1
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Jo WS, Curtis BJ, Rehan M, Adrover-Castellano ML, Sherman DH, Healy AR. N-to- S Acyl Transfer as an Enabling Strategy in Asymmetric and Chemoenzymatic Synthesis. JACS AU 2024; 4:2058-2066. [PMID: 38818054 PMCID: PMC11134368 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The observation of thioester-mediated acyl transfer processes in nature has inspired the development of novel protein synthesis and functionalization methodologies. The chemoselective transfer of an acyl group from S-to-N is the basis of several powerful ligation strategies. In this work, we sought to apply the reverse process, the transfer of an acyl group from N-to-S, as a method to convert stable chiral amides into more reactive thioesters. To this end, we developed a novel cysteine-derived oxazolidinone that serves as both a chiral imide auxiliary and an acyl transfer agent. This auxiliary combines the desirable features of rigid chiral imides as templates for asymmetric transformations with the synthetic applicability of thioesters. We demonstrate that the auxiliary can be applied in a range of highly selective asymmetric transformations. Subsequent intramolecular N-to-S acyl transfer of the chiral product and in situ trapping of the resulting thioester provides access to diverse carboxylic acid derivatives under mild conditions. The oxazolidinone thioester products can also be isolated and used in Pd-mediated transformations to furnish highly valuable chiral scaffolds, such as noncanonical amino acids, cyclic ketones, tetrahydropyrones, and dihydroquinolinones. Finally, we demonstrate that the oxazolidinone thioesters can also serve as a surrogate for SNAC-thioesters, enabling their seamless use as non-native substrates in biocatalytic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woonkee S Jo
- Chemistry Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
| | - Brian J Curtis
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mohammad Rehan
- Chemistry Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
| | | | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109USA
| | - Alan R Healy
- Chemistry Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
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2
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Noki S, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Safety-Catch Linkers for Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. Molecules 2024; 29:1429. [PMID: 38611709 PMCID: PMC11012524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is the preferred strategy for synthesizing most peptides for research purposes and on a multi-kilogram scale. One key to the success of SPPS is the continual evolution and improvement of the original method proposed by Merrifield. Over the years, this approach has been enhanced with the introduction of new solid supports, protecting groups for amino acids, coupling reagents, and other tools. One of these improvements is the use of the so-called "safety-catch" linkers/resins. The linker is understood as the moiety that links the peptide to the solid support and protects the C-terminal carboxylic group. The "safety-catch" concept relies on linkers that are totally stable under the conditions needed for both α-amino and side-chain deprotection that, at the end of synthesis, can be made labile to one of those conditions by a simple chemical reaction (e.g., an alkylation). This unique characteristic enables the simultaneous use of two primary protecting strategies: tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) and fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc). Ultimately, at the end of synthesis, either acids (which are incompatible with Boc) or bases (which are incompatible with Fmoc) can be employed to cleave the peptide from the resin. This review focuses on the most significant "safety-catch" linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikabwe Noki
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa;
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa;
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Akai Y, Asahina Y, Hojo H. The dipicolylamino group as an efficient leaving group for amide bond formation via hexafluoroisopropyl ester. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1699-1707. [PMID: 38305756 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00045e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Peptide dipicolylamide was prepared by the solid-phase method. The amide was activated by Cu(II) ions in hexafluoroisopropanol and converted to the corresponding active ester. It was condensed with the C-terminal segment to realize segment coupling. The method was successfully applied to the synthesis of an atrial natriuretic peptide and RNase T1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Akai
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka, University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
| | - Yuya Asahina
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka, University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
| | - Hironobu Hojo
