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Ribeiro C, Cariello M, Malfait A, Bria M, Fournier D, Lyskawa J, Le Fer G, Potier J, Hoogenboom R, Cooke G, Woisel P. Synergistic topological and supramolecular control of Diels-Alder reactivity based on a tunable self-complexing host-guest molecular switch. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302300. [PMID: 37991250 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalization and binding-triggered conformational change regulate many metabolic processes in living matter. Here, we have synergistically combined these two biorelevant processes to tune the Diels-Alder (DA) reactivity of a synthetic self-complexing host-guest molecular switch CBPQT4+ -Fu, consisting of an electron-rich furan unit covalently attached to the electron-deficient cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) tetrachloride (CBPQT4+ , 4Cl- ) host. This design allows CBPQT4+ -Fu to efficiently compartmentalize the furan ring inside its host cavity in water, thereby protecting it from the DA reaction with maleimide. Remarkably, the self-complexed CBPQT4+ -Fu can undergo a conformational change through intramolecular decomplexation upon the addition of a stronger binding molecular naphthalene derivative as a competitive guest, triggering the DA reaction upon addition of a chemical regulator. Remarkably, connecting the guest to a thermoresponsive lower critical solution temperature (LCST) copolymer regulator controls the DA reaction on command upon heating and cooling the reaction media beyond and below the cloud point temperature of the copolymer, representing a rare example of decreased reactivity upon increasing temperature. Altogether, this work opens up new avenues towards combined topological and supramolecular control over reactivity in synthetic constructs, enabling control over reactivity through molecular regulators or even mild temperature variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Ribeiro
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, NRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET -, Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Michele Cariello
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Aurélie Malfait
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, NRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET -, Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Marc Bria
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, NRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET -, Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - David Fournier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, NRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET -, Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Joël Lyskawa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, NRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET -, Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Gaëlle Le Fer
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, NRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET -, Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Jonathan Potier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, NRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET -, Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Graeme Cooke
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrice Woisel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, NRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET -, Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000, Lille, France
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2
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Thai NLB, Beaman HT, Perlman M, Obeng EE, Du C, Monroe MBB. Chitosan Poly(vinyl alcohol) Methacrylate Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 38380883 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
A major challenge in tissue engineering scaffolds is controlling scaffold degradation rates during healing while maintaining mechanical properties to support tissue formation. Hydrogels are three-dimensional matrices that are widely applied as tissue scaffolds based on their unique properties that can mimic the extracellular matrix. In this study, we develop a hybrid natural/synthetic hydrogel platform to tune the properties for tissue engineering scaffold applications. We modified chitosan and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with photo-cross-linkable methacrylate functional groups and then synthesized a library of chitosan PVA methacrylate hydrogels (ChiPVAMA) with two different photoinitiators, Irgacure 2959 (I2959) and lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP). ChiPVAMA hydrogels showed tunability in degradation rates and mechanical properties based on both the polymer content and photoinitiator type. This tunability could enable their application in a range of tissue scaffold applications. In a 2D scratch wound healing assay, all hydrogel samples induced faster wound closure compared to a gauze clinical wound dressing control. NIH/3T3 cells encapsulated in hydrogels showed a high viability (∼92%) over 14 days, demonstrating the capacity of this system as a supportive cell scaffold. In addition, hydrogels containing a higher chitosan content demonstrated a high antibacterial capacity. Overall, ChiPVAMA hydrogels provide a potential tissue engineering scaffold that is tunable, degradable, and suitable for cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghia Le Ba Thai
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, and BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Henry T Beaman
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, and BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Megan Perlman
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, and BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Ernest E Obeng
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, and BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Changling Du
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, and BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Mary Beth B Monroe
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, and BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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3
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Powers J, Jang Y. Advancing Biomimetic Functions of Synthetic Cells through Compartmentalized Cell-Free Protein Synthesis. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5539-5550. [PMID: 37962115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cells are artificial constructs that mimic the structures and functions of living cells. They are attractive for studying diverse biochemical processes and elucidating the origins of life. While creating a living synthetic cell remains a grand challenge, researchers have successfully synthesized hundreds of unique synthetic cell platforms. One promising approach to developing more sophisticated synthetic cells is to integrate cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) mechanisms into vesicle platforms. This makes it possible to create synthetic cells with complex biomimetic functions such as genetic circuits, autonomous membrane modifications, sensing and communication, and artificial organelles. This Review explores recent advances in the use of CFPS to impart advanced biomimetic structures and functions to bottom-up synthetic cell platforms. We also discuss the potential applications of synthetic cells in biomedicine as well as the future directions of synthetic cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Powers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, 1006 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yeongseon Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, 1006 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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4
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Li H, Yan Y, Chen J, Shi K, Song C, Ji Y, Jia L, Li J, Qiao Y, Lin Y. Artificial receptor-mediated phototransduction toward protocellular subcompartmentalization and signaling-encoded logic gates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade5853. [PMID: 36857444 PMCID: PMC9977178 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Engineering artificial cellular systems capable of perceiving and transmitting external signals across membranes to activate downstream targets and coordinate protocellular responses is key to build cell-cell communications and protolife. Here, we report a synthetic photoreceptor-mediated signaling pathway with the integration of light harvesting, photo-to-chemical energy conversion, signal transmission, and amplification in synthetic cells, which ultimately resulted in protocell subcompartmentalization. Key to our design is a ruthenium-bipyridine complex that acts as a membrane-anchored photoreceptor to convert visible light into chemical information and transduce signals across the lipid membrane via flip-flop motion. By coupling receptor-mediated phototransduction with biological recognition and enzymatic cascade reactions, we further develop protocell signaling-encoded Boolean logic gates. Our results illustrate a minimal cell model to mimic the photoreceptor cells that can transduce the energy of light into intracellular responses and pave the way to modular control over the flow of information for complex metabolic and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yue Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ke Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chuwen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanglimin Ji
