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Thomson RES, D'Cunha SA, Hayes MA, Gillam EMJ. Use of engineered cytochromes P450 for accelerating drug discovery and development. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:195-252. [PMID: 35953156 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Numerous steps in drug development, including the generation of authentic metabolites and late-stage functionalization of candidates, necessitate the modification of often complex molecules, such as natural products. While it can be challenging to make the required regio- and stereoselective alterations to a molecule using purely chemical catalysis, enzymes can introduce changes to complex molecules with a high degree of stereo- and regioselectivity. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are biocatalysts of unequalled versatility, capable of regio- and stereoselective functionalization of unactivated CH bonds by monooxygenation. Collectively they catalyze over 60 different biotransformations on structurally and functionally diverse organic molecules, including natural products, drugs, steroids, organic acids and other lipophilic molecules. This catalytic versatility and substrate range makes them likely candidates for application as potential biocatalysts for industrial chemistry. However, several aspects of the P450 catalytic cycle and other characteristics have limited their implementation to date in industry, including: their lability at elevated temperature, in the presence of solvents, and over lengthy incubation times; the typically low efficiency with which they metabolize non-natural substrates; and their lack of specificity for a single metabolic pathway. Protein engineering by rational design or directed evolution provides a way to engineer P450s for industrial use. Here we review the progress made to date toward engineering the properties of P450s, especially eukaryotic forms, for industrial application, and including the recent expansion of their catalytic repertoire to include non-natural reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raine E S Thomson
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephlina A D'Cunha
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and Management, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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2
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Abstract
Directed evolution (DE) is a powerful tool for optimizing an enzyme's properties toward a particular objective, such as broader substrate scope, greater thermostability, or increased kcat. A successful DE project requires the generation of genetic diversity and subsequent screening or selection to identify variants with improved fitness. In contrast to random methods (error-prone PCR or DNA shuffling), site-directed mutagenesis enables the rational design of variant libraries and provides control over the nature and frequency of the encoded mutations. Knowledge of protein structure, dynamics, enzyme mechanisms, and natural evolution demonstrates that multiple (combinatorial) mutations are required to discover the most improved variants. To this end, we describe an experimentally straightforward and low-cost method for the preparation of combinatorial variant libraries. Our approach employs a two-step PCR protocol, first producing mutagenic megaprimers, which can then be combined in a "mix-and-match" fashion to generate diverse sets of combinatorial variant libraries both quickly and accurately.
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3
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Sarkar MR, Lee JHZ, Bell SG. The Oxidation of Hydrophobic Aromatic Substrates by Using a Variant of the P450 Monooxygenase CYP101B1. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2119-2128. [PMID: 28868671 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP101B1, from a Novosphingobium bacterium is able to bind and oxidise aromatic substrates but at a lower activity and efficiency than norisoprenoids and monoterpenoid esters. Histidine 85 of CYP101B1 aligns with tyrosine 96 of CYP101A1, which, in the latter enzyme forms the only hydrophilic interaction with its substrate, camphor. The histidine residue of CYP101B1 was mutated to phenylalanine with the aim of improving the activity of the enzyme for hydrophobic substrates. The H85F mutant lowered the binding affinity and activity of the enzyme for β-ionone and altered the oxidation selectivity. This variant also showed enhanced affinity and activity towards alkylbenzenes, styrenes and methylnaphthalenes. For example the rate of product formation for acenaphthene oxidation was improved sixfold to 245 nmol per nmol CYP per min. Certain disubstituted naphthalenes and substrates, such as phenylcyclohexane and biphenyls, were oxidised with lower activity by the H85F variant. Variants at H85 (A and G) designed to introduce additional space into the active site so as to accommodate these larger substrates did not improve the oxidation activity. As the H85F mutant of CYP101B1 improved the oxidation of hydrophobic substrates, this residue is likely to be in the substrate binding pocket or the access channel of the enzyme. The side chain of the histidine might interact with the carbonyl groups of the favoured norisoprenoid substrates of CYP101B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Raihan Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Joel H Z Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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4