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka, University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
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4
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Sekigawa Y, Asada S, Ichikawa Y, Tsubokawa K, Watanabe S, Honzawa S, Kitagawa K. Two Preparation Methods for Peptide Thioester Containing Tyr(SO 3H) Residue(s) without the Use of Protecting Group for Sulfate Moiety. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:700-710. [PMID: 39069473 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c24-00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
We report two methods for the preparation of peptide thioesters containing Tyr(SO3H) residue(s), without use of a protecting group for the sulfate moiety. The first was based on direct thioesterification using carbodiimide on a fully protected peptide acid, prepared on a 2-chlorotrityl (Clt) resin with fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc-SPPS). Subsequent deprotection of the protecting groups with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (0 °C, 4 h) yielded peptide thioesters containing Tyr(SO3H) residue(s). Peptide thioesters containing one to three Tyr(SO3H) residue(s), prepared by this method, were used as building blocks for the synthesis of the Nα-Fmoc-protected N-terminal part of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) (Fmoc-PSGL-1(43-74)) via silver-ion mediated thioester segment condensation. The other method was based on the thioesterification of peptide azide, derived from a peptide hydrazide prepared on a NH2NH-Clt-resin with Fmoc-SPPS. Peptide thioester containing two Tyr(SO3H) residues, prepared via this alternative method, was used as a building block for the one-pot synthesis of the N-terminal extracellular portion of CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5(9-26)) by native chemical ligation (NCL). The two methods for the preparation of peptide thioesters containing Tyr(SO3H) residue(s) described herein are applicable to the synthesis of various types of sulfopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Sekigawa
- Faculty of Pharamaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences
| | - Shinichi Asada
- Faculty of Pharamaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences
| | - Yurie Ichikawa
- Faculty of Pharamaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences
| | - Kazuaki Tsubokawa
- Faculty of Pharamaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences
| | - Shoh Watanabe
- Faculty of Pharamaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences
| | - Shinobu Honzawa
- Faculty of Pharamaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences
| | - Kouki Kitagawa
- Faculty of Pharamaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences
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5
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Liu Y, Nomura K, Abe J, Kajihara Y. Recent advances on the synthesis of N-linked glycoprotein for the elucidation of glycan functions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 73:102263. [PMID: 36746076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins play roles in many biological events, while, the glycan structure-function relationship has remained to be studied. In order to understand glycan function, homogeneous glycoproteins have been synthesized. This review introduced recent progress of their synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Liu
- Department of Chemistry Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Kota Nomura
- Department of Chemistry Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Junpei Abe
- Department of Chemistry Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kajihara
- Department of Chemistry Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, 560-0043 Japan.
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6
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Otaka A. Development of Naturally Inspired Peptide and Protein Chemistry. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:748-764. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Otaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University
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7
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Nomura K, Liu Y, Kajihara Y. Synthesis of homogeneous glycoproteins with diverse N-glycans. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2022; 81:57-93. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Chong YK, Chandrashekar C, Zhao D, Maki Y, Okamoto R, Kajihara Y. Optimization of Semisynthetic Approach for Glycosyl Interferon-β-polypeptide by Utilizing Bacterial Protein Expression and Chemical Modification. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1907-1915. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02391h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of a sufficient amount of homogenous glycoprotein is of great interest because the natural glycoproteins show a considerable heterogeneity in oligosaccharide structures making the studies of glycan structure-function relationship...
