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Recent advances in organic electrosynthesis using heterogeneous catalysts modified electrodes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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2
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Masuda R, Yasukawa T, Yamashita Y, Kobayashi S. Nitrogen-Doped Carbon-Incarcerated Zinc Electrodes as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Electrochemical Allylation of Carbonyl Compounds. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3453-3460. [PMID: 35138098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical allylation reactions of carbonyl compounds using cathodes prepared from nitrogen-doped carbon (NDC)-incarcerated zinc catalysts have been developed. A range of aldehydes and ketones afforded the desired allylic alcohols in high yields with <10 mol % zinc leaching, and the heterogeneous nature of the active species was suggested. Compared with bulk zinc electrodes, NDC-stabilized zinc nanoparticle species were compatible with a broader range of heteroaromatic substrates and enabled the use of an undivided cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yasukawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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3
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Liu HF, He MX, Tang HT. Electrochemical C–H functionalization to synthesize 3-hydroxyalkylquinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones via quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones and aldehydes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01281b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We reported an electrocatalytic direct C3-hydroxyalkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones to construct 3-hydroxyalkylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives, which uses unprotected quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones and aliphatic aldehydes as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Fu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Health, School of Public Health of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu-Xue He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Health, School of Public Health of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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4
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Gafurov ZN, Kantyukov AO, Kagilev AA, Sinyashin OG, Yakhvarov DG. Electrochemical methods for synthesis and in situ generation of organometallic compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Novaes LFT, Liu J, Shen Y, Lu L, Meinhardt JM, Lin S. Electrocatalysis as an enabling technology for organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7941-8002. [PMID: 34060564 PMCID: PMC8294342 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has recently gained increased attention as a versatile strategy for achieving challenging transformations at the forefront of synthetic organic chemistry. Electrochemistry's unique ability to generate highly reactive radical and radical ion intermediates in a controlled fashion under mild conditions has inspired the development of a number of new electrochemical methodologies for the preparation of valuable chemical motifs. Particularly, recent developments in electrosynthesis have featured an increased use of redox-active electrocatalysts to further enhance control over the selective formation and downstream reactivity of these reactive intermediates. Furthermore, electrocatalytic mediators enable synthetic transformations to proceed in a manner that is mechanistically distinct from purely chemical methods, allowing for the subversion of kinetic and thermodynamic obstacles encountered in conventional organic synthesis. This review highlights key innovations within the past decade in the area of synthetic electrocatalysis, with emphasis on the mechanisms and catalyst design principles underpinning these advancements. A host of oxidative and reductive electrocatalytic methodologies are discussed and are grouped according to the classification of the synthetic transformation and the nature of the electrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F T Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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6
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Mondal B, Roy UK. Making and breaking of Zn–C bonds in the cases of allyl and propargyl organozincs. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Yin Z, Pang H, Guo X, Lin H, Muzzio M, Shen M, Wei K, Yu C, Williard P, Sun S. CuPd Nanoparticles as a Robust Catalyst for Electrochemical Allylic Alkylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyang Yin
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Huan Pang
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Honghong Lin
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Michelle Muzzio
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Mengqi Shen
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Kecheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Paul Williard
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Shouheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
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Yin Z, Pang H, Guo X, Lin H, Muzzio M, Shen M, Wei K, Yu C, Williard P, Sun S. CuPd Nanoparticles as a Robust Catalyst for Electrochemical Allylic Alkylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15933-15936. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyang Yin
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Huan Pang
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Honghong Lin
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Michelle Muzzio
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Mengqi Shen
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Kecheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Paul Williard
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
| | - Shouheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02906 USA
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9
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Bismuth trichloride-catalyzed oxy-Michael addition of water and alcohol to α,β-unsaturated ketones. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Singh M, Kant Sharma L, Dubey R, Kumar Patel M, Prakash V, Krishna Pal Singh R. An Electrochemical Approach for the Direct Synthesis of 3, 5‐Disubstituted 1, 2, 4‐Triazoles from Nitriles and Hydrazides. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Singh
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Laxmi Kant Sharma
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Rahul Dubey
