection. The mass accuracy of 0.005 u and the resolving power allow the separation of isobaric ions such as C3H8+ and CO2+. Gas introduction via controlled gas pulses, electron ionization, ion-molecule reactions, ion selection, and detection are all performed in the ICR cell. The potential of the instrument will be illustrated by an analysis of a gas mixture containing trace components at ppm level (VOCs) and components in the 0.5-100% range (N2, alkanes, and CO2).
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Zhai Y, Liu S, Gao L, Hu L, Xu W. Direct Biological Sample Analyses by Laserspray Ionization Miniature Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5696-5702. [PMID: 29562126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
With improved performances, miniature mass spectrometers are becoming suitable for more practical applications. At the same time, the coupling of an approximate ionization source is essential in terms of minimizing sample preparation and broadening the range of samples that could be analyzed. In this study, an atmospheric pressure laserspray ionization (AP-LSI) source was coupled with our home developed miniature ion trap mass spectrometer. The whole system is compact in size, and biological samples could be directly analyzed with minimum sample preparation. Direct detections of peptides, proteins, drugs in whole blood, and urine could be achieved with high sensitivity. The analyses of tissue sections were demonstrated, and different regions in a tissue section could be differentiated based on their lipid profiles. Results suggest that the coupling of AP-LSI with miniature mass spectrometer is a powerful technique, which could potentially benefit target molecule analysis in biological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Zhai
- School of Life Science , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Life Science , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Safety Analysis, Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis , Beijing , 100089 , China
| | - Lili Hu
- School of Life Science , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Life Science , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
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7
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Zhou X, Cheng X, Zhu Y, Elzatahry AA, Alghamdi A, Deng Y, Zhao D. Ordered porous metal oxide semiconductors for gas sensing. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Kostyukevich Y, Efremov D, Ionov V, Kukaev E, Nikolaev E. Remote detection of explosives using field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometer installed on multicopter. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:777-782. [PMID: 28762581 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection of explosives and drugs in hard-to-reach places is a considerable challenge. We report the development and initial experimental characterization of the air analysis system that includes Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometer, array of the semiconductor gas sensors and is installed on multicopter. The system was developed based on the commercially available DJI Matrix 100 platform. For data collection and communication with operator, the special compact computer (Intel Compute Stick) was installed onboard. The total weight of the system was 3.3 kg. The system allows the 15-minute flight and provides the remote access to the obtained data. The developed system can be effectively used for the detection of impurities in the air, ecology monitoring, detection of chemical warfare agents, and explosives, what is especially important in light of recent terroristic attacks. The capabilities of the system were tested on the several explosives such as trinitrotoluene and nitro powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Kostyukevich
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Novaya St., 100, 143025, Skolkovo, Russia
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskij pr. 38 k.2, 119334, Moscow, Russia
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St. 4, 119334, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Efremov
- Private educational institution of higher professional education Moscow Technological Institute, Leninsky Prospect 38a, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Ionov
- "Lavanda-U Limited" 111123, Shosse Entuziastov, d. 56, p. 27, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene Kukaev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene Nikolaev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Novaya St., 100, 143025, Skolkovo, Russia
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskij pr. 38 k.2, 119334, Moscow, Russia
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St. 4, 119334, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Pulliam CJ, Bain RM, Osswald HL, Snyder DT, Fedick PW, Ayrton ST, Flick TG, Cooks RG. Simultaneous Online Monitoring of Multiple Reactions Using a Miniature Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6969-6975. [PMID: 28520396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Pulliam
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ryan M. Bain
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Heather L. Osswald
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dalton T. Snyder
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Patrick W. Fedick
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Stephen T. Ayrton
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tawnya G. Flick
- Department
of Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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10
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Blakeman KH, Wolfe DW, Cavanaugh CA, Ramsey JM. High Pressure Mass Spectrometry: The Generation of Mass Spectra at Operating Pressures Exceeding 1 Torr in a Microscale Cylindrical Ion Trap. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5378-84. [PMID: 27109864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenion H. Blakeman
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Derek W. Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Craig A. Cavanaugh
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - J. Michael Ramsey
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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11
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12
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Gałuszka A, Migaszewski ZM, Namieśnik J. Moving your laboratories to the field--Advantages and limitations of the use of field portable instruments in environmental sample analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:593-603. [PMID: 26051907 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The recent rapid progress in technology of field portable instruments has increased their applications in environmental sample analysis. These instruments offer a possibility of cost-effective, non-destructive, real-time, direct, on-site measurements of a wide range of both inorganic and organic analytes in gaseous, liquid and solid samples. Some of them do not require the use of reagents and do not produce any analytical waste. All these features contribute to the greenness of field portable techniques. Several stationary analytical instruments have their portable versions. The most popular ones include: gas chromatographs with different detectors (mass spectrometer (MS), flame ionization detector, photoionization detector), ultraviolet-visible and near-infrared spectrophotometers, X-ray fluorescence spectrometers, ion mobility spectrometers, electronic noses and electronic tongues. The use of portable instruments in environmental sample analysis gives a possibility of on-site screening and a subsequent selection of samples for routine laboratory analyses. They are also very useful in situations that require an emergency response and for process monitoring applications. However, quantification of results is still problematic in many cases. The other disadvantages include: higher detection limits and lower sensitivity than these obtained in laboratory conditions, a strong influence of environmental factors on the instrument performance and a high possibility of sample contamination in the field. This paper reviews recent applications of field portable instruments in environmental sample analysis and discusses their analytical capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gałuszka
