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Bzymek KP, Puckett JW, Zer C, Xie J, Ma Y, King JD, Goodstein LH, Avery KN, Colcher D, Singh G, Horne DA, Williams JC. Mechanically interlocked functionalization of monoclonal antibodies. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1580. [PMID: 29679060 PMCID: PMC5910394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03976-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Because monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have exceptional specificity and favorable pharmacology, substantial efforts have been made to functionalize them, either with potent cytotoxins, biologics, radionuclides, or fluorescent groups for therapeutic benefit and/or use as theranostic agents. To exploit our recently discovered meditope-Fab interaction as an alternative means to efficiently functionalize mAbs, we used insights from the structure to enhance the affinity and lifetime of the interaction by four orders of magnitude. To further extend the lifetime of the complex, we created a mechanical bond by incorporating an azide on the meditope, threading the azide through the Fab, and using click chemistry to add a steric group. The mechanically interlocked, meditope-Fab complex retains antigen specificity and is capable of imaging tumors in mice. These studies indicate it is possible to "snap" functionality onto mAbs, opening the possibility of rapidly creating unique combinations of mAbs with an array of cytotoxins, biologics, and imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof P Bzymek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1710 Flower St., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - James W Puckett
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1710 Flower St., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Cindy Zer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1710 Flower St., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1710 Flower St., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Yuelong Ma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1710 Flower St., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jeremy D King
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1710 Flower St., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Leah H Goodstein
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1710 Flower St., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Kendra N Avery
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1710 Flower St., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,Xencor, 111W. Lemon Ave., Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - David Colcher
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1710 Flower St., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1710 Flower St., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - David A Horne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1710 Flower St., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - John C Williams
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1710 Flower St., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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2
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Reyland ME, Jones DNM. Multifunctional roles of PKCδ: Opportunities for targeted therapy in human disease. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:1-13. [PMID: 27179744 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The serine-threonine protein kinase, protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ), is emerging as a bi-functional regulator of cell death and proliferation. Studies in PKCδ-/- mice have confirmed a pro-apoptotic role for this kinase in response to DNA damage and a tumor promoter role in some oncogenic contexts. In non-transformed cells, inhibition of PKCδ suppresses the release of cytochrome c and caspase activation, indicating a function upstream of apoptotic pathways. Data from PKCδ-/- mice demonstrate a role for PKCδ in the execution of DNA damage-induced and physiologic apoptosis. This has led to the important finding that inhibitors of PKCδ can be used therapeutically to reduce irradiation and chemotherapy-induced toxicity. By contrast, PKCδ is a tumor promoter in mouse models of mammary gland and lung cancer, and increased PKCδ expression is a negative prognostic indicator in Her2+ and other subtypes of human breast cancer. Understanding how these distinct functions of PKCδ are regulated is critical for the design of therapeutics to target this pathway. This review will discuss what is currently known about biological roles of PKCδ and prospects for targeting PKCδ in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - David N M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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3
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Gower CM, Chang MEK, Maly DJ. Bivalent inhibitors of protein kinases. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:102-15. [PMID: 24564382 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.875513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are key players in a large number of cellular signaling pathways. Dysregulated kinase activity has been implicated in a number of diseases, and members of this enzyme family are of therapeutic interest. However, due to the fact that most inhibitors interact with the highly conserved ATP-binding sites of kinases, it is a significant challenge to develop pharmacological agents that target only one of the greater than 500 kinases present in humans. A potential solution to this problem is the development of bisubstrate and bivalent kinase inhibitors, in which an active site-directed moiety is tethered to another ligand that targets a location outside of the ATP-binding cleft. Because kinase signaling specificity is modulated by regions outside of the ATP-binding site, strategies that exploit these interactions have the potential to provide reagents with high target selectivity. This review highlights examples of kinase interaction sites that can potentially be exploited by bisubstrate and bivalent inhibitors. Furthermore, an overview of efforts to target these interactions with bisubstrate and bivalent inhibitors is provided. Finally, several examples of the successful application of these reagents in a cellular setting are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Gower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
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van Wandelen LTM, van Ameijde J, Ismail-Ali AF, van Ufford HC(LQ, Vijftigschild LAW, Beekman JM, Martin NI, Ruijtenbeek R, Liskamp RMJ. Cell-penetrating bisubstrate-based protein kinase C inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1479-87. [PMID: 23621550 DOI: 10.1021/cb300709g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although protein kinase inhibitors present excellent pharmaceutical opportunities, lack of selectivity and associated therapeutic side effects are common. Bisubstrate-based inhibitors targeting both the high-selectivity peptide substrate binding groove and the high-affinity ATP pocket address this. However, they are typically large and polar, hampering cellular uptake. This paper describes a modular development approach for bisubstrate-based kinase inhibitors furnished with cell-penetrating moieties and demonstrates their cellular uptake and intracellular activity against protein kinase C (PKC). This enzyme family is a longstanding pharmaceutical target involved in cancer, immunological disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, selectivity is particularly difficult to achieve because of homology among family members and with several related kinases, making PKC an excellent proving ground for bisubstrate-based inhibitors. Besides the pharmacological potential of the novel cell-penetrating constructs, the modular strategy described here may be used for discovering selective, cell-penetrating kinase inhibitors against any kinase and may increase adoption and therapeutic application of this promising inhibitor class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loek T. M. van Wandelen
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Ameijde
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmed F. Ismail-Ali
