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Murakami T, Takayanagi T. Interstellar Benzene Formation Mechanisms via Acetylene Cyclotrimerization Catalyzed by Fe + Attached to Water Ice Clusters: Quantum Chemistry Calculation Study. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227767. [PMID: 36431867 PMCID: PMC9693163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Benzene is the simplest building block of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and has previously been found in the interstellar medium. Several barrierless reaction mechanisms for interstellar benzene formation that may operate under low-temperature and low-pressure conditions in the gas phase have been proposed. In this work, we studied different mechanisms for interstellar benzene formation based on acetylene cyclotrimerization catalyzed by Fe+ bound to solid water clusters through quantum chemistry calculations. We found that benzene is formed via a single-step process with one transition state from the three acetylene molecules on the Fe+(H2O)n (n = 1, 8, 10, 12 and 18) cluster surface. Moreover, the obtained mechanisms differed from those of single-atom catalysis, in which benzene is sequentially formed via multiple steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Department of Materials & Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (T.T.); Tel.: +81-48-858-9113 (T.M. & T.T.)
| | - Toshiyuki Takayanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (T.T.); Tel.: +81-48-858-9113 (T.M. & T.T.)
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Ismail I, Chantreau Majerus R, Habershon S. Graph-Driven Reaction Discovery: Progress, Challenges, and Future Opportunities. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7051-7069. [PMID: 36190262 PMCID: PMC9574932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Graph-based descriptors, such as bond-order matrices and adjacency matrices, offer a simple and compact way of categorizing molecular structures; furthermore, such descriptors can be readily used to catalog chemical reactions (i.e., bond-making and -breaking). As such, a number of graph-based methodologies have been developed with the goal of automating the process of generating chemical reaction network models describing the possible mechanistic chemistry in a given set of reactant species. Here, we outline the evolution of these graph-based reaction discovery schemes, with particular emphasis on more recent methods incorporating graph-based methods with semiempirical and ab initio electronic structure calculations, minimum-energy path refinements, and transition state searches. Using representative examples from homogeneous catalysis and interstellar chemistry, we highlight how these schemes increasingly act as "virtual reaction vessels" for interrogating mechanistic questions. Finally, we highlight where challenges remain, including issues of chemical accuracy and calculation speeds, as well as the inherent challenge of dealing with the vast size of accessible chemical reaction space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idil Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CoventryCV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Scott Habershon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CoventryCV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Wang E, Ding J. Reaction between the i-C4H5 radical and propargyl radical (C3H3): A theoretical study. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Robertson C, Hyland R, Lacey AJD, Havens S, Habershon S. Identifying Barrierless Mechanisms for Benzene Formation in the Interstellar Medium Using Permutationally Invariant Reaction Discovery. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:2307-2322. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ross Hyland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. D. Lacey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Havens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Habershon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Lucas M, Minor J, Zhang J, Brazier C. H-atom Dissociation Channels in Ultraviolet Photochemistry of m-Pyridyl Radical. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/27/06/621-627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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McIntosh GJ, Russell DK. Experimental and theoretical studies into the formation of C4-C6 products in partially chlorinated hydrocarbon pyrolysis systems: a probabilistic approach to congener-specific yield predictions. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8644-63. [PMID: 25225996 DOI: 10.1021/jp5015516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a study of the pyrolytic formation of vinylacetylene and benzene congeners formed from chlorinated hydrocarbon precursors, a complex, multipath polymerization system formed in a monomer-rich environment. (Co-)pyrolyses of dichloro- and trichloroethylene yield a rich array of products, and assuming a single dominant underlying growth mechanism, this (on comparing expected and observed products) allows a number of potentially competing channels to C4 and C6 products to be ruled out. Poor congener/isomer descriptions rule out even-carbon radical routes, and the absence of C3 and C5 products rule out odd-carbon processes. Vinylidenes appear unable to describe the increased reactivity of acetylenes with chlorination noted in our experiments, leaving molecular acetylene dimerization processes and, in C6 systems, the closely related Diels-Alder cyclization as the likely reaction mechanism. The feasibility of these routes is further supported by ab initio calculations. However, some of the most persuasive evidence is provided by congener-specific yield predictions enabled by the construction of a probability tree analogue of kinetic modeling. This approach is relatively quick to construct, provides surprisingly accurate predictions, and may be a very useful tool in screening for important reaction channels in poorly understood congener- or isomer-rich reaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J McIntosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Cole-Filipiak NC, Shapero M, Negru B, Neumark DM. Revisiting the photodissociation dynamics of the phenyl radical. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:104307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4894398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neil C. Cole-Filipiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Mark Shapero
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bogdan Negru
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Lucas M, Minor J, Zhang J, Brazier C. Ultraviolet Photodissociation Dynamics of the o-Pyridyl Radical. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:12138-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4057237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California