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liyan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianming Li
- Research Center of New Energy, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development (RIPED), PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiyang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Herianto S, Chien PJ, Ho JAA, Tu HL. Liposome-based artificial cells: From gene expression to reconstitution of cellular functions and phenotypes. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 142:213156. [PMID: 36302330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up approaches in creating artificial cells that can mimic natural cells have significant implications for both basic research and translational application. Among various artificial cell models, liposome is one of the most sophisticated systems. By encapsulating proteins and associated biomolecules, they can functionally reconstitute foundational features of biological cells, such as the ability to divide, communicate, and undergo shape deformation. Yet constructing liposome artificial cells from the genetic level, which is central to generate self-sustained systems remains highly challenging. Indeed, many studies have successfully established the expression of gene-coded proteins inside liposomes. Further, recent endeavors to build a direct integration of gene-expressed proteins for reconstituting molecular functions and phenotypes in liposomes have also significantly increased. Thus, this review presents the development of liposome-based artificial cells to demonstrate the process of gene-expressed proteins and their reconstitution to perform desired molecular and cell-like functions. The molecular and cellular phenotypes discussed here include the self-production of membrane phospholipids, division, shape deformation, self-DNA/RNA replication, fusion, and intercellular communication. Together, this review gives a comprehensive overview of gene-expressing liposomes that can stimulate further research of this technology and achieve artificial cells with superior properties in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Herianto
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jen Chien
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ja-An Annie Ho
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; BioAnalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsiung-Lin Tu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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Hecht L, Mandal S, Löwen H, Liebchen B. Active Refrigerators Powered by Inertia. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:178001. [PMID: 36332249 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.178001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present the operational principle for a refrigerator that uses inertial effects in active Brownian particles to locally reduce their (kinetic) temperature by 2 orders of magnitude below the environmental temperature. This principle exploits the peculiar but so-far unknown shape of the phase diagram of inertial active Brownian particles to initiate motility-induced phase separation in the targeted cooling regime only. Remarkably, active refrigerators operate without requiring isolating walls opening the route toward using them to systematically absorb and trap, e.g., toxic substances from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hecht
- Institut für Physik kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Suvendu Mandal
- Institut für Physik kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II-Soft Matter, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Benno Liebchen
- Institut für Physik kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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Abstract
Recent years have seen substantial efforts aimed at constructing artificial cells from various molecular components with the aim of mimicking the processes, behaviours and architectures found in biological systems. Artificial cell development ultimately aims to produce model constructs that progress our understanding of biology, as well as forming the basis for functional bio-inspired devices that can be used in fields such as therapeutic delivery, biosensing, cell therapy and bioremediation. Typically, artificial cells rely on a bilayer membrane chassis and have fluid aqueous interiors to mimic biological cells. However, a desire to more accurately replicate the gel-like properties of intracellular and extracellular biological environments has driven increasing efforts to build cell mimics based on hydrogels. This has enabled researchers to exploit some of the unique functional properties of hydrogels that have seen them deployed in fields such as tissue engineering, biomaterials and drug delivery. In this Review, we explore how hydrogels can be leveraged in the context of artificial cell development. We also discuss how hydrogels can potentially be incorporated within the next generation of artificial cells to engineer improved biological mimics and functional microsystems.
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8
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Mateos-Maroto A, Fernández-Peña L, Abelenda-Núñez I, Ortega F, Rubio RG, Guzmán E. Polyelectrolyte Multilayered Capsules as Biomedical Tools. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030479. [PMID: 35160468 PMCID: PMC8838751 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayered capsules (PEMUCs) obtained using the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) method have become powerful tools for different biomedical applications, which include drug delivery, theranosis or biosensing. However, the exploitation of PEMUCs in the biomedical field requires a deep understanding of the most fundamental bases underlying their assembly processes, and the control of their properties to fabricate novel materials with optimized ability for specific targeting and therapeutic capacity. This review presents an updated perspective on the multiple avenues opened for the application of PEMUCs to the biomedical field, aiming to highlight some of the most important advantages offered by the LbL method for the fabrication of platforms for their use in the detection and treatment of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mateos-Maroto
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.F.-P.); (I.A.-N.); (F.O.); (R.G.R.)
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura Fernández-Peña
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.F.-P.); (I.A.-N.); (F.O.); (R.G.R.)
- Centro de Espectroscopía y Correlación, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Abelenda-Núñez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.F.-P.); (I.A.-N.); (F.O.); (R.G.R.)
| | - Francisco Ortega
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.F.-P.); (I.A.-N.); (F.O.); (R.G.R.)
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón G. Rubio
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.F.-P.); (I.A.-N.); (F.O.); (R.G.R.)
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Guzmán
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.F.-P.); (I.A.-N.); (F.O.); (R.G.R.)
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Wei S, Zhou D, Qin J, Peng B, Zan X. Insight into the mechanism and formation process of bioinspired poly(amino acid)/polyphenol capsules engineered with fast pH switchable permeability. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 210:112234. [PMID: 34871819 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Capsules have hollow cores and closed wall structures, and they have attracted considerable interest due to their wide applications and significance in life science. The engineering process of bioinspired capsules and related applications have earned heavy concerns. However, the mechanism of capsule formation is often ignored. Herein, based on polyornithine (POR) and tannic acid (TA), two facile strategies to engineer bioinspired capsules were proposed, and the formation mechanisms were deeply explored. We found that the oxidized state of TA had a profound influence not on the thickness or permeability of the formed capsule but on the mechanism and generation process. Compared to TA/POR capsules produced from TA without oxidization (TA/POR), capsules produced from TA with preoxidization (oTA/POR) had thicker shells with higher impermeability. The dominant construction mode in the shells of TA/POR capsules was electrostatic interactions but became Schiff base bonds in oTA/POR capsules. The permeability of oTA/POR displayed pH reversibility and strong pH dependence, with 100% permeability at lower pH and 100% impermeability at pH 7, completing loading/releasing kinetics in minutes at pH 4. We believe these findings contribute to knowledge of bioinspired capsules from engineering processes and formation mechanisms, extending their applications in various fields, such as in drug delivery, artificial cells, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyin Wei
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Daozhen Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Jianghui Qin
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Bo Peng
- Oujiang Laboratory, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Perioperative Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Jinlian Road, Wenzhou 325001, PR China.
| | - Xingjie Zan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325035, PR China; Oujiang Laboratory, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Perioperative Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Jinlian Road, Wenzhou 325001, PR China.
