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Zhao X, Liu T, Cui Y, Hou X, Liu Z, Dai X, Kong J, Shi W, Dennis TJS. Antisolvent-assisted controllable growth of fullerene single crystal microwires for organic field effect transistors and photodetectors. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:8170-8179. [PMID: 29676419 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01305e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There are only a few reported methods by which the size and morphology of organic single crystals for high-performance organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) or other devices can be controlled. Here, a facile solution-processed antisolvent vapor diffusion method was employed to grow millimeter-length C60 single crystal microwires directly in solution. The size of the microwires can be controllably varied via the C60 concentration and/or the choice of antisolvent. OFETs fabricated from the as-produced microwires exhibit mobilities as high as 2.30 cm2 V-1 s-1. A clear relationship between the crystal preparation conditions and device performance is revealed whereby it is observed that the lower the evaporation rate of antisolvent and/or the higher the C60 concentration, the higher the device performance. Photodetectors based on our microwires give a responsivity that is an order of magnitude higher than those grown by drop-casting methods. This study provides a facile method for the crystal engineering of size-tunable millimeter-length C60 single crystals, and revealed the important influences of the antisolvent on the C60 crystal size and the performance of devices based on them. We believe that our processing approach can be further exploited for a broad range of other organic semiconductors to achieve desirable single crystal size and morphology and thus obtain desirable OFETs and photodetector performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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Abstract
A comprehensive overview of organic semiconductor crystals is provided, including the physicochemical features, the control of crystallization and the device physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO)
| | - Huanli Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Wenping Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
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Schweicher G, Olivier Y, Lemaur V, Geerts YH. What Currently Limits Charge Carrier Mobility in Crystals of Molecular Semiconductors? Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Li Y, Sun H, Shi Y, Tsukagoshi K. Patterning technology for solution-processed organic crystal field-effect transistors. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2014; 15:024203. [PMID: 27877656 PMCID: PMC5090407 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/2/024203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are fundamental building blocks for various state-of-the-art electronic devices. Solution-processed organic crystals are appreciable materials for these applications because they facilitate large-scale, low-cost fabrication of devices with high performance. Patterning organic crystal transistors into well-defined geometric features is necessary to develop these crystals into practical semiconductors. This review provides an update on recentdevelopment in patterning technology for solution-processed organic crystals and their applications in field-effect transistors. Typical demonstrations are discussed and examined. In particular, our latest research progress on the spin-coating technique from mixture solutions is presented as a promising method to efficiently produce large organic semiconducting crystals on various substrates for high-performance OFETs. This solution-based process also has other excellent advantages, such as phase separation for self-assembled interfaces via one-step spin-coating, self-flattening of rough interfaces, and in situ purification that eliminates the impurity influences. Furthermore, recommendations for future perspectives are presented, and key issues for further development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People’s Republic of China
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectronics(WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Huabin Sun
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kazuhito Tsukagoshi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectronics(WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
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Paternó G, Cacialli F, García-Sakai V. Structural and dynamical characterization of P3HT/PCBM blends. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gajdos F, Oberhofer H, Dupuis M, Blumberger J. On the Inapplicability of Electron-Hopping Models for the Organic Semiconductor Phenyl-C61-butyric Acid Methyl Ester (PCBM). J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:1012-1017. [PMID: 26291369 DOI: 10.1021/jz400227c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) is one of the most popular semiconductors in organic photovoltaic cells, but the electron-transport mechanism in the microcrystalline domains of this material as well as its preferred packing structure remain unclear. Here we use density functional theory to calculate electronic-coupling matrix elements, reorganization energies, and activation energies for available experimental and model crystal structures. We find that the picture of an excess electron hopping from one fullerene to another does not apply for any of the crystalline phases, rendering traditional rate equations inappropriate. We also find that the cohesive energy increases in the order body-centered-cubic < hexagonal < simple cubic < monoclinic < triclinic, independently of the type of dispersion correction used. Our results indicate that the coupled electron-ion dynamics needs to be solved explicitly to obtain a realistic description of charge transfer in this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruzsina Gajdos
- †University College London, Department of Physics and Astronomy, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Harald Oberhofer
- ‡Technical University Munich, Theoretical Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Michel Dupuis
- §Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- †University College London, Department of Physics and Astronomy, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Palermo V. Not a molecule, not a polymer, not a substrate… the many faces of graphene as a chemical platform. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2848-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc37474b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Choi SH, Liman CD, Krämer S, Chabinyc ML, Kramer EJ. Crystalline Polymorphs of [6,6]-Phenyl-C61-butyric Acid n-Butyl Ester (PCBNB). J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:13568-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3083997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hyung Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, 121-791, Seoul, Korea
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Virgili T, Grancini G, Molotokaite E, Suarez-Lopez I, Rajendran SK, Liscio A, Palermo V, Lanzani G, Polli D, Cerullo G. Confocal ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy: a new technique to explore nanoscale composites. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:2219-2226. [PMID: 22358178 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11896c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This article is devoted to the exploration of the benefits of a new ultrafast confocal pump-probe technique, able to study the photophysics of different structured materials with nanoscale resolution. This tool offers many advantages over standard stationary microscopy techniques because it directly interrogates excited state dynamics in molecules, providing access to both radiative and non-radiative deactivation processes at a local scale. In this paper we present a few different examples of its application to organic semiconductor systems. The first two are focussed on the study of the photophysics of phase-separated polymer blends: (i) a blue-emitting polyfluorene (PFO) in an inert matrix of PMMA and (ii) an electron donor polythiophene (P3HT) mixed with an electron acceptor fullerene derivative (PCBM). The experimental results on these samples demonstrate the capability of the technique to unveil peculiar interfacial dynamics at the border region between phase-segregated domains, which would be otherwise averaged out using conventional pump-probe spectroscopy. The third example is the study of the photophysics of isolated mesoscopic crystals of the PCBM molecule. Our ultrafast microscope could evidence the presence of two distinctive regions within the crystals. In particular, we could pinpoint for the first time areas within the crystals showing photobleaching/stimulated emission signals from a charge-transfer state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tersilla Virgili
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN) CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Zheng L, Han Y. Solvated Crystals Based on [6,6]-Phenyl-C61-butyric Acid Methyl Ester (PCBM) with the Hexagonal Structure and Their Phase Transformation. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:1598-604. [DOI: 10.1021/jp210937h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun
Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin
Street, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun
Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin
Street, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
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Ding BF, Choy WCH, Kwok WM, Wang CD, Ho KYF, Fung DDS, Xie FX. Charge dynamics in solar cells with a blend of π-conjugated polymer-fullerene studied by transient photo-generated voltage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:8397-402. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40911a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Wang S, Dössel L, Mavrinskiy A, Gao P, Feng X, Pisula W, Müllen K. Self-assembly and microstructural control of a hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene-perylene diimide dyad by solvent vapor diffusion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:2841-2846. [PMID: 21898792 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suhao Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
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Wang S, Kivala M, Lieberwirth I, Kirchhoff K, Feng X, Pisula W, Müllen K. Dip-Coating-Induced Fiber Growth of a Soluble Heterotriangulene. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:1648-51. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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