92521, United States
| | - Jasmine Minor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California
92521, United States
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California
92521, United States
| | - Christopher Brazier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach,
California 90840, United States
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McIntosh GJ, Russell DK. Molecular Mechanisms in the Pyrolysis of Unsaturated Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Formation of Benzene Rings. 1. Quantum Chemical Studies. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4183-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3120379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant J. McIntosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Douglas K. Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Mebel AM, Landera A. Product branching ratios in photodissociation of phenyl radical: a theoretical ab initio/Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus study. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:234305. [PMID: 22779591 DOI: 10.1063/1.4726455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ab initio CCSD(T)/CBS//B3LYP/6-311G** calculations of the potential energy surface for possible dissociation channels of the phenyl radical are combined with microcanonical Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus calculations of reaction rate constants in order to predict statistical product branching ratios in photodissociation of c-C(6)H(5) at various wavelengths. The results indicate that at 248 nm the photodissociation process is dominated by the production of ortho-benzyne via direct elimination of a hydrogen atom from the phenyl radical. At 193 nm, the statistical branching ratios are computed to be 63.4%, 21.1%, and 14.4% for the o-C(6)H(4) + H, l-C(6)H(4) ((Z)-hexa-3-ene-1,5-diyne) + H, and n-C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) products, respectively, in a contradiction with recent experimental measurements, which showed C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) as the major product. Although two lower energy pathways to the i-C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) products are identified, they appeared to be kinetically unfavorable and the computed statistical branching ratio of i-C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) does not exceed 1%. To explain the disagreement with experiment, we optimized conical intersections between the ground and the first excited electronic states of C(6)H(5) and, based on their structures and energies, suggested the following photodissociation mechanism at 193 nm: c-C(6)H(5) 1 → absorption of a photon → electronically excited 1 → internal conversion to the lowest excited state → conversion to the ground electronic state via conical intersections at CI-2 or CI-3 → non-statistical decay of the vibrationally excited radical favoring the formation of the n-C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) products. This scenario can be attained if the intramolecular vibrational redistribution in the CI-2 or CI-3 structures in the ground electronic state is slower than their dissociation to n-C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) driven by the dynamical preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA.
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Song Y, Lucas M, Alcaraz M, Zhang J, Brazier C. Ultraviolet photodissociation dynamics of the phenyl radical. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:044308. [PMID: 22299872 DOI: 10.1063/1.3679166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) photodissociation dynamics of jet-cooled phenyl radicals (C(6)H(5) and C(6)D(5)) are studied in the photolysis wavelength region of 215-268 nm using high-n Rydberg atom time-of-flight and resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization techniques. The phenyl radicals are produced from 193-nm photolysis of chlorobenzene and bromobenzene precursors. The H-atom photofragment yield spectra have a broad peak centered around 235 nm and are in good agreement with the UV absorption spectra of phenyl. The H + C(6)H(4) product translational energy distributions, P(E(T))'s, peak near ~7 kcal/mol, and the fraction of average translational energy in the total excess energy, <f(T)>, is in the range of 0.20-0.35 from 215 to 268 nm. The H-atom product angular distribution is isotropic. The dissociation rates are in the range of 10(7)-10(8) s(-1) with internal energy from 30 to 46 kcal/mol above the threshold of the lowest energy channel H + o-C(6)H(4) (ortho-benzyne), comparable with the rates from the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus theory. The results from the fully deuterated phenyl radical are identical. The dissociation mechanism is consistent with production of H + o-C(6)H(4), as the main channel from unimolecular decomposition of the ground electronic state phenyl radical following internal conversion of the electronically excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related species have been suggested to play a key role in the astrochemical evolution of the interstellar medium, but the formation mechanism of even their simplest building block--the aromatic benzene molecule--has remained elusive for decades. Here we demonstrate in crossed molecular beam experiments combined with electronic structure and statistical calculations that benzene (C(6)H(6)) can be synthesized via the barrierless, exoergic reaction of the ethynyl radical and 1,3-butadiene, C(2)H + H(2)CCHCHCH(2) → C(6)H(6) + H, under single collision conditions. This reaction portrays the simplest representative of a reaction class in which aromatic molecules with a benzene core can be formed from acyclic precursors via barrierless reactions of ethynyl radicals with substituted 1,3-butadiene molecules. Unique gas-grain astrochemical models imply that this low-temperature route controls the synthesis of the very first aromatic ring from acyclic precursors in cold molecular clouds, such as in the Taurus Molecular Cloud. Rapid, subsequent barrierless reactions of benzene with ethynyl radicals can lead to naphthalene-like structures thus effectively propagating the ethynyl-radical mediated formation of aromatic molecules in the interstellar medium.
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Negru B, Goncher SJ, Brunsvold AL, Just GMP, Park D, Neumark DM. Photodissociation dynamics of the phenyl radical via photofragment translational spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:074302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3473743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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