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Vikulina AS, Campbell J. Biopolymer-Based Multilayer Capsules and Beads Made via Templating: Advantages, Hurdles and Perspectives. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2502. [PMID: 34684943 PMCID: PMC8537085 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the undeniable trends in modern bioengineering and nanotechnology is the use of various biomolecules, primarily of a polymeric nature, for the design and formulation of novel functional materials for controlled and targeted drug delivery, bioimaging and theranostics, tissue engineering, and other bioapplications. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, the possibility of replicating natural cellular microenvironments, and the minimal toxicity typical of biogenic polymers are features that have secured a growing interest in them as the building blocks for biomaterials of the fourth generation. Many recent studies showed the promise of the hard-templating approach for the fabrication of nano- and microparticles utilizing biopolymers. This review covers these studies, bringing together up-to-date knowledge on biopolymer-based multilayer capsules and beads, critically assessing the progress made in this field of research, and outlining the current challenges and perspectives of these architectures. According to the classification of the templates, the review sequentially considers biopolymer structures templated on non-porous particles, porous particles, and crystal drugs. Opportunities for the functionalization of biopolymer-based capsules to tailor them toward specific bioapplications is highlighted in a separate section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Vikulina
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg, 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Dr.-Mack-Straße, 77, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Jack Campbell
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
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11
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Ruano M, Mateos-Maroto A, Ortega F, Ritacco H, Rubio JE, Guzmán E, Rubio RG. Fabrication of Robust Capsules by Sequential Assembly of Polyelectrolytes onto Charged Liposomes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:6189-6200. [PMID: 33945690 PMCID: PMC9205565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a simple methodology for coating small unilamellar liposomes bearing different degrees of positive charge with polyelectrolyte multilayers using the sequential layer-by-layer deposition method. The liposomes were made of mixtures of 1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocoline and dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DODAB) and coated by alternated layers of the sodium salt of poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and poly(allylamine) (PAH) as polyanions and polycations, respectively. The results show that the zeta potential of the liposomes was not very sensitive to the mole fraction of DODAB in the membrane, XD, in the range 0.3 ≤ XD ≤ 0.8. We were able to coat the liposomes with up to four polymer bilayers. The growth of the capsule size was followed by dynamic light scattering, and in some cases, by cryo-transmission electron microscopy, with good agreement between both techniques. The thickness of the layers, measured from the hydrodynamic radius of the coated liposome, depends on the polyelectrolyte used, so that the PSS layers adopt a much more packaged conformation than the PAH layers. An interesting finding is that the PSS amount needed to reach the isoelectric point of the capsules increases linearly with the charge density of the bare liposomes, whereas the amount of PAH does not depend on it. As expected, the preparation of the multilayers has to be done in such a way that when the system is close to the isoelectric point, the capsules do not aggregate. For this, we dropped the polyelectrolyte solution quickly, stirred it fast, and used dilute liposome suspensions. The method is very flexible and not limited to liposomes or polyelectrolyte multilayers; also, coatings containing charged nanoparticles can be easily made. Once the liposomes have been coated, lipids can be easily eliminated, giving rise to polyelectrolyte nanocapsules (polyelectrosomes) with potential applications as drug delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruano
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ana Mateos-Maroto
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Francisco Ortega
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Instituto
Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense
de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Hernán Ritacco
- Instituto
de Física del Sur (IFISUR)-Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - José E.
F. Rubio
- Centro
de Espectroscopía y Correlación, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Eduardo Guzmán
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Instituto
Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense
de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ramon G. Rubio
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Instituto
Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense
de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, Madrid 28040, Spain
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12
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Zhang L, Zhang D, Yang Y, Zhang Y. Stimuli-Responsive Proteinosomes Based on Biohybrid Shell Cross-Linked Micelles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:3950-3959. [PMID: 33751892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new method of stimuli-responsive proteinosome fabrication with the shell cross-linked micelle as a template is reported in this research. A thermoresponsive diblock copolymer poly[di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate]-b-poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-co-pyridyl disulfide methacrylamide] [PDEGMA-b-P(PEGMA-co-PDSMA)] was synthesized and self-assembled into micelles with PDEGMA cores and P(PEGMA-co-PDSMA) shells at the temperature above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Reduced bovine serum albumin (BSA) molecules with six thiol groups were used to cross-link the shells of the micelles by reacting with the pendant pyridyl disulfide groups on the P(PEGMA-co-PDSMA) block. At a temperature below the LCST of the polymer, the PDEGMA cores were dissolved in water, affording proteinosomes with a size of about 50 nm and capsule-like structures. The proteinosome was also thermoresponsive with a phase transition temperature at 35 °C. The fabrication of the proteinosome had no obvious influence on the structure and activity of BSA, and BSA retained most of its secondary structure and esterase-like activity. Because the BSA molecules were connected to the polymer chains through disulfide bonds, they could be released upon addition of dithiothreitol. The in vitro cell viability evaluation and the cellular uptake assay demonstrated that the proteinosome showed low toxicity to NIH 3T3 and 4T1 cells and could be internalized into the 4T1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Daowen Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yongfang Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, Tianjin 300130, China
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13
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Lipid nanovesicles for biomedical applications: 'What is in a name'? Prog Lipid Res 2021; 82:101096. [PMID: 33831455 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vesicles, generally defined as self-assembled structures formed by single or multiple concentric bilayers that surround an aqueous core, have been widely used for biomedical applications. They can either occur naturally (e.g. exosomes) or be produced artificially and range from the micrometric scale to the nanoscale. One the most well-known vesicle is the liposome, largely employed as a drug delivery nanocarrier. Liposomes have been modified along the years to improve physicochemical and biological features, resulting in long-circulating, ligand-targeted and stimuli-responsive liposomes, among others. In this process, new nomenclatures were reported in an extensive literature. In many instances, the new names suggest the emergence of a new nanocarrier, which have caused confusion as to whether the vesicles are indeed new entities or could simply be considered modified liposomes. Herein, we discussed the extensive nomenclature of vesicles based on the suffix "some" that are employed for drug delivery and composed of various types and proportions of lipids and others amphiphilic compounds. New names have most often been selected based on changes of vesicle lipid composition, but the payload, structural complexity (e.g. multicompartment) and new/improved proprieties (e.g. elasticity) have also inspired new vesicle names. Based on this discussion, we suggested a rational classification for vesicles.