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H. C. (Linda) Quarles van Ufford
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nathaniel I. Martin
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Ruijtenbeek
- PamGene International Ltd., Wolvenhoek 10, PO Box 1345, 5200 BJ, ’s
Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M. J. Liskamp
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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5
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Thirumurugan P, Matosiuk D, Jozwiak K. Click Chemistry for Drug Development and Diverse Chemical–Biology Applications. Chem Rev 2013; 113:4905-79. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200409f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1309] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakasam Thirumurugan
- Laboratory
of Medical Chemistry and Neuroengineering, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin
20093, Poland
| | - Dariusz Matosiuk
- Laboratory
of Medical Chemistry and Neuroengineering, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin
20093, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jozwiak
- Laboratory
of Medical Chemistry and Neuroengineering, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin
20093, Poland
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van Wandelen LTM, van Ameijde J, Mady ASA, Wammes AEM, Bode A, Poot AJ, Ruijtenbeek R, Liskamp RMJ. Directed modulation of protein kinase C isozyme selectivity with bisubstrate-based inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:2113-21. [PMID: 23139239 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Kinases present an attractive target for drug development, since they are involved in vital cellular processes and are implicated in a variety of diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. However, obtaining selectivity for a specific kinase over others is difficult since many current kinase inhibitors exclusively target the highly conserved kinase ATP binding domain. Previously, a microarray-based strategy to discover so-called bisubstrate-based inhibitors that target the more specific peptide binding groove in addition to the ATP binding site was described. One attractive feature of this strategy is the opportunity to tune the selectivity of these inhibitors by systematically varying components. In an extension to this previous work, this study explores the potential of this guided selectivity modulation, leading to a series of inhibitors with different selectivity profiles against highly homologous protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes. Of the inhibitors studied, most exhibited improved potency and selectivity compared with their constituent parts. Furthermore, the selectivity was found to be tunable either through modification of the pseudosubstrate peptide (peptide binding groove) or the ATP-competitive part (ATP binding site). In a number of cases, the selectivity of the construct could be predicted from the initial peptide substrate profiling experiment. Since this strategy is applicable to all kinase sets, it could be used to rapidly develop uniquely selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loek T M van Wandelen
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Peptide Arrays. MICROARRAYS IN DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOMARKER DEVELOPMENT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7193736 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28203-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the concern over the potential loss of structural information as a result of the use of peptides as opposed to proteins as molecular probes, peptide arrays have been implemented in a broad range of applications including antibody screening and epitope mapping, characterization of molecular interactions, and enzymatic activity profiling, and they have become a valuable tool for proteomics research. In this chapter, we first (Sect. 7.1) recapitulate the development of these arrays and highlight a couple of key improvements in the array production and the application in proteomics research. For clinical and biomarker development applications, it is important to measure entities that are directly related to physiological function (and dysfunction). In this respect, the assessment of enzymatic activities is obviously preferable to genotyping, expression profiling, or even measurement of protein amounts. In Sect. 7.2, an original technology based on peptides arrayed onto a porous support allows detailed profiling of kinase activities in a biological sample. The applications described range from kinase characterization to inhibition profiles, detection of off-target effects, and drug response prediction in a clinical setting, allowing rational choice of the drug to be used. Such directly functional approaches will have an important role in the transition to more personalized medicine. Finally, in Sect. 7.3, a recently developed method for “laser printing” of peptide arrays that will make these approaches much more practical is presented.
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Tang YH, Qu Y, Song Z, He XP, Xie J, Hua J, Chen GR. Discovery of a sensitive Cu(II)-cyanide "off-on" sensor based on new C-glycosyl triazolyl bis-amino acid scaffold. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 10:555-60. [PMID: 22101917 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06242e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new functional glycosyl peptidomimetic, featuring a C-glucosyl 1,4-dimethoxynaphthalene backbone in conjugation with two triazolyl phenylalanine moieties on its adjacent C3,4-positions, was readily synthesized via click chemistry. Primary optical measurements indicated that the fluorescence of the ester form of this probe (4) could be selectively quenched by Pb(2+). In contrast, the fluorescence intensity of its analog 5 with released carboxylic groups was uniquely diminished by Cu(2+) with remarkably enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. Moreover, subsequent addition of cyanide to the methanol solution of the resulting Cu(2+)-5 complex induced its fluorescence recovery with a nanomolar detection limit, which was two orders of magnitude smaller than the regulated concentration limit of CN(-) in drinking water. This suggests the promising applicability of C-glycosyl bis-triazolyl amino acid scaffold in the future design and exploration of sensitive "off-on" Cu(II)-cyanide chemosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
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9
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Tinkering outside the kinase ATP box: allosteric (type IV) and bivalent (type V) inhibitors of protein kinases. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:29-43. [PMID: 21428824 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many members of the protein kinase family have emerged as key targets for pharmacological intervention, most notably in cancer. However, the high sequence and structural homology shared by the more than 500 human protein kinases renders it exceedingly difficult to develop selective inhibitors. Most, if not all, existing inhibitors target multiple protein kinases. Current paradigm suggests that an inhibitor that targets multiple kinases and displays polypharmacology is not only acceptable but also often desirable as a therapeutic agent. However, as we move toward personalized medicine the currently acceptable promiscuity is likely to pose significant hurdles in terms of their therapeutic index, especially for diseases that necessitate long-term drug administration. Moreover, selective inhibitors are the only pharmacologically relevant route toward reagents for the dissection of complex signal transduction pathways. This article provides an overview of recent developments in the design of kinase inhibitors that display increasing selectivity by targeting regions outside the highly conserved ATP-binding pocket. These new approaches may pave the way to potentially new avenues for drug discovery while providing valuable tools for studying signal transduction.
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