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Kammoonah S, Prasad B, Balaraman P, Mundhada H, Schwaneberg U, Plettner E. Selecting of a cytochrome P450 cam SeSaM library with 3-chloroindole and endosulfan - Identification of mutants that dehalogenate 3-chloroindole. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1866:68-79. [PMID: 28923662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450cam (a camphor hydroxylase) from the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida shows potential importance in environmental applications such as the degradation of chlorinated organic pollutants. Seven P450cam mutants generated from Sequence Saturation Mutagenesis (SeSaM) and isolated by selection on minimal media with either 3-chloroindole or the insecticide endosulfan were studied for their ability to oxidize of 3-chloroindole to isatin. The wild-type enzyme did not accept 3-chloroindole as a substrate. Mutant (E156G/V247F/V253G/F256S) had the highest maximal velocity in the conversion of 3-chloroindole to isatin, whereas mutants (T56A/N116H/D297N) and (G60S/Y75H) had highest kcat/KM values. Six of the mutants had more than one mutation, and within this set, mutation of residues 297 and 179 was observed twice. Docking simulations were performed on models of the mutant enzymes; the wild-type did not accommodate 3-chloroindole in the active site, whereas all the mutants did. We propose two potential reaction pathways for dechlorination of 3-chloroindole. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaima Kammoonah
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Brinda Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Priyadarshini Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Hemanshu Mundhada
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Erika Plettner
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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5
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Tavanti M, Parmeggiani F, Castellanos JRG, Mattevi A, Turner NJ. One-Pot Biocatalytic Double Oxidation of α-Isophorone for the Synthesis of Ketoisophorone. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tavanti
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB); School of Chemistry; The University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street M1 7DN Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB); School of Chemistry; The University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street M1 7DN Manchester United Kingdom
| | - J. Rubén Gómez Castellanos
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”; University of Pavia; Via Ferrata 9 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”; University of Pavia; Via Ferrata 9 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB); School of Chemistry; The University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street M1 7DN Manchester United Kingdom
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6
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Zeng L, Zhou Y, Gui J, Fu X, Mei X, Zhen Y, Ye T, Du B, Dong F, Watanabe N, Yang Z. Formation of Volatile Tea Constituent Indole During the Oolong Tea Manufacturing Process. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5011-9. [PMID: 27263428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Indole is a characteristic volatile constituent in oolong tea. Our previous study indicated that indole was mostly accumulated at the turn over stage of oolong tea manufacturing process. However, formation of indole in tea leaves remains unknown. In this study, one tryptophan synthase α-subunit (TSA) and three tryptophan synthase β-subunits (TSBs) from tea leaves were isolated, cloned, sequenced, and functionally characterized. Combination of CsTSA and CsTSB2 recombinant protein produced in Escherichia coli exhibited the ability of transformation from indole-3-glycerol phosphate to indole. CsTSB2 was highly expressed during the turn over process of oolong tea. Continuous mechanical damage, simulating the turn over process, significantly enhanced the expression level of CsTSB2 and amount of indole. These suggested that accumulation of indole in oolong tea was due to the activation of CsTSB2 by continuous wounding stress from the turn over process. Black teas contain much less indole, although wounding stress is also involved in the manufacturing process. Stable isotope labeling indicated that tea leaf cell disruption from the rolling process of black tea did not lead to the conversion of indole, but terminated the synthesis of indole. Our study provided evidence concerning formation of indole in tea leaves for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jiadong Gui
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiumin Fu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xin Mei
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhen
- Waters Technologies (Shanghai) Ltd. , No. 1000 Jinhai Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tingxiang Ye
- Waters Technologies (Shanghai) Ltd. , No. 1000 Jinhai Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bing Du
- College of Food, South China Agricultural University , Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Juxiangyuan Health Food (Zhongshan) Co.,Ltd. , No. 13, Yandong Second Road, Torch Development Zone, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Fang Dong