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14
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Li L, Xu X, Liu L, Song P, Cao Q, Xu Z, Fang Z, Wang H. Water governs the mechanical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol). POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Zhang X, Shao X, Cai Z, Yan X, Zong W. The fabrication of phospholipid vesicle-based artificial cells and their functions. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05538g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid vesicles as artificial cells are used to simulate the cellular structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qiqihar University
- Qiqihar
- China
| | - Xiaotong Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qiqihar University
- Qiqihar
- China
| | - Zhenzhen Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qiqihar University
- Qiqihar
- China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qiqihar University
- Qiqihar
- China
| | - Wei Zong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qiqihar University
- Qiqihar
- China
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16
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Wang C, Vázquez-González M, Fadeev M, Sohn YS, Nechushtai R, Willner I. Thermoplasmonic-Triggered Release of Loads from DNA-Modified Hydrogel Microcapsules Functionalized with Au Nanoparticles or Au Nanorods. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000880. [PMID: 32374508 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcapsules consisting of hydrogel shells cross-linked by glucosamine-boronate ester complexes and duplex nucleic acids, loaded with dyes or drugs and functionalized with Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) or Au nanorods (Au NRs), are developed. Irradiation of Au NPs or Au NRs results in the thermoplasmonic heating of the microcapsules, and the dissociation of the nucleic acid cross-linkers. The separation of duplex nucleic acid cross-linkers leads to low-stiffness hydrogel shells, allowing the release of loads. Switching off the light-induced plasmonic heating results in the regeneration of stiff hydrogel shells protecting the microcapsules, leading to the blockage of release processes. The thermoplasmonic release of tetramethylrhodamine-dextran, Texas Red-dextran, doxorubicin-dextran (DOX-D), or camptothecin-carboxymethylcellulose (CPT-CMC) from the microcapsules is introduced. By loading the microcapsules with two different drugs (DOX-D and CPT-CMC), the light-controlled dose release is demonstrated. Cellular experiments show efficient permeation of Au NPs/DOX-D or Au NRs/DOX-D microcapsules into MDA-MB-231 cancer cells and inefficient uptake by MCF-10A epithelial breast cells. Cytotoxicity experiments reveal selective thermoplasmon-induced cytotoxicity of the microcapsules toward MDA-MB-231 cancer cells as compared to MCF-10A cells. Also, selective cytotoxicity towards MDA-MB-231 cancer cells upon irradiation of the Au NPs- and Au NRs-functionalized microcapsules at λ = 532 or 910 nm is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Complex Bio-Hybrid System, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Margarita Vázquez-González
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Complex Bio-Hybrid System, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Michael Fadeev
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Complex Bio-Hybrid System, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Yang Sung Sohn
- Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Rachel Nechushtai
- Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Itamar Willner
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Complex Bio-Hybrid System, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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17
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Sharma V, Sundaramurthy A. Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:508-532. [PMID: 32274289 PMCID: PMC7113543 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer capsules have been of great interest for scientists and medical communities in multidisciplinary fields of research, such as drug delivery, sensing, biomedicine, theranostics and gene therapy. The most essential attributes of a drug delivery system are considered to be multi-functionality and stimuli responsiveness against a range of external and internal stimuli. Apart from the highly explored strong polyelectrolytes, weak polyelectrolytes offer great versatility with a highly controllable architecture, unique stimuli responsiveness and easy tuning of the properties for intracellular delivery of cargo. This review describes the progress in the preparation, functionalization and applications of capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes or their combination with biopolymers. The selection of a sacrificial template for capsule formation, the driving forces involved, the encapsulation of a variety of cargo and release based on different internal and external stimuli have also been addressed. We describe recent perspectives and obstacles of weak polyelectrolyte/biopolymer systems in applications such as therapeutics, biosensing, bioimaging, bioreactors, vaccination, tissue engineering and gene delivery. This review gives an emerging outlook on the advantages and unique responsiveness of weak polyelectrolyte based systems that can enable their widespread use in potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
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18
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Physicochemical considerations for bottom-up synthetic biology. Emerg Top Life Sci 2019; 3:445-458. [PMID: 33523159 PMCID: PMC7289010 DOI: 10.1042/etls20190017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The bottom-up construction of synthetic cells from molecular components is arguably one of the most challenging areas of research in the life sciences. We review the impact of confining biological systems in synthetic vesicles. Complex cell-like systems require control of the internal pH, ionic strength, (macro)molecular crowding, redox state and metabolic energy conservation. These physicochemical parameters influence protein activity and need to be maintained within limits to ensure the system remains in steady-state. We present the physicochemical considerations for building synthetic cells with dimensions ranging from the smallest prokaryotes to eukaryotic cells.
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19
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Zhao M, Wang C, Jiang H, Dawadi MB, Vogt BD, Modarelli DA, Zacharia NS. Polyelectrolyte-micelle coacervates: intrapolymer-dominant vs. interpolymer-dominant association, solute uptake and rheological properties. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:3043-3054. [PMID: 30901008 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of polyelectrolyte charge density, polyelectrolyte-to-surfactant ratio, and micelle species on coacervation were studied by turbidity, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential measurements to examine the coacervation of the weak polyelectrolyte branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) and oppositely charged sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles as well as BPEI and mixed micelles composed of SDS and poly(ethylene glycol) 4-nonylphenyl 3-sulfopropyl ether potassium salt (PENS). The results of dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements are discussed in terms of pH and BPEI-to-surfactant ratio. An intrapolymer-dominant to interpolymer-dominant association model for the BPEI-micelle coacervates was proposed based on the variation of size and zeta potential of coacervate particles by their BPEI-to-surfactant ratio. The partition coefficient of solutes into BPEI-micelle coacervates was determined using UV-vis measurements as a function of pH, BPEI-to-surfactant ratio, and mixed micelle composition. Both the hydrophobicity of solutes and micelles, as well as the association mode of coacervates, impact the solute uptake efficiency. Dynamic rheological measurements on the coacervates suggest that the rheological properties of the complex coacervates are impacted by the association mode of the coacervates as well as the charge density on BPEI chains during coacervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S. Forge St, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
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20
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Liu Z, Wang B, Jin S, Wang Z, Wang L, Liang S. Bioinspired Dual-Enzyme Colloidosome Reactors for High-Performance Biphasic Catalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:41504-41511. [PMID: 30403332 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel method for the construction of colloidosomes as a microreactor for dual-enzyme cascade biphasic reaction has been reported. A lipase-glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme pair is employed in this system. A water-soluble enzyme GOx is compartmentalized inside the colloidosomes. A hydrophobic environment-favored enzyme Candida Antarctica lipase B (CalB) is adsorbed on the outer surfaces of the colloidosomes. The catalysis system is set up by introducing these dual-enzyme-immobilized microcapsules into acetic ether. H2O2 is produced in the aqueous phase by the doped GOx, and then H2O2 diffused out of the microcapsules is utilized by CalB to catalyze the oxidation of ethyl acetate. Finally, the formed peracids oxidized N-heteroaromatic in situ. Furthermore, no obvious yield decline is observed in four reaction cycles. Thus, our work provides a new strategy for the design of high-performance biomimicking reactors for multiple enzyme cascade reactions and further expands the potential application area of colloidosomes.