- Geochemistry and the Environment Division, Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, 15G Świętokrzyska St., 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
| | - Zdzisław M Migaszewski
- Geochemistry and the Environment Division, Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, 15G Świętokrzyska St., 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), 11/12 G. Narutowicz St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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13
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Liu Y, Li T, Chen W, Guo Y, Liu L, Guo H. Hierarchical hollow TiO2@CeO2 nanocube heterostructures for photocatalytic detoxification of cyanide. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13898h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hollow TiO2@CeO2 nanocubes are fabricated via a fast coordinating etching route. The hollow cubic nature and heterojunction effect of the nanostructure contribute greatly to the enhanced performance for photocatalytic detoxification of cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Liu
- School of Chemistry Science and Engineering
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
- China
| | - Tingting Li
- School of Chemistry Science and Engineering
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
- China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- School of Chemistry Science and Engineering
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
- China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- School of Chemistry Science and Engineering
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
- China
| | - Lixiang Liu
- School of Chemistry Science and Engineering
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
- China
| | - Hong Guo
- School of Chemistry Science and Engineering
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
- China
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14
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Chiu SH, Urban PL. Robotics-assisted mass spectrometry assay platform enabled by open-source electronics. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 64:260-8. [PMID: 25232666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an important analytical technique with numerous applications in clinical analysis, biochemistry, environmental analysis, geology and physics. Its success builds on the ability of MS to determine molecular weights of analytes, and elucidate their structures. However, sample handling prior to MS requires a lot of attention and labor. In this work we were aiming to automate processing samples for MS so that analyses could be conducted without much supervision of experienced analysts. The goal of this study was to develop a robotics and information technology-oriented platform that could control the whole analysis process including sample delivery, reaction-based assay, data acquisition, and interaction with the analyst. The proposed platform incorporates a robotic arm for handling sample vials delivered to the laboratory, and several auxiliary devices which facilitate and secure the analysis process. They include: multi-relay board, infrared sensors, photo-interrupters, gyroscopes, force sensors, fingerprint scanner, barcode scanner, touch screen panel, and internet interface. The control of all the building blocks is achieved through implementation of open-source electronics (Arduino), and enabled by custom-written programs in C language. The advantages of the proposed system include: low cost, simplicity, small size, as well as facile automation of sample delivery and processing without the intervention of the analyst. It is envisaged that this simple robotic system may be the forerunner of automated laboratories dedicated to mass spectrometric analysis of biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hao Chiu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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15
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Hendricks PI, Dalgleish JK, Shelley JT, Kirleis MA, McNicholas MT, Li L, Chen TC, Chen CH, Duncan JS, Boudreau F, Noll RJ, Denton JP, Roach TA, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG. Autonomous in Situ Analysis and Real-Time Chemical Detection Using a Backpack Miniature Mass Spectrometer: Concept, Instrumentation Development, and Performance. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2900-8. [PMID: 24521448 DOI: 10.1021/ac403765x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul I. Hendricks
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jon K. Dalgleish
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jacob T. Shelley
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Matthew A. Kirleis
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Matthew T. McNicholas
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Linfan Li
- Weldon
School
of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tsung-Chi Chen
- Weldon
School
of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chien-Hsun Chen
- Weldon
School
of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jason S. Duncan
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Frank Boudreau
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Center for Analytical
Instrumentation Development, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Robert J. Noll
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Center for Analytical
Instrumentation Development, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John P. Denton
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Timothy A. Roach
- SOCOM, 1636 Regulus Ave., Virginia
Beach, Virgina 23461, United States
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Weldon
School
of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Center for Analytical
Instrumentation Development, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Center for Analytical
Instrumentation Development, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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16
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Mitchell BL, Bhandari RK, Bebarta VS, Rockwood GA, Boss GR, Logue BA. Toxicokinetic profiles of α-ketoglutarate cyanohydrin, a cyanide detoxification product, following exposure to potassium cyanide. Toxicol Lett 2013; 222:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Collection method for chemical particulates on surfaces with detection using thermal desorption-ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 776:64-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Portable formaldehyde monitoring device using porous glass sensor and its applications in indoor air quality studies. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 702:247-53. [PMID: 21839205 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a portable device for formaldehyde monitoring with both high sensitivity and high temporal resolution, and carried out indoor air formaldehyde concentration analysis. The absorbance difference of the sensor element was measured in the monitoring device at regular intervals of, for example, one hour or 30 min, and the result was converted into the formaldehyde concentration. This was possible because we found that the lutidine derivative that was formed as a yellow product of the reaction between 1-phenyl-1,3-butandione and formaldehyde was stable in porous glass for at least six months. We estimated the reaction rate and to be 0.049 min(-1) and the reaction occurred quickly enough for us to monitor hourly changes in the formaldehyde concentration. The detection limit was 5 μg m(-3) h. We achieved hourly formaldehyde monitoring using the developed device under several indoor conditions, and estimated the air exchange rate and formaldehyde adsorption rate, which we adopted as a new term in the mass balance equation for formaldehyde, in one office.