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College , Longdongbei Road 321, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Naoharu Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University , 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Colthart AM, Tietz DR, Ni Y, Friedman JL, Dang M, Pochapsky TC. Detection of substrate-dependent conformational changes in the P450 fold by nuclear magnetic resonance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22035. [PMID: 26911901 PMCID: PMC4766564 DOI: 10.1038/srep22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases typically catalyze the insertion of one atom of oxygen from O2 into unactivated carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon bonds, with concomitant reduction of the other oxygen atom to H2O by NAD(P)H. Comparison of the average structures of the camphor hydroxylase cytochrome P450(cam) (CYP101) obtained from residual dipolar coupling (RDC)-restrained molecular dynamics (MD) in the presence and absence of substrate camphor shows structural displacements resulting from the essential collapse of the active site upon substrate removal. This collapse has conformational consequences that extend across the protein structure, none of which were observed in analogous crystallographic structures. Mutations were made to test the involvement of the observed conformational changes in substrate binding and recognition. All of the mutations performed based upon the NMR-detected perturbations, even those remote from the active site, resulted in modified substrate selectivity, enzyme efficiency and/or haem iron spin state. The results demonstrate that solution NMR can provide insights into enzyme structure-function relationships that are difficult to obtain by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Colthart
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham MA 02454-9110, USA
| | - Drew R. Tietz
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham MA 02454-9110, USA
| | - Yuhua Ni
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham MA 02454-9110, USA
| | - Jessica L. Friedman
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham MA 02454-9110, USA
| | - Marina Dang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham MA 02454-9110, USA
| | - Thomas C. Pochapsky
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham MA 02454-9110, USA
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8
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Eichler A, Gricman Ł, Herter S, Kelly PP, Turner NJ, Pleiss J, Flitsch SL. Enantioselective Benzylic Hydroxylation Catalysed by P450 Monooxygenases: Characterisation of a P450cam Mutant Library and Molecular Modelling. Chembiochem 2016; 17:426-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Eichler
- School of Chemistry; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Łukasz Gricman
- Institute for Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Susanne Herter
- School of Chemistry; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Paul P. Kelly
- School of Chemistry; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute for Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of Chemistry; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
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9
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Banerjee S, Goyal S, Mazumdar S. Role of substituents on the reactivity and product selectivity in reactions of naphthalene derivatives catalyzed by the orphan thermostable cytochrome P450, CYP175A1. Bioorg Chem 2015; 62:94-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Kelly PP, Eichler A, Herter S, Kranz DC, Turner NJ, Flitsch SL. Active site diversification of P450cam with indole generates catalysts for benzylic oxidation reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1713-1720. [PMID: 26664590 PMCID: PMC4660908 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are useful biocatalysts for C-H activation, and there is a need to expand the range of these enzymes beyond what is naturally available. A panel of 93 variants of active self-sufficient P450cam[Tyr96Phe]-RhFRed fusion enzymes with a broad diversity in active site amino acids was developed by screening a large mutant library of 16,500 clones using a simple, highly sensitive colony-based colorimetric screen against indole. These mutants showed distinct fingerprints of activity not only when screened in oxidations of substituted indoles but also for unrelated oxidations such as benzylic hydroxylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P Kelly
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Eichler
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Herter
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David C Kranz
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine L Flitsch
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
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11
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Banerjee S. Induction of protein conformational change inside the charged electrospray droplet. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:193-204. [PMID: 23378092 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of the analyte molecules inside the neutral core of the charged electrospray (ES) droplet is not unambiguously known to date. The possibility of protein conformational change inside the charged ES droplet has been investigated. The ES droplets encapsulating the protein molecules were exposed to the acetic acid vapor in the ionization chamber to absorb the acetic acid vapor. Because of the faster evaporation of water than that of acetic acid, the droplets became enriched with acetic acid and thus altered the solvent environment (e.g. pH and polarity) of the final charged droplets from where the naked charged analytes (proteins) are formed. Thus, the perturbation of the ES droplet solvent environment resulted in the protein conformational change (unfolding) during the short lifespan of the ES droplet and that is reflected by the multimodal charge state distribution in the corresponding mass spectra. Further, the extent of this conformational change inside the ES droplet was found to be related to the structural flexibility of the protein. Although the protein conformational change inside the ES droplet has been driven by using acetic acid vapor in the present study, the results would help in the near future to understand the spontaneity of the conformational change of the analyte on the millisecond timescale of phase transition in the natural way of ES process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibdas Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India.