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21
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Niu Y, Qi L, Zhang F, Zhao Y. Geometric screening of core/shell hydrogel microcapsules using a tapered microchannel with interdigitated electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 112:162-169. [PMID: 29704784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Core/shell hydrogel microcapsules attract increasing research attention due to their potentials in tissue engineering, food engineering, and drug delivery. Current approaches for generating core/shell hydrogel microcapsules suffer from large geometric variations. Geometrically defective core/shell microcapsules need to be removed before further use. High-throughput geometric characterization of such core/shell microcapsules is therefore necessary. In this work, a continuous-flow device was developed to measure the geometric properties of microcapsules with a hydrogel shell and an aqueous core. The microcapsules were pumped through a tapered microchannel patterned with an array of interdigitated microelectrodes. The geometric parameters (the shell thickness and the diameter) were derived from the displacement profiles of the microcapsules. The results show that this approach can successfully distinguish all unencapsulated microparticles. The geometric properties of core/shell microcapsules can be determined with high accuracy. The efficacy of this method was demonstrated through a drug releasing experiment where the optimization of the electrospray process based on geometric screening can lead to controlled and extended drug releasing profiles. This method does not require high-speed optical systems, simplifying the system configuration and making it an indeed miniaturized device. The throughput of up to 584 microcapsules per minute was achieved. This study provides a powerful tool for screening core/shell hydrogel microcapsules and is expected to facilitate the applications of these microcapsules in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Niu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Fen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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22
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Armada‐Moreira A, Thingholm B, Andreassen K, Sebastião AM, Vaz SH, Städler B. On the Assembly of Microreactors with Parallel Enzymatic Pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2:e1700244. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Armada‐Moreira
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa 1649‐028 Lisboa Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa 1649‐028 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Bo Thingholm
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | - Kristine Andreassen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | - Ana M. Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa 1649‐028 Lisboa Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa 1649‐028 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Sandra H. Vaz
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa 1649‐028 Lisboa Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa 1649‐028 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
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23
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Peyret A, Zhao H, Lecommandoux S. Preparation and Properties of Asymmetric Synthetic Membranes Based on Lipid and Polymer Self-Assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:3376-3385. [PMID: 29486556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell membrane asymmetry is a common structural feature of all biological cells. Researchers have tried for decades to better study its formation and its function in membrane-regulated phenomena. In particular, there has been increasing interest in developing synthetic asymmetric membrane models in the laboratory, with the aim of studying basic physical chemistry properties that may be correlated to a relevant biological function. The present article aims to summarize the main presented approaches to prepare asymmetric membranes, which are most often made from lipids, polymers, or a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Peyret
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPO, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629 , 16 Avenue Pey Berland F-33600 Pessac , France
| | - Hang Zhao
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPO, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629 , 16 Avenue Pey Berland F-33600 Pessac , France
| | - Sébastien Lecommandoux
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPO, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629 , 16 Avenue Pey Berland F-33600 Pessac , France
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24
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Guzmán E, Mateos-Maroto A, Ruano M, Ortega F, Rubio RG. Layer-by-Layer polyelectrolyte assemblies for encapsulation and release of active compounds. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 249:290-307. [PMID: 28455094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Soft assemblies obtained following the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) approach are accounted among the most interesting systems for designing biomaterials and drug delivery platforms. This is due to the extraordinary versatility and flexibility offered by the LbL method, allowing for the fabrication of supramolecular multifunctional materials using a wide range of building blocks through different types of interactions (electrostatic, hydrogen bonds, acid-base or coordination interactions, or even covalent bonds). This provides the bases for the building of materials with different sizes, shapes, compositions and morphologies, gathering important possibilities for tuning and controlling the physico-chemical properties of the assembled materials with precision in the nanometer scale, and consequently creating important perspective for the application of these multifunctional materials as cargo systems in many areas of technological interest. This review studies different physico - chemical aspects associated with the assembly of supramolecular materials by the LbL method, paying special attention to the description of these aspects playing a central role in the application of these materials as cargo platforms for encapsulation and release of active compounds.
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25
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Lu AX, Oh H, Terrell JL, Bentley WE, Raghavan SR. A new design for an artificial cell: polymer microcapsules with addressable inner compartments that can harbor biomolecules, colloids or microbial species. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6893-6903. [PMID: 30155196 PMCID: PMC6103254 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01335c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have an architecture consisting of multiple inner compartments (organelles) such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and lysosomes. Each organelle is surrounded by a distinct membrane and has unique internal contents; consequently, each organelle has a distinct function within the cell. In this study, we create biopolymer microcapsules having a compartmentalized architecture as in eukaryotic cells. To make these capsules, we present a biocompatible method that solely uses aqueous media (i.e., avoids the use of oil phases), requires no sacrificial templates, and employs a minimal number of steps. Our approach exploits the electrostatic complexation of oppositely charged polymers dissolved in aqueous media. Specifically, droplets of an anionic biopolymer are generated using a simple microcapillary device, with the droplets being sheared off the capillary tip by pulses of gas (air or nitrogen). The liquid droplets are then introduced into a reservoir whereupon they encounter multivalent cations as well as a cationic biopolymer; thereby, a solid shell is formed around each droplet by electrostatic interactions between the polymers while the core is ionically cross-linked into a gel. In the next step, a discrete number of these capsules are encapsulated within a larger outer capsule by repeating the same process with a wider capillary. Our approach allows us to control the overall diameter of these multicompartment capsules (MCCs) (∼300-500 μm), the diameters of the inner compartments (∼100-300 μm), and the number of inner compartments in an MCC (1 to >5). More importantly, we can encapsulate different payloads in each of the inner compartments, including colloidal particles, enzymes, and microbial cells, in all cases preserving their native functions. A hallmark of biological cells is the existence of cascade processes, where products created in one organelle are transported and used in another. As an initial demonstration of the capabilities afforded by our MCCs, we study a simple cascade process involving two strains of bacteria (E. coli), which communicate through small molecules known as autoinducers. In one compartment of the MCC, we cultivate E. coli that produces autoinducer 2 (AI-2) in the presence of growth media. The AI-2 then diffuses into an adjacent compartment within the MCC wherein a reporter strain of E. coli is cultivated. The reporter E. coli imbibes the AI-2 and in turn, produces a fluorescence response. Thus, the action (AI-2 production) and response (fluorescence signal) are localized within different compartments in the same MCC. We believe this study is an important advance in the path towards an artificial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Xi Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , MD 20742 , USA .
| | - Hyuntaek Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , MD 20742 , USA .
| | - Jessica L Terrell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering , University of Maryland , College Park , MD 20742 , USA
| | - William E Bentley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , MD 20742 , USA .
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering , University of Maryland , College Park , MD 20742 , USA
| | - Srinivasa R Raghavan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , MD 20742 , USA .
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering , University of Maryland , College Park , MD 20742 , USA
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26
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Zarket BC, Raghavan SR. Onion-like multilayered polymer capsules synthesized by a bioinspired inside-out technique. Nat Commun 2017; 8:193. [PMID: 28779112 PMCID: PMC5544678 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse structures in nature, such as the spinal disc and the onion have many concentric layers, and are created starting from the core and proceeding outwards. Here, we demonstrate an inside-out technique for creating multilayered polymer capsules. First, an initiator-loaded gel core is placed in a solution of monomer 1. The initiator diffuses outward and induces polymerization, leading to a shell of polymer 1. Thereafter, the core-shell structure is loaded with fresh initiator and placed in monomer 2, which causes a concentric shell of polymer 2 to form around the first shell. This process can be repeated to form multiple layers, each of a distinct polymer, and of controlled layer thickness. We show that these multilayered capsules can exhibit remarkable mechanical resilience as well as stimuli-responsive properties. The release of solutes from these capsules can be tailored to follow specific profiles depending on the chemistry and order of adjacent layers.Multiple concentric layers are present in a variety of structures present in nature, including the onion. Here, the authors show an inside-out strategy to synthesize multilayered polymer capsules, with different layers having specific composition and thereby specific responses to stimuli such as pH and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady C Zarket
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Srinivasa R Raghavan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA.