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9
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Wang X, Zhao Y, Yang J, Li Y, Luo Y, Xu M, Zhao J. Ynamide-Mediated Thioester Synthesis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:18265-18277. [PMID: 34874737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel ynamide-mediated thioester synthesis strategy was developed. Importantly, no detectable racemization was observed for the thioesterifications of carboxylic acids containing an α-chiral center, enabling it to be useful for the synthesis of peptide thioester, which is the key component of native chemical ligation. It is worth mentioning that amino acid side chain functional groups such as -OH and indole -NH are compatible with the reaction conditions, rendering their protection unnecessary. Moreover, this method was also amenable to selenoesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yanxi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
| | - Ying Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
| | - Mengyao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the NMPA & State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P. R. China
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10
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Okamoto R, Iritani K, Amazaki Y, Zhao D, Chandrashekar C, Maki Y, Kanemitsu Y, Kaino T, Kajihara Y. Semisynthesis of a Homogeneous Glycoprotein Using Chemical Transformation of Peptides to Thioester Surrogates. J Org Chem 2021; 87:114-124. [PMID: 34889597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Semisynthesis using recombinant polypeptides as building blocks is a powerful approach for the preparation of proteins with a variety of modifications such as glycosylation. The activation of the C terminus of recombinant peptides is a key step for coupling peptide building blocks and preparing a full-length polypeptide of a target protein. This article reports two chemical approaches for transformation of the C terminus of recombinant polypeptides to thioester surrogates. The first approach relies on efficient substitution of the C-terminal Cys residue with bis(2-sulfanylethyl)amine (SEA) to yield peptide-thioester surrogates. The second approach employs a native tripeptide, cysteinyl-glycyl-cysteine (CGC), to yield peptide-thioesters via a process mediated by a thioester surrogate. Both chemical transformation methods employ native peptide sequences and were thereby successfully applied to recombinant polypeptides. As a consequence, we succeeded in the semisynthesis of a glycosylated form of inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS) for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kento Iritani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoko Amazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Donglin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Chaitra Chandrashekar
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuta Maki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yurie Kanemitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tomoka Kaino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kajihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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11
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Tan Y, Wu H, Wei T, Li X. Chemical Protein Synthesis: Advances, Challenges, and Outlooks. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20288-20298. [PMID: 33211477 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary chemical protein synthesis has been dramatically advanced over the past few decades, which has enabled chemists to reach the landscape of synthetic biomacromolecules. Chemical synthesis can produce synthetic proteins with precisely controlled structures which are difficult or impossible to obtain via gene expression systems. Herein, we summarize the key enabling ligation technologies, major strategic developments, and some selected representative applications of synthetic proteins and provide an outlook for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China SAR
| | - Hongxiang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China SAR
| | - Tongyao Wei
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China SAR
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China SAR
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12
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Yanase M, Nakatsu K, Cardos CJ, Konda Y, Hayashi G, Okamoto A. Cysteinylprolyl imide (CPI) peptide: a highly reactive and easily accessible crypto-thioester for chemical protein synthesis. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5967-5975. [PMID: 31360403 PMCID: PMC6566460 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00646j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new crypto-thioester, cysteinylprolyl imide (CPI) peptide, offers a practical synthetic pathway and reliable reaction rate to be successfully applied to chemical protein synthesis.
Native chemical ligation (NCL) between the C-terminal peptide thioester and the N-terminal cysteinyl-peptide revolutionized the field of chemical protein synthesis. The difficulty of direct synthesis of the peptide thioester in the Fmoc method has prompted the development of crypto-thioesters that can be efficiently converted into thioesters. Cysteinylprolyl ester (CPE), which is an N–S acyl shift-driven crypto-thioester that relies on an intramolecular O–N acyl shift to displace the amide-thioester equilibrium, enabled trans-thioesterification and subsequent NCL in one pot. However, the utility of CPE is limited because of the moderate thioesterification rates and the synthetic complexity introduced by the ester group. Herein, we develop a new crypto-thioester, cysteinylprolyl imide (CPI), which replaces the alcohol leaving group of CPE with other leaving groups such as benzimidazolidinone, oxazolidinone, and pyrrolidinone. CPI peptides were efficiently synthesized by using standard Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and subsequent on-resin imide formation. Screening of the several imide structures indicated that methyloxazolidinone-t-leucine (MeOxd-Tle) showed faster conversion into thioester and higher stability against hydrolysis under NCL conditions. Finally, by using CPMeOxd-Tle peptides, we demonstrated the chemical synthesis of affibody via N-to-C sequential, three-segment ligation and histone H2A.Z via convergent four-segment ligation. This facile and straightforward method is expected to be broadly applicable to chemical protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Yanase
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan .
| | - Koki Nakatsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan .
| | - Charlane Joy Cardos
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan .
| | - Yoshiki Konda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan .
| | - Gosuke Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan . .,Department of Biomolecular Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan .