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12
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Application of a new versatile electron transfer system for cytochrome P450-based Escherichia coli whole-cell bioconversions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:7741-54. [PMID: 23254762 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 monooxygenases are highly interesting biocatalysts for biotechnological applications, since they perform a diversity of reactions on a broad range of organic molecules. Nevertheless, the application of cytochromes P450 is limited compared to other enzymes mainly because of the necessity of a functional redox chain to transfer electrons from NAD(P)H to the monooxygenase. In this study, we established a novel robust redox chain based on adrenodoxin, which can deliver electrons to mitochondrial, bacterial and microsomal P450s. The natural membrane-associated reductase of adrenodoxin was replaced by the soluble Escherichia coli reductase. We could demonstrate for the first time that this reductase can transfer electrons to adrenodoxin. In the first step, the electron transfer properties and the potential of this new system were investigated in vitro, and in the second step, an efficient E. coli whole-cell system using CYP264A1 from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 was developed. It could be demonstrated that this novel redox chain leads to an initial conversion rate of 55 μM/h, which was 52 % higher compared to the 36 μM/h of the redox chain containing adrenodoxin reductase. Moreover, we optimized the whole-cell biotransformation system by a detailed investigation of the effects of different media. Finally, we are able to demonstrate that the new system is generally applicable to other cytochromes P450 by combining it with the biotechnologically important steroid hydroxylase CYP106A2 from Bacillus megaterium.
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13
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Bell SG, Yang W, Dale A, Zhou W, Wong LL. Improving the affinity and activity of CYP101D2 for hydrophobic substrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:3979-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Deshpande MS, Mazumdar S. Sequence Specific Association of Tryptic Peptides with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: Effect of Localization of Hydrophobic Residues. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1410-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm300137d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megha S. Deshpande
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai,
400 005, India
| | - Shyamalava Mazumdar
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai,
400 005, India
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15
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Hoffmann G, Bönsch K, Greiner-Stöffele T, Ballschmiter M. Changing the substrate specificity of P450cam towards diphenylmethane by semi-rational enzyme engineering. Protein Eng Des Sel 2011; 24:439-46. [PMID: 21273340 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A focused library comprising nine residues of the active site of P450cam monooxygenase resulting in ∼ 300,000 protein variants was screened for activity on diphenylmethane (DPM). The assay was based on the depletion of NADH by an in vitro reconstituted P450cam system in a 96-well scale. The throughput was increased by the parallel cultivation, purification and analysis of 20 variants per well (cluster screening). Thus ∼ 20,000 protein variants could be screened in summary of which five were found to transform DPM with a specific activity of up to 75% of the wild-type activity on d-camphor and a coupling rate of 7-18%. One variant converting DPM to 4-hydroxydiphenylmethane (4HDPM) was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis and saturation mutagenesis, which revealed the particular importance of positions F87, Y96 and L244 for substrate selectivity and the possibility for further improvements of this variant. Moreover, a reduction in size of the amino acid at position 396 decreased specific activity dramatically but increased coupling and switched the main product formation from 4HDPM towards diphenylmethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Hoffmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5b, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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