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27
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Zhao M, Eghtesadi SA, Dawadi MB, Wang C, Huang S, Seymore AE, Vogt BD, Modarelli DA, Liu T, Zacharia NS. Partitioning of Small Molecules in Hydrogen-Bonding Complex Coacervates of Poly(acrylic acid) and Poly(ethylene glycol) or Pluronic Block Copolymer. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amy E. Seymore
- Department
of Chemistry, Lorain County Community College, Elyria, Ohio 44035, United States
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28
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Bayoumi M, Bayley H, Maglia G, Sapra KT. Multi-compartment encapsulation of communicating droplets and droplet networks in hydrogel as a model for artificial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45167. [PMID: 28367984 PMCID: PMC5377250 DOI: 10.1038/srep45167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Constructing a cell mimic is a major challenge posed by synthetic biologists. Efforts to this end have been primarily focused on lipid- and polymer-encapsulated containers, liposomes and polymersomes, respectively. Here, we introduce a multi-compartment, nested system comprising aqueous droplets stabilized in an oil/lipid mixture, all encapsulated in hydrogel. Functional capabilities (electrical and chemical communication) were imparted by protein nanopores spanning the lipid bilayer formed at the interface of the encapsulated aqueous droplets and the encasing hydrogel. Crucially, the compartmentalization enabled the formation of two adjoining lipid bilayers in a controlled manner, a requirement for the realization of a functional protocell or prototissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Bayoumi
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hagan Bayley
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Maglia
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Tanuj Sapra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Recent advances in compartmentalized synthetic architectures as drug carriers, cell mimics and artificial organelles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 152:199-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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30
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Pan HM, Yu H, Guigas G, Fery A, Weiss M, Patzel V, Trau D. Engineering and Design of Polymeric Shells: Inwards Interweaving Polymers as Multilayer Nanofilm, Immobilization Matrix, or Chromatography Resins. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5447-5456. [PMID: 28054761 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels with complex internal structures are required for advanced drug delivery systems and tissue engineering or used as inks for 3D printing. However, hydrogels lack the tunability and diversity of polymeric shells and require complicated postsynthesis steps to alter its structure or properties. We report on the first integrated approach to assemble and design polymeric shells to take on various complex structures and functions such as multilayer nanofilms, multidensity immobilization matrix, or multiadhesive chromatography resins via the tuning of four assembly parameters: (a) poly(allylamine) (PA) concentration, (b) number of poly(allylamine)/poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PA/PSSA) incubations, (c) poly(allylamine) (PA) to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafting ratio, and (d) % H2O present during assembly. Our approach combines the complex 3D structures of hydrogels with the versatility of self-assembled polymeric layers. Polymeric shells produced from our method have a highly uniform material distribution and well-defined shell boundaries. Shell thickness, density, and adhesive properties are easily tunable. By virtue of such unique material features, we demonstrate that polymeric shells can be designed to expand beyond its conventional function as thin films and serve as immobilization matrix, chromatography resins, or even reaction compartments. This technique could also uncover interesting perspectives in the development of novel multimaterials for 3D printing to synthesize scaffolds at a higher order of complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houwen Matthew Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583, Singapore
| | - Han Yu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , 5 Science Drive 2, 117597, Singapore
| | - Gernot Guigas
- Experimental Physics I, University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Weiss
- Experimental Physics I, University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Volker Patzel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , 5 Science Drive 2, 117597, Singapore
| | - Dieter Trau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583, Singapore
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31
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Peyret A, Ibarboure E, Tron A, Beauté L, Rust R, Sandre O, McClenaghan ND, Lecommandoux S. Polymersome Popping by Light‐Induced Osmotic Shock under Temporal, Spatial, and Spectral Control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1566-1570. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Peyret
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPOUniversité de Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629 33600 Pessac France
| | - Emmanuel Ibarboure
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPOUniversité de Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629 33600 Pessac France
| | - Arnaud Tron
- Institut des Sciences MoléculairesUniversité de Bordeaux CNRS UMR 5255 33405 Talence France
| | - Louis Beauté
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPOUniversité de Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629 33600 Pessac France
| | - Ruben Rust
- Institut des Sciences MoléculairesUniversité de Bordeaux CNRS UMR 5255 33405 Talence France
| | - Olivier Sandre
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPOUniversité de Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629 33600 Pessac France
| | - Nathan D. McClenaghan
- Institut des Sciences MoléculairesUniversité de Bordeaux CNRS UMR 5255 33405 Talence France
| | - Sebastien Lecommandoux
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPOUniversité de Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629 33600 Pessac France
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32
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Xue B, Kozlovskaya V, Kharlampieva E. Shaped stimuli-responsive hydrogel particles: syntheses, properties and biological responses. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:9-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02746f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes a pool of current experimental approaches and discusses perspectives in the development of the synergistic combination of shape and stimuli-response in particulate hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xue
- Chemistry Department
- University of Alabama at Birmingham
- USA
| | | | - Eugenia Kharlampieva
- Chemistry Department
- University of Alabama at Birmingham
- USA
- Center for Nanomaterials and Biointegration
- University of Alabama at Birmingham
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33
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Peyret A, Ibarboure E, Tron A, Beauté L, Rust R, Sandre O, McClenaghan ND, Lecommandoux S. Polymersome Popping by Light-Induced Osmotic Shock under Temporal, Spatial, and Spectral Control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Peyret
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPO; Université de Bordeaux; CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629 33600 Pessac France
| | - Emmanuel Ibarboure
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPO; Université de Bordeaux; CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629 33600 Pessac France
| | - Arnaud Tron
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires; Université de Bordeaux; CNRS UMR 5255 33405 Talence France
| | - Louis Beauté
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPO; Université de Bordeaux; CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629 33600 Pessac France
| | - Ruben Rust
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires; Université de Bordeaux; CNRS UMR 5255 33405 Talence France
| | - Olivier Sandre
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPO; Université de Bordeaux; CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629 33600 Pessac France
| | - Nathan D. McClenaghan
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires; Université de Bordeaux; CNRS UMR 5255 33405 Talence France
| | - Sebastien Lecommandoux
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPO; Université de Bordeaux; CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629 33600 Pessac France
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34
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Su D, Liu X, Wang L, Ma C, Xie H, Zhang H, Meng X, Huang Y, Huang X. Bio-inspired engineering proteinosomes with a cell-wall-like protective shell by self-assembly of a metal-chelated complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:13803-13806. [PMID: 27831577 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07655f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A cell-wall-like shell is constructed around proteinosomes by coordination complexes of tannic acid and Fe3+, which endows the engineered proteinosomes with an enhanced Young's modulus of the membrane, protease resistant ability, EDTA-mediated release of loaded DNA, and electrostatic gated encapsulated enzyme activity, as well as antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Su
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
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35