| | - Akimitsu Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan . .,Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology , The University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku , Tokyo 153-8904 , Japan
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13
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Agouridas V, El Mahdi O, Diemer V, Cargoët M, Monbaliu JCM, Melnyk O. Native Chemical Ligation and Extended Methods: Mechanisms, Catalysis, Scope, and Limitations. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7328-7443. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vangelis Agouridas
- UMR CNRS 8204, Centre d’Immunité et d’Infection de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ouafâa El Mahdi
- Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Taza, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, BP 1223 Taza Gare, Morocco
| | - Vincent Diemer
- UMR CNRS 8204, Centre d’Immunité et d’Infection de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marine Cargoët
- UMR CNRS 8204, Centre d’Immunité et d’Infection de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Building B6a, Room 3/16a, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Oleg Melnyk
- UMR CNRS 8204, Centre d’Immunité et d’Infection de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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14
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Sterkhova IV, Lazarev IM, Lazareva NF. Synthesis, structural and spectroscopic features of 2,2,2-trichloro-N-[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]acetamide and 2,2,2-trimethyl-N-[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]acetamide. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Kötzler MP, Robinson K, Chen HM, Okon M, McIntosh LP, Withers SG. Modulating the Nucleophile of a Glycoside Hydrolase through Site-Specific Incorporation of Fluoroglutamic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8268-8276. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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17
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Zhang RY, Thapa P, Espiritu MJ, Menon V, Bingham JP. From nature to creation: Going around in circles, the art of peptide cyclization. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1135-1150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Devaraj NK, Perrin CL. Approach control. Stereoelectronic origin of geometric constraints on N-to-S and N-to-O acyl shifts in peptides. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1789-1794. [PMID: 29675223 PMCID: PMC5892126 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04046f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramolecular N-to-S or N-to-O acyl shifts in peptides are of fundamental and practical importance, as they constitute the first step in protein splicing and can be used for the synthesis of thioester-modified peptides required for native chemical ligation. It has been stated that the nucleophile must be positioned anti to the carbonyl oxygen, as in a cis amide. Despite the importance of such reactions, an understanding of this geometric restriction remains obscure. Here we argue that the empirical requirement for positioning the nucleophile is a stereoelectronic effect arising from the ease of approach of the nucleophile to a carbonyl group, not ground-state destabilization. DFT calculations on model amides support our explanation and indicate a significant decrease in both the transition-state energy and the activation energy for a cis amide. However, the approach of the nucleophile must be anti not only to the carbonyl oxygen but also to the nitrogen. The direction of approach is expressed by a new, modified Bürgi-Dunitz angle. Our data shed light on the mechanisms of acyl shifts in peptides, and they explain why a cis peptide might be required for protein splicing. The further implications for acyl shits in homoserine and homocysteine peptides and for aldol condensations are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal K Devaraj
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Univ. Calif. San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093-0358 , USA .
| | - Charles L Perrin
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Univ. Calif. San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093-0358 , USA .
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19
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N. N, Thimmalapura VM, Hosamani B, Prabhu G, Kumar LR, Sureshbabu VV. Thioacids – synthons for amide bond formation and ligation reactions: assembly of peptides and peptidomimetics. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:3524-3552. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00512e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of α-amino thioacids and peptide thioacids and their applications in chemoselective amide bond formation, ligation of peptides/proteins/glycopeptides and synthesis of peptidomimetics are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra N.
