New Styryl Phenanthroline Derivatives as Model D-π-A-π-D Materials for Non-Linear Optics

Four novel push-pull systems combining a central phenanthroline acceptor moiety and two substituted benzene rings, as a part of the conjugated π-system between the donor and the acceptor moieties, have been synthetized through a straightforward and efficient one-step procedure. The chromophores display high fluorescence and a peculiar fluorosolvatochromic behaviour. Ultrafast investigation by means of state-of-the-art femtosecond-resolved transient absorption and fluorescence up-conversion spectroscopies allowed the role of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) states to be evidenced, also revealing the crucial role played by both, the polarity and proticity of the medium on the excited state dynamics of the chromophores. The ICT processes, responsible for the solvatochromism, also lead to interesting non-linear optical (NLO) properties: namely great two photon absorption cross-sections (hundreds of GM), investigated by the Two Photon Excited Fluorescence (TPEF) technique, and large second order hyperpolarizability coefficients, estimated through a convenient solvatochromic method.

A two excited state model to explain the peculiar photobehaviour of a flexible quadrupolar D–π–D anthracene derivative

The excited state deactivation of the investigated compound involves two distinct fluorescent states. ¹A* → ¹B* transition is accompanied by structural motions, with the ¹B* state exhibiting a certain ICT character.

Experimental evidence of dual emission in a negatively solvatochromic push–pull pyridinium derivative

Dual emission due to LE and ICT excited states was observed in a cationic push–pull system showing negative solvatochromism.

Effects of anion complexation on the photoreactivity of bisureido- and bisthioureido-substituted dibenzobarrelene derivatives

Bisureido- and a bisthioureido-substituted dibenzobarrelene derivative were synthesized and the photoreactivity of two representative examples were studied. Direct irradiation of the ureido-substituted derivative induces a di-π-methane rearrangement to the corresponding dibenzosemibullvalene derivative, whereas the thioureido-substituted derivative is almost photoinert. Complexes of the latter derivative with chloride, carboxylates, or sulfonate anions, however, are efficiently transformed to the dibenzosemibullvalene product upon irradiation, presumably by suppressing the self-quenching of the thiourea units in the complex. The association of the ureido-substituted dibenzobarrelene derivative with (S)-mandelate and irradiation of this complex led to the formation of the dibenzosemibullvalene with moderate stereoselectivity (68:32 er). In contrast, the thioureido derivative showed no such effect upon complexation of chiral anions.

Fast and ultrafast spectroscopic investigation of tetracycline derivatives in organic and aqueous media

The photophysical properties of seven tetracycline derivatives (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, demeclocycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline and meclocycline) in organic solvents and aqueous solution were studied using steady-state absorption and fluorescence techniques and transient absorption spectroscopies with nanosecond and femtosecond time resolution. The molecular structure, solvent and pH effects on the optical properties of this class of pharmaceutically interesting compounds were investigated in detail. The investigation furnished a complete description of the nature, the spectral and kinetic properties of the excited states formed upon irradiation. All the tetracycline derivatives exhibited a similar behaviour, and the photophysics of these molecules is different in organic solvents and in aqueous medium, where they exhibit a significant pH dependence. In water, compared to organic solvents, these compounds showed a blue-shifted bathochromic absorption band, a red-shifted emission spectrum, an increased Stokes shift and a decreased fluorescence quantum yield. These findings, together with the overall investigated solvent effect, suggested that in aqueous solvent additional fast and non-radiative deactivation processes, responsible for the large Stokes Shift and for the reduced fluorescence efficiency, are present. In fact, in organic media just two transients were observed during the ultrafast time-resolved investigation: the vibrationally hot S(1) state which was quickly stabilized by solvent reorganization to the relaxed S(1) state. This state showed lifetimes of tens of picoseconds and relaxed by fluorescence and internal conversion. No longer-lived transients were detected. In aqueous solution the excited-state deactivation of tetracyclines was found to be more complicated. Different protonated and tautomeric forms of the S(1) state were detected: a component which showed decay times of tens of picoseconds and a component which was longer-lived. A significant pH effect on the nature and number of these components was found. In fact, a remarkable change in the Stokes shift and in the fluorescence efficiency was also observed on going from acidic to basic aqueous solutions. The most important variations in the absorption properties were found in the pH range in which the second acid-base equilibrium takes place. The tetracycline lowest excited triplet state was observed as a 'rest absorption' during the femtosecond-resolved measurements in aqueous solution; through the nanosecond-resolved laser flash photolysis study, lower-energy radical species were detected, characterized by lifetimes of tens of microseconds. The formation of these species may be involved in the observed phototoxicity of the tetracycline drugs.