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Arya C, Oh H, Raghavan SR. "Killer" Microcapsules That Can Selectively Destroy Target Microparticles in Their Vicinity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:29688-29695. [PMID: 27802606 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have developed microscale polymer capsules that are able to chemically degrade a certain type of polymeric microbead in their immediate vicinity. The inspiration here is from the body's immune system, where killer T cells selectively destroy cancerous cells or cells infected by pathogens while leaving healthy cells alone. The "killer" capsules are made from the cationic biopolymer chitosan by a combination of ionic cross-linking (using multivalent tripolyposphate anions) and subsequent covalent cross-linking (using glutaraldehyde). During capsule formation, the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) is encapsulated in these capsules. The target beads are made by ionic cross-linking of the biopolymer alginate using copper (Cu2+) cations. The killer capsules harvest glucose from their surroundings, which is then enzymatically converted by GOx into gluconate ions. These ions are known for their ability to chelate Cu2+ cations. Thus, when a killer capsule is next to a target alginate bead, the gluconate ions diffuse into the bead and extract the Cu2+ cross-links, causing the disintegration of the target bead. Such destruction is visualized in real-time using optical microscopy. The destruction is specific, i.e., other microparticles that do not contain Cu2+ are left undisturbed. Moreover, the destruction is localized, i.e., the targets destroyed in the short term are the ones right next to the killer beads. The time scale for destruction depends on the concentration of encapsulated enzyme in the capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandamany Arya
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Hyuntaek Oh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Srinivasa R Raghavan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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36
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Qiao Y, Li M, Booth R, Mann S. Predatory behaviour in synthetic protocell communities. Nat Chem 2016; 9:110-119. [PMID: 28282044 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the chemical construction of colloidal objects comprising integrated biomimetic functions is paving the way towards rudimentary forms of artificial cell-like entities (protocells). Although several new types of protocells are currently available, the design of synthetic protocell communities and investigation of their collective behaviour has received little attention. Here we demonstrate an artificial form of predatory behaviour in a community of protease-containing coacervate microdroplets and protein-polymer microcapsules (proteinosomes) that interact via electrostatic binding. The coacervate microdroplets act as killer protocells for the obliteration of the target proteinosome population by protease-induced lysis of the protein-polymer membrane. As a consequence, the proteinosome payload (dextran, single-stranded DNA, platinum nanoparticles) is trafficked into the attached coacervate microdroplets, which are then released as functionally modified killer protocells capable of rekilling. Our results highlight opportunities for the development of interacting artificial protocell communities, and provide a strategy for inducing collective behaviour in soft matter microcompartmentalized systems and synthetic protocell consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiao
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Mei Li
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Richard Booth
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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37
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Zhou P, Liu X, Wu G, Wen P, Wang L, Huang Y, Huang X. Programmable Modulation of Membrane Permeability of Proteinosome upon Multiple Stimuli Responses. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:961-966. [PMID: 35607212 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane permeability is a necessary and overarching attribute for all the hollow microcompartments toward the application as nanoreactors or artificial cells. Differing from the widely reported various stimuli models, in this study we describe a way to generate a multistimuli proteinosome capable of being triggered in sequence of temperature, redox species, and pH, thus, showing a continuous modulation on the membrane permeability. Studies showed that the molecular weight cutoff of the constructed proteinosome membrane could be continuously turned up from 78 to 102 kDa and to 142 kDa, and then turned down to 35.2 kDa upon different stimuli. As a proof of concept, such continuous modulated behavior allows a well-controlled programmed release upon the encapsulation of a FITC-labeled dextran into proteinosomes. It is anticipated that such designed proteinosomes equipped with programmed modulation of membrane permeability are promising candidates for the further development of artificial model design, such as cellular communication or metabolism in which stuff exchange is required to support in situ procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhou
- MIIT Key
Laboratory of Critical
Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State
Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- MIIT Key
Laboratory of Critical
Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State
Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Guangyu Wu
- MIIT Key
Laboratory of Critical
Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State
Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ping Wen
- MIIT Key
Laboratory of Critical
Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State
Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MIIT Key
Laboratory of Critical
Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State
Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yudong Huang
- MIIT Key
Laboratory of Critical
Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State
Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xin Huang
- MIIT Key
Laboratory of Critical
Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State
Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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38
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Preparation of novel capsosome with liposomal core by layer-by-Layer self-assembly of sodium hyaluronate and chitosan. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 144:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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39
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Liu X, Zhou P, Huang Y, Li M, Huang X, Mann S. Hierarchical Proteinosomes for Programmed Release of Multiple Components. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7095-100. [PMID: 27144816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A facile route to hierarchically organized multicompartmentalized proteinosomes based on a recursive Pickering emulsion procedure using amphiphilic protein-polymer nanoconjugate building blocks is described. The number of incarcerated guest proteinosomes within a single host proteinosome is controlled, and enzymes and genetic polymers encapsulated within targeted subcompartments to produce chemically organized multi-tiered structures. Three types of spatiotemporal response-retarded concomitant release, synchronous release or hierarchical release of dextran and DNA-are demonstrated based on the sequential response of the host and guest membranes to attack by protease, or through variations in the positioning of disulfide-containing cross-links in either the host or guest proteinosomes integrated into the nested architectures. Overall, our studies provide a step towards the construction of hierarchically structured synthetic protocells with chemically and spatially integrated proto-organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yudong Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Mei Li
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Xin Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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40
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Liu X, Zhou P, Huang Y, Li M, Huang X, Mann S. Hierarchical Proteinosomes for Programmed Release of Multiple Components. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Pei Zhou
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Yudong Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Mei Li
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry; School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Xin Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry; School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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41
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Sun S, Li M, Dong F, Wang S, Tian L, Mann S. Chemical Signaling and Functional Activation in Colloidosome-Based Protocells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:1920-7. [PMID: 26923794 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An aqueous-based microcompartmentalized model involving the integration of partially hydrophobic Fe(III)-rich montmorillonite (FeM) clay particles as structural and catalytic building blocks for colloidosome membrane assembly, self-directed membrane remodeling, and signal-induced protocell communication is described. The clay colloidosomes exhibit size- and charge-selective permeability, and show dual catalytic functions involving spatially confined enzyme-mediated dephosphorylation and peroxidase-like membrane activity. The latter is used for the colloidosome-mediated synthesis and assembly of a temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM)/clay-integrated hybrid membrane. In situ PNIPAM elaboration of the membrane is coupled to a glucose oxidase (GOx)-mediated signaling pathway to establish a primitive model of chemical communication and functional activation within a synthetic "protocell community" comprising a mixed population of GOx-containing silica colloidosomes and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-containing FeM-clay colloidosomes. Triggering the enzyme reaction in the silica colloidosomes gives a hydrogen peroxide signal that induces polymer wall formation in a coexistent population of the FeM-clay colloidosomes, which in turn generates self-regulated membrane-gated ALP-activity within the clay microcompartments. The emergence of new functionalities in inorganic colloidosomes via chemical communication between different protocell populations provides a first step toward the realization of interacting communities of synthetic functional microcompartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Sun