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Smith JN, Noll RJ, Cooks RG. Facility monitoring of chemical warfare agent simulants in air using an automated, field-deployable, miniature mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1437-1444. [PMID: 21504010 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Vapors of four chemical warfare agent (CWA) stimulants, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), diethyl malonate (DEM), dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), and methyl salicylate (MeS), were detected, identified, and quantitated using a fully automated, field-deployable, miniature mass spectrometer. Samples were ionized using a glow discharge electron ionization (GDEI) source, and ions were mass analyzed with a cylindrical ion trap (CIT) mass analyzer. A dual-tube thermal desorption system was used to trap compounds on 50:50 Tenax TA/Carboxen 569 sorbent before their thermal release. The sample concentrations ranged from low parts per billion [ppb] to two parts per million [ppm]. Limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.26 to 5.0 ppb. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are presented for each analyte. A sample of CEES at low ppb concentration was combined separately with two interferents, bleach (saturated vapor) and diesel fuel exhaust (1%), as a way to explore the capability of detecting the simulant in an environmental matrix. Also investigated was a mixture of the four CWA simulants (at concentrations in air ranging from 270 to 380 ppb). Tandem mass (MS/MS) spectral data were used to identify and quantify the individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonell N Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Graichen AM, Vachet RW. Multiplexed MS/MS in a miniature rectilinear ion trap. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:683-688. [PMID: 21472607 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-010-0068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A multiplexed method for performing MS/MS on multiple ions simultaneously in a miniature rectilinear ion trap (RIT) mass spectrometer has been developed. This method uses an ion encoding procedure that relies on the mass bias that exists when ions are externally injected into an RIT operated with only a single phase rf applied to one pair of electrodes. The ion injection profile under such conditions ions is Gaussian-like over a wide range of rf amplitudes, or low mass cutoff (LMCO) values, during ion accumulation. We show that this distribution is related to ion m/z and is likely caused by ions having an optimal range of pseudo-potential well depths for efficient trapping. Based on this observation, precursor ion intensity changes between two different injection LMCO values can be predicted, and these ion intensity changes are found to be carried through to their corresponding product ions, enabling multiplexed MS/MS spectra to be deconvoluted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Graichen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, LGRT 701, 710 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Smith JN, Keil AD, Noll RJ, Cooks RG. Ion/molecule reactions for detecting ammonia using miniature cylindrical ion trap mass spectrometers. Analyst 2011; 136:120-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00630k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jansen R, Hofstee JW, Bouwmeester H, van Henten E. Automated signal processing applied to volatile-based inspection of greenhouse crops. SENSORS 2010; 10:7122-33. [PMID: 22163594 PMCID: PMC3231173 DOI: 10.3390/s100807122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatograph–mass spectrometers (GC-MS) have been used and shown utility for volatile-based inspection of greenhouse crops. However, a widely recognized difficulty associated with GC-MS application is the large and complex data generated by this instrument. As a consequence, experienced analysts are often required to process this data in order to determine the concentrations of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of interest. Manual processing is time-consuming, labour intensive and may be subject to errors due to fatigue. The objective of this study was to assess whether or not GC-MS data can also be automatically processed in order to determine the concentrations of crop health associated VOCs in a greenhouse. An experimental dataset that consisted of twelve data files was processed both manually and automatically to address this question. Manual processing was based on simple peak integration while the automatic processing relied on the algorithms implemented in the MetAlign™ software package. The results of automatic processing of the experimental dataset resulted in concentrations similar to that after manual processing. These results demonstrate that GC-MS data can be automatically processed in order to accurately determine the concentrations of crop health associated VOCs in a greenhouse. When processing GC-MS data automatically, noise reduction, alignment, baseline correction and normalisation are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Jansen
- Wageningen University, Farm Technology Group/P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture / P.O. Box 644, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +31-317-480306; Fax: +31-317-484819
| | - Jan Willem Hofstee
- Wageningen University, Farm Technology Group/P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Plant Physiology/P.O. Box 658, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Eldert van Henten
- Wageningen University, Farm Technology Group/P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture / P.O. Box 644, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
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