- Department of Chemistry
- University College of Science
- Tumkur University
- Tumkur 572 103
- India
| | - Vishwanatha M. Thimmalapura
- Room No. 109
- Peptide Research Laboratory
- Department of Studies in Chemistry
- Central College Campus
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi
| | - Basavaprabhu Hosamani
- Room No. 109
- Peptide Research Laboratory
- Department of Studies in Chemistry
- Central College Campus
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi
| | - Girish Prabhu
- Room No. 109
- Peptide Research Laboratory
- Department of Studies in Chemistry
- Central College Campus
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi
| | - L. Roopesh Kumar
- Room No. 109
- Peptide Research Laboratory
- Department of Studies in Chemistry
- Central College Campus
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi
| | - Vommina V. Sureshbabu
- Room No. 109
- Peptide Research Laboratory
- Department of Studies in Chemistry
- Central College Campus
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi
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20
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Chou YL, Jhong Y, Swain SP, Hou DR. Microwave-Assisted Direct Thioesterification of Carboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10201-10208. [PMID: 28875699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot synthesis of thioesters directly from carboxylic acids, N,N'-diphenylthiourea, triethylamine, and primary alkyl halides is described. Microwave-assisted heating and a catalytic amount of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) further improved the yields. Both aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids were converted to the corresponding thioesters, and many functional groups were compatible with this reaction. Several possible reaction intermediates were investigated, and the quaternary ammonium salts, derived from alkyl halides and tertiary amines, were the intermediates to yield thioesters. A new reaction mechanism for this thioesterification is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Lin Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University , No. 300 Jhong-Da Road, Jhong-li, Taoyuan, Taiwan 32001
| | - Yi Jhong
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University , No. 300 Jhong-Da Road, Jhong-li, Taoyuan, Taiwan 32001
| | - Sharada Prasanna Swain
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University , No. 300 Jhong-Da Road, Jhong-li, Taoyuan, Taiwan 32001
| | - Duen-Ren Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University , No. 300 Jhong-Da Road, Jhong-li, Taoyuan, Taiwan 32001
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21
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22
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Abstract
The present review offers an overview of nonclassical (e.g., with no pre- or in situ activation of a carboxylic acid partner) approaches for the construction of amide bonds. The review aims to comprehensively discuss relevant work, which was mainly done in the field in the last 20 years. Organization of the data follows a subdivision according to substrate classes: catalytic direct formation of amides from carboxylic and amines ( section 2 ); the use of carboxylic acid surrogates ( section 3 ); and the use of amine surrogates ( section 4 ). The ligation strategies (NCL, Staudinger, KAHA, KATs, etc.) that could involve both carboxylic acid and amine surrogates are treated separately in section 5 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Marcia de Figueiredo
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier (ICGM), UMR 5253-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie , 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Simon Suppo
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier (ICGM), UMR 5253-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie , 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Marc Campagne
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier (ICGM), UMR 5253-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie , 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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23
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Cao Y, Nguyen GKT, Tam JP, Liu CF. Butelase-mediated synthesis of protein thioesters and its application for tandem chemoenzymatic ligation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:17289-92. [PMID: 26462854 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using a recently discovered peptide ligase, butelase 1, we developed a novel method to access protein thioesters in good yield. We successfully combined it with native chemical ligation and sortase-mediated ligation in tandem for protein C-terminal labeling and dual-terminal labeling to exploit the orthogonality of these three ligation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551.
| | - Giang K T Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551.
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551.
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551.