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Manoj Kumar Patel
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Ved Prakash
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Rana Krishna Pal Singh
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
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11
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Wu Z, Feng XX, Wang QD, Liu XY, Rao W, Yang JM, Shen ZL. An efficient Bi/NH4I-mediated addition reaction for the highly diastereoselective synthesis of homoallylic alcohols in aqueous media. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Copper(II)-catalyzed preparation of alkylindium compounds and applications in cross-coupling reactions both in aqueous media. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Mondal B, Mandal SP, Kundu M, Adhikari U, Roy UK. Synthesis and characterization of nano−zinc wire using a self designed unit galvanic cell in aqueous medium and its reactivity in propargylation of aldehydes. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Lin DZ, Huang JM. Electrochemical N-Formylation of Amines via Decarboxylation of Glyoxylic Acid. Org Lett 2018; 20:2112-2115. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Zhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1869] [Impact Index Per Article: 267.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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16
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Zhao Y, Lai YL, Du KS, Lin DZ, Huang JM. Electrochemical Decarboxylative Sulfonylation of Cinnamic Acids with Aromatic Sulfonylhydrazides to Vinyl Sulfones. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9655-9661. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Yin-Long Lai
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Ke-Si Du
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Dian-Zhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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17
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Lai YL, Huang JM. Palladium-Catalyzed Electrochemical Allylic Alkylation between Alkyl and Allylic Halides in Aqueous Solution. Org Lett 2017; 19:2022-2025. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Long Lai
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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18
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Gong M, Huang JM. Electrochemical Oxidative C−H/N−H Coupling between γ-Lactams and Anilines. Chemistry 2016; 22:14293-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 P. R. China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 P. R. China
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19
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Wang HB, Huang JM. Decarboxylative Coupling ofα-Keto Acids withortho-Phenylenediamines Promoted by an Electrochemical Method in Aqueous Media. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201501167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Lai YL, Ye JS, Huang JM. Electrochemical Synthesis of Benzazoles from Alcohols and o
-Substituted Anilines with a Catalytic Amount of CoII
Salt. Chemistry 2016; 22:5425-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201505074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Long Lai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 P. R. China
| | - Jian-Shan Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 P. R. China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 P. R. China
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21
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Li N, Qiu R, Zhang X, Chen Y, Yin SF, Xu X. Strong Lewis acids of air-stable binuclear triphenylantimony(V) complexes and their catalytic application in C–C bond-forming reactions. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Sinha AK, Mondal B, Kundu M, Chakraborty B, Roy UK. Recyclable electrochemical allylation in aqueous ZnCl 2medium: synthesis and reactivity of a wire-shaped nano zinc architecture. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00235k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Chen J, Liu D, Fan D, Liu Y, Zhang W. Synthesis of axially chiral C10-BridgePHOS oxides and their use as organocatalysts in enantioselective allylations of aldehydes. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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de Souza RFM, Areias MCC, Bieber LW, Navarro M. Inversion of regioselectivity in the electrochemical prenylation of benzaldehyde on a graphite powder cathode. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40461g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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25
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Wu WB, Huang JM. Highly Regioselective C–N Bond Formation through C–H Azolation of Indoles Promoted by Iodine in Aqueous Media. Org Lett 2012; 14:5832-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302609m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
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26
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Jones A, Kronenwetter H, Manchanayakage R. Electrochemical reductive coupling of 2-cyclohexen-1-one in a mixture of ionic liquid and water. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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27
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Huang JM, Zhang JF, Dong Y, Gong W. An Effective Method To Prepare Imines from Aldehyde, Bromide/Epoxide, and Aqueous Ammonia. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3511-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102455q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Mei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jue-Fei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Gong
- Blue Star Xinghuo Silicone Plant, Jiujiang 330319, People’s Republic of China
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de Souza RF, de Souza CA, Areias MC, Cachet-Vivier C, Laurent M, Barhdadi R, Léonel E, Navarro M, Bieber LW. Electrochemical coupling reactions of benzyl halides on a powder cathode and cavity cell. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Huang JM, Wang XX, Dong Y. Electrochemical Allylation Reactions of Simple Imines in Aqueous Solution Mediated by Nanoscale Zinc Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:924-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Huang JM, Wang XX, Dong Y. Electrochemical Allylation Reactions of Simple Imines in Aqueous Solution Mediated by Nanoscale Zinc Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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