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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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Lefebvre Q, Porta R, Millet A, Jia J, Rueping M. One Amine-3 Tasks: Reductive Coupling of Imines with Olefins in Batch and Flow. Chemistry 2020; 26:1363-1367. [PMID: 31777987 PMCID: PMC7027816 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their wide range of biological properties, γ-aminobutyric acid derivatives (GABA) have been extensively studied and found noteworthy industrial applications. However, atom-economical and efficient processes for their production are scarce and would greatly benefit from further investigations. Herein, we demonstrate that an iridium-based photocatalyst promotes the direct reductive cross-coupling of imines with olefins upon irradiation with visible light to give GABA derivatives in good yields and selectivities. We also stress the enabling triple role of tributylamine additive in this process, discuss the advantages of strategies based on proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) and demonstrate the scale-up of this reaction in continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Lefebvre
- Institut of Organic ChemistryRWTH AachenLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Riccardo Porta
- Institut of Organic ChemistryRWTH AachenLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Anthony Millet
- Institut of Organic ChemistryRWTH AachenLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Jiaqi Jia
- Institut of Organic ChemistryRWTH AachenLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institut of Organic ChemistryRWTH AachenLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)Thuwal23955-6900Saudi Arabia
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Sun Z, Hu S, Huo Y, Wang Z. Titanium tetrachloride-mediated synthesis of N-aryl-substituted azacycles from cyclic ethers. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27325d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Five- and six-membered N-aryl-substituted azacycles were synthesized from amines and cyclic ethers under mild conditions while no expensive metal reagent was required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunming Sun
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Huo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
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Niu GH, Huang PR, Chuang GJ. Triphenylphosphine/Triethylamine-Mediated Decarboxylation of α-Oxocarboxylic Acids and Application in a One-Pot Synthesis of Deuterated Aldehydes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hao Niu
- Department of Chemistry; Chung Yuan Christian University; 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District Taoyuang City, Taiwan 32023 R.O.C
| | - Pei-Ru Huang
- Department of Chemistry; Chung Yuan Christian University; 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District Taoyuang City, Taiwan 32023 R.O.C
| | - Gary Jing Chuang
- Department of Chemistry; Chung Yuan Christian University; 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District Taoyuang City, Taiwan 32023 R.O.C
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Loose F, Schmidtmann M, Saak W, Beckhaus R. Imines in the Titanium Coordination Sphere: Highly Reactive Titanaaziridines and Larger Titanacycles Formed by Subsequent C–C Coupling Reactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Loose
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany http://www.uni‐oldenburg.de/ac‐beckhaus/
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany http://www.uni‐oldenburg.de/ac‐beckhaus/
| | - Wolfgang Saak
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany http://www.uni‐oldenburg.de/ac‐beckhaus/
| | - Rüdiger Beckhaus
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany http://www.uni‐oldenburg.de/ac‐beckhaus/
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Chen H, Fan G, Li S, Mao K, Liu Y. Titanium-mediated reductive cross-coupling reactions of imines with nitriles: an efficient route for the synthesis of α-aminoketones or 1,2-diketones. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li L, Kristian KE, Han A, Norton JR, Sattler W. Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Reactivity of Cp2- and (CpMe)2-Ligated Titanaaziridines and Titanaoxiranes with Fast Enantiomer Interconversion Rates. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300825n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kathleen E. Kristian
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Arthur Han
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jack R. Norton
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Wesley Sattler
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Reichard HA, Micalizio GC. Metallacycle-Mediated Cross-Coupling with Substituted and Electronically Unactivated Alkenes. Chem Sci 2011; 4:573-589. [PMID: 21436986 DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00394h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective surveys the history of- and recent advances in- metallacycle-mediated coupling chemistry of substituted alkenes. While the reaction of preformed metal-π complexes with ethylene was reported nearly 30 years ago, the generalization of this mode of bimolecular C-C bond formation to the regio- and stereoselective union of complex substrates has only recently begun to emerge. This perspective discusses early observations in this area, the challenges associated with controlling such processes, the evolution of a general strategy to overcome these challenges, and a summary of highly regio- and stereoselective convergent coupling reactions that are currently available by metallacycle-mediated cross-coupling with substituted alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Reichard
- The Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute; Scripps-Florida, 130 Scripps Way #3A2, Jupiter, FL 33418, USA. ; Tel: 561 228 2463;
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Chen MZ, McLaughlin M, Takahashi M, Tarselli MA, Yang D, Umemura S, Micalizio GC. Preparation of stereodefined homoallylic amines from the reductive cross-coupling of allylic alcohols with imines. J Org Chem 2010; 75:8048-59. [PMID: 21069994 PMCID: PMC2993781 DOI: 10.1021/jo101535d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective coupling reactions between imines and allylic alcohols have been developed. These coupling reactions deliver complex homoallylic amine products through a convergent C-C bond forming process that does not proceed through intermediate allylic organometallic reagents. In general, convergent coupling, by exposure of an allylic alkoxide to a preformed Ti-imine complex, occurs with allylic transposition in a predictable and stereocontrolled manner. While simple diastereoselection in these reactions is high, delivering anti-products with ≥20:1 selectivity, the organometallic transformation described is compatible with a diverse range of functionality and substrates (including aliphatic and aromatic imines, allylic silanes, trisubstituted alkenes, vinyl- and aryl halides, trifluoromethyl groups, thioethers, and aromatic heterocycles). Alkene geometry of the products is a complex function of the allylic alcohol structure and is consistent with a mechanistic proposal based on syn-carbometalation followed by syn-elimination by way of a boat-like transition state geometry. Single asymmetric coupling reactions provide a means to translate the stereochemical information of the allylic alcohol to the homoallylic amine or to control diastereoselection in the coupling reactions of achiral allylic alcohols with chiral imines. Double asymmetric coupling reactions are also described that afford a unique means to control stereoselection in these complex convergent coupling processes. Finally, empirical models are proposed that are consistent with the observed stereochemical course of these coupling reactions en route to chiral homoallylic amines possessing di- or trisubstituted alkenes and anti- or syn- relative stereochemistry at the allylic and homoallylic positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Z. Chen
- Kellogg School of Science and Technology at The Scripps Research Institute
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