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- School of Environment and Resource, Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, China
| | - Mei Li
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Faqin Dong
- School of Environment and Resource, Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, China
| | - Shengjie Wang
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Liangfei Tian
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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Akkarachaneeyakorn K, Li M, Davis SA, Mann S. Secretion and Reversible Assembly of Extracellular-like Matrix by Enzyme-Active Colloidosome-Based Protocells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2912-2919. [PMID: 26981922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The secretion and reversible assembly of an extracellular-like matrix by enzyme-active inorganic protocells (colloidosomes) is described. Addition of N-fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyl-tyrosine-(O)-phosphate to an aqueous suspension of alkaline phosphatase-containing colloidosomes results in molecular uptake and dephosphorylation to produce a time-dependent sequence of supramolecular hydrogel motifs (outer membrane wall, cytoskeletal-like interior and extra-protocellular matrix) that are integrated and remodelled within the microcapsule architecture and surrounding environment. Heat-induced disassembly of the extra-protocellular matrix followed by cooling produces colloidosomes with a densely packed hydrogel interior. These procedures are exploited for the fabrication of nested colloidosomes with spatially delineated regions of hydrogelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khrongkhwan Akkarachaneeyakorn
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Li
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Sean A Davis
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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43
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44
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Shklyaev OE, Shum H, Sen A, Balazs AC. Harnessing surface-bound enzymatic reactions to organize microcapsules in solution. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501835. [PMID: 27034990 PMCID: PMC4805431 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
By developing new computational models, we examine how enzymatic reactions on an underlying surface can be harnessed to direct the motion and organization of reagent-laden microcapsules in a fluid-filled microchannel. In the presence of appropriate reagents, surface-bound enzymes can act as pumps, which drive large-scale fluid flows. When the reagents diffuse through the capsules' porous shells, they can react with enzymatic sites on the bottom surface. The ensuing reaction generates fluid density variations, which result in fluid flows. These flows carry the suspended microcapsules and drive them to aggregate into "colonies" on and near the enzyme-covered sites. This aggregation continues until the reagent has been depleted and the convection stops. We show that the shape of the assembled colonies can be tailored by patterning the distribution of enzymes on the surface. This fundamental physicochemical mechanism could have played a role in the self-organization of early biological cells (protocells) and can be used to regulate the autonomous motion and targeted delivery of microcarriers in microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg E. Shklyaev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Henry Shum
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Anna C. Balazs
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Yin Y, Niu L, Zhu X, Zhao M, Zhang Z, Mann S, Liang D. Non-equilibrium behaviour in coacervate-based protocells under electric-field-induced excitation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10658. [PMID: 26876162 PMCID: PMC4756681 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous strategies are now available to generate rudimentary forms of synthetic cell-like entities, minimal progress has been made in the sustained excitation of artificial protocells under non-equilibrium conditions. Here we demonstrate that the electric field energization of coacervate microdroplets comprising polylysine and short single strands of DNA generates membrane-free protocells with complex, dynamical behaviours. By confining the droplets within a microfluidic channel and applying a range of electric field strengths, we produce protocells that exhibit repetitive cycles of vacuolarization, dynamical fluctuations in size and shape, chaotic growth and fusion, spontaneous ejection and sequestration of matter, directional capture of solute molecules, and pulsed enhancement of enzyme cascade reactions. Our results highlight new opportunities for the study of non-equilibrium phenomena in synthetic protocells, provide a strategy for inducing complex behaviour in electrostatically assembled soft matter microsystems and illustrate how dynamical properties can be activated and sustained in microcompartmentalized media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin Niu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaocui Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meiping Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zexin Zhang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Dehai Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Nikolov SV, Shum H, Balazs AC, Alexeev A. Computational design of microscopic swimmers and capsules: From directed motion to collective behavior. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Mable CJ, Gibson R, Prevost S, McKenzie B, Mykhaylyk OO, Armes SP. Loading of Silica Nanoparticles in Block Copolymer Vesicles during Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly: Encapsulation Efficiency and Thermally Triggered Release. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:16098-108. [PMID: 26600089 PMCID: PMC4697924 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)-poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer vesicles can be prepared in the form of concentrated aqueous dispersions via polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). In the present study, these syntheses are conducted in the presence of varying amounts of silica nanoparticles of approximately 18 nm diameter. This approach leads to encapsulation of up to hundreds of silica nanoparticles per vesicle. Silica has high electron contrast compared to the copolymer which facilitates TEM analysis, and its thermal stability enables quantification of the loading efficiency via thermogravimetric analysis. Encapsulation efficiencies can be calculated using disk centrifuge photosedimentometry, since the vesicle density increases at higher silica loadings while the mean vesicle diameter remains essentially unchanged. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is used to confirm silica encapsulation, since a structure factor is observed at q ≈ 0.25 nm(-1). A new two-population model provides satisfactory data fits to the SAXS patterns and allows the mean silica volume fraction within the vesicles to be determined. Finally, the thermoresponsive nature of the diblock copolymer vesicles enables thermally triggered release of the encapsulated silica nanoparticles simply by cooling to 0-10 °C, which induces a morphological transition. These silica-loaded vesicles constitute a useful model system for understanding the encapsulation of globular proteins, enzymes, or antibodies for potential biomedical applications. They may also serve as an active payload for self-healing hydrogels or repair of biological tissue. Finally, we also encapsulate a model globular protein, bovine serum albumin, and calculate its loading efficiency using fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J. Mable
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca
R. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Prevost
- ESRF, The European
Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Beulah
E. McKenzie
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Oleksandr O. Mykhaylyk
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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Yashin VV, Kolmakov GV, Shum H, Balazs AC. Designing Synthetic Microcapsules That Undergo Biomimetic Communication and Autonomous Motion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:11951-11963. [PMID: 26218608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the collective behavior of slime molds and amoebas, we designed synthetic cell-like objects that move and self-organize in response to self-generated chemical gradients, thereby exhibiting autochemotaxis. Using computational modeling, we specifically focused on microcapsules that encompass a permeable shell and are localized on an adhesive surface in solution. Lacking any internal machinery, these spherical, fluid-filled shells might resemble the earliest protocells. Our microcapsules do, however, encase particles that can diffuse through the outer shell and into the surrounding fluid. The released particles play two important, physically realizable roles: (1) they affect the permeability of neighboring capsules and (2) they generate adhesion gradients on the underlying surface. Due to feedback mechanisms provided by the released particles, the self-generated adhesion gradients, and hydrodynamic interactions, the capsules undergo collective, self-sustained motion and even exhibit antlike tracking behavior. With the introduction of a chemically patterned stripe on the surface, a triad of capsules can be driven to pick up four-capsule cargo, transport this cargo, and drop off this payload at a designated site. We also modeled a system where the released particles give rise to a particular cycle of negative feedback loops (mimicking the "repressilator" network), which regulates the production of chemicals within the capsules and hence their release into the solution. By altering the system parameters, three capsules could be controllably driven to self-organize into a stable, close-packed triad that would either translate as a group or remain stationary. Moreover, the stationary triads could be