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24
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Bondalapati S, Jbara M, Brik A. Expanding the chemical toolbox for the synthesis of large and uniquely modified proteins. Nat Chem 2016; 8:407-18. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Cowper B, Shariff L, Chen W, Gibson SM, Di WL, Macmillan D. Expanding the scope of N → S acyl transfer in native peptide sequences. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:7469-76. [PMID: 26066020 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01029b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that influence N → S acyl transfer in native peptide sequences, and discovery of new reagents that facilitate it, will be key to expanding its scope and applicability. Here, through a study of short model peptides in thioester formation and cyclisation reactions, we demonstrate that a wider variety of Xaa-Cys motifs than originally envisaged are capable of undergoing efficient N → S acyl transfer. We present data for the relative rates of thioester formation and cyclisation for a representative set of amino acids, and show how this expanded scope can be applied to the production of the natural protease inhibitor Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Cowper
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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26
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Facile synthesis of C-terminal peptide thioacids under mild conditions from N -sulfanylethylanilide peptides. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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27
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Behrendt R, White P, Offer J. Advances in Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:4-27. [PMID: 26785684 PMCID: PMC4745034 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Today, Fmoc SPPS is the method of choice for peptide synthesis. Very-high-quality Fmoc building blocks are available at low cost because of the economies of scale arising from current multiton production of therapeutic peptides by Fmoc SPPS. Many modified derivatives are commercially available as Fmoc building blocks, making synthetic access to a broad range of peptide derivatives straightforward. The number of synthetic peptides entering clinical trials has grown continuously over the last decade, and recent advances in the Fmoc SPPS technology are a response to the growing demand from medicinal chemistry and pharmacology. Improvements are being continually reported for peptide quality, synthesis time and novel synthetic targets. Topical peptide research has contributed to a continuous improvement and expansion of Fmoc SPPS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Behrendt
- Novabiochem, Merck & CieIm Laternenacker 58200SchaffhausenSwitzerland
| | - Peter White
- Novabiochem, Merck Chemicals LtdPadge RoadBeestonNG9 2JRUK
| | - John Offer
- The Francis Crick Institute215 Euston RoadLondonNW1 2BEUK
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28
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Mupparapu N, Khushwaha M, Gupta AP, Singh PP, Ahmed QN. Amino Catalytic Oxidative Thioesterification Approach to α-Ketothioesters. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11588-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraju Mupparapu
- Medicinal
Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-18001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Canal Road, Jammu-18001, India
| | - Manoj Khushwaha
- Quality
Control and Quality Assurance, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-18001, India
| | - Ajai Prakash Gupta
- Quality
Control and Quality Assurance, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-18001, India
| | - Parvinder Pal Singh
- Medicinal
Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-18001, India
| | - Qazi Naveed Ahmed
- Medicinal
Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-18001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Canal Road, Jammu-18001, India
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29
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Meledin R, Mali SM, Brik A. Pushing the Boundaries of Chemical Protein Synthesis: The Case of Ubiquitin Chains and Polyubiquitinated Peptides and Proteins. CHEM REC 2015; 16:509-19. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Meledin
- Schulich Department of Chemistry; Israel Institute of Technology - Technion; Haifa Israel
| | - Sachitanand M. Mali
- Schulich Department of Chemistry; Israel Institute of Technology - Technion; Haifa Israel
| | - Ashraf Brik
- Schulich Department of Chemistry; Israel Institute of Technology - Technion; Haifa Israel
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30
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Swain SP, Chou YL, Hou DR. Thioesterifications Free of Activating Agent and Thiol: A Three-Component Reaction of Carboxylic Acids, Thioureas, and Michael Acceptors. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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31
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Pardo A, Hogenauer TJ, Cai Z, Vellucci JA, Castillo EM, Dirk CW, Franz AH, Michael K. Efficient Photochemical Synthesis of Peptide-α-Phenylthioesters. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1884-1889. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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32
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Koniev O, Wagner A. Developments and recent advancements in the field of endogenous amino acid selective bond forming reactions for bioconjugation. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5495-551. [PMID: 26000775 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation methodologies have proven to play a central enabling role in the recent development of biotherapeutics and chemical biology approaches. Recent endeavours in these fields shed light on unprecedented chemical challenges to attain bioselectivity, biocompatibility, and biostability required by modern applications. In this review the current developments in various techniques of selective bond forming reactions of proteins and peptides were highlighted. The utility of each endogenous amino acid-selective conjugation methodology in the fields of biology and protein science has been surveyed with emphasis on the most relevant among reported transformations; selectivity and practical use have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Koniev
- Laboratory of Functional Chemo-Systems (UMR 7199), Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
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33
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Panda SS, Jones RA, Hall CD, Katritzky AR. Applications of Chemical Ligation in Peptide Synthesis via Acyl Transfer. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 362:229-65. [PMID: 25805142 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The utility of native chemical ligation (NCL) in the solution or solid phase synthesis of peptides, cyclic peptides, glycopeptides, and neoglycoconjugates is reviewed. In addition, the mechanistic details of inter- or intra-molecular NCLs are discussed from experimental and computational points of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva S Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA,
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34
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Cowper B, Sze TM, Premdjee B, Bongat White AF, Hacking A, Macmillan D. Examination of mercaptobenzyl sulfonates as catalysts for native chemical ligation: application to the assembly of a glycosylated Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogue. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:3208-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09502b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
3/4-Mercaptobenzyl sulfonates were investigated as aryl thiol catalysts for native chemical ligation (NCL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Cowper
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Tsz Mei Sze
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | | | | | - Andrew Hacking
- Dextra Laboratories Ltd
- Science and Technology Centre
- Earley Gate
- Reading
- UK
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35
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Kajihara Y, Kanemitsu Y, Nishihara M, Okamoto R, Izumi M. Efficient synthesis of polypeptide-α-thioester by the method combining polypeptide expression and chemical activation for the semi-synthesis of interferon-γ having oligosaccharides. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:958-63. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kajihara
- Department of chemistry; Osaka University; 1-1, Machikaneyama Toyonaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yurie Kanemitsu
- Department of chemistry; Osaka University; 1-1, Machikaneyama Toyonaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Mika Nishihara
- Department of chemistry; Osaka University; 1-1, Machikaneyama Toyonaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Ryo Okamoto
- Department of chemistry; Osaka University; 1-1, Machikaneyama Toyonaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Masayuki Izumi
- Department of chemistry; Osaka University; 1-1, Machikaneyama Toyonaka 560-0043 Japan
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36
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Li D, Wang X, Shi F, Sha R, Seeman NC, Canary JW. Templated DNA ligation with thiol chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8823-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01552e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Recent progress in the chemical synthesis of proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2014; 26:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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38
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Brust A, Schroeder CI, Alewood PF. High-Throughput Synthesis of Peptide α-Thioesters: A Safety Catch Linker Approach Enabling Parallel Hydrogen Fluoride Cleavage. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1038-46. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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39
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Verzele D, Madder A. Patchwork protein chemistry: a practitioner's treatise on the advances in synthetic peptide stitchery. Chembiochem 2014; 14:1032-48. [PMID: 23775826 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With the study of peptides and proteins at the heart of many scientific endeavors, the omics era heralded a multitude of opportunities for chemists and biologists alike. Across the interface with life sciences, peptide chemistry plays an indispensable role, and progress made over the past decades now allows proteins to be treated as molecular patchworks stitched together through synthetic tailoring. The continuous elaboration of sophisticated strategies notwithstanding, Merrifield's solid-phase methodology remains a cornerstone of chemical protein design. Although the non-practitioner might misjudge peptide synthesis as trivial, routine, or dull given its long history, we comment here on its many advances, obstacles, and prospects from a practitioner's point of view. While sharing our perspectives through thematic highlights across the literature, this treatise provides an interpretive overview as a guide to novices, and a recap for specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Verzele
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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40
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Izumi M, Murakami M, Okamoto R, Kajihara Y. Safe and efficient Boc-SPPS for the synthesis of glycopeptide-α-thioesters. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:98-101. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Izumi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Masumi Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Ryo Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kajihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); ERATO, Ito Glycotrilogy Project; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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41
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Burlina F, Papageorgiou G, Morris C, White PD, Offer J. Insitu thioester formation for protein ligation using α-methylcysteine. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52140k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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42
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Kawakami T. Peptide Thioester Formation via an Intramolecular N to S Acyl Shift for Peptide Ligation. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 362:107-35. [PMID: 25370522 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In chemical protein synthesis, peptide building blocks are prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), and then connected by chemical ligation methods. The peptide thioester is one of key building blocks used in chemical protein synthesis, and improvements in the Fmoc SPPS procedure for preparing such thioesters would be highly desirable. In this review we focus on a method for peptide thioester synthesis based on the use of an intramolecular N to S acyl shift reaction as a key reaction. Amide and thioester forms at the thiol-containing residue are in equilibrium as a result of a reversible intramolecular acyl shift, which is detectable by 13C NMR. The amide form is favored under neutral conditions, while the thioester predominates under acidic conditions. Thiol auxiliaries can be employed to facilitate the formation of a thioester from an amide via an intramolecular N-S acyl shift, and the peptide thioester is formed after intermolecular transthioesterification in the presence of excess amounts of thiols. Even under neutral conditions, thiol auxiliary-containing peptides can be ligated with a cysteinyl peptide via an intramolecular N-S acyl shift, followed by native chemical ligation (NCL) in a one-pot reaction. These procedures can be applied to the chemical synthesis of proteins which are post-translationally modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kawakami
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan,
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43
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Taichi M, Hemu X, Qiu Y, Tam JP. A thioethylalkylamido (TEA) thioester surrogate in the synthesis of a cyclic peptide via a tandem acyl shift. Org Lett 2013; 15:2620-3. [PMID: 23668312 DOI: 10.1021/ol400801k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic cystine-knot peptide, kalata B1, was synthesized by employing a novel Fmoc-compatible thioethylalkylamido (TEA) thioester surrogate via an N-S acyl shift followed by a thiol-thioester exchange reaction. TEA thioester surrogate is cost-effective, conveniently prepared in one-step with starting materials, readily available from commercial sources, and highly efficient in preparing peptide thioesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Taichi
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
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44
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Wissner RF, Batjargal S, Fadzen CM, Petersson EJ. Labeling proteins with fluorophore/thioamide Förster resonant energy transfer pairs by combining unnatural amino acid mutagenesis and native chemical ligation. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6529-40. [PMID: 23594264 DOI: 10.1021/ja4005943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that p-cyanophenylalanine (Cnf) and a thioamide can be used as a minimally perturbing Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET) pair to monitor protein conformation. We have also shown that thioamide analogues of natural amino acids can be incorporated into full-sized proteins through native chemical ligation. For intermolecular studies with Cnf/thioamide FRET pairs, Cnf can be incorporated into proteins expressed in Escherichia coli through unnatural amino acid mutagenesis using a Cnf-specific tRNA synthetase. For intramolecular studies, a Cnf-labeled protein fragment can be expressed in E. coli and then ligated to a thioamide-labeled peptide synthesized on solid phase. This combination of methods allows for rapid access to double-labeled proteins with a minimum of unnecessary chemical synthesis. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by studying the binding of peptides to the protein calmodulin and by determining the orientation of the N- and C-termini in the amyloidogenic protein α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Wissner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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45
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Volkmann G, Mootz HD. Recent progress in intein research: from mechanism to directed evolution and applications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1185-206. [PMID: 22926412 PMCID: PMC11113529 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Inteins catalyze a post-translational modification known as protein splicing, where the intein removes itself from a precursor protein and concomitantly ligates the flanking protein sequences with a peptide bond. Over the past two decades, inteins have risen from a peculiarity to a rich source of applications in biotechnology, biomedicine, and protein chemistry. In this review, we focus on developments of intein-related research spanning the last 5 years, including the three different splicing mechanisms and their molecular underpinnings, the directed evolution of inteins towards improved splicing in exogenous protein contexts, as well as novel applications of inteins for cell biology and protein engineering, which were made possible by a clearer understanding of the protein splicing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Volkmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Henning D. Mootz
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Binschik J, Mootz HD. Chemical bypass of intein-catalyzed N-S acyl shift in protein splicing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4260-4. [PMID: 23468274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Binschik
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Binschik J, Mootz HD. Chemischer “Bypass” des Intein-katalysierten N-S-Acyltransfers im Proteinspleißen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Liu M, Lin S, Ding J, Gao W, Wu H, Chen J. Decarboxylation of isatoic anhydrides with disulfides: an efficient and general synthesis of S-aryl 2-aminobenzothioate derivatives. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Investigation of peptide thioester formation via N
→Se
acyl transfer. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:65-73. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Al Sheikha D, Wilkinson BL, Santhakumar G, Thaysen-Andersen M, Payne RJ. Synthesis of homogeneous MUC1 oligomers via a bi-directional ligation strategy. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:6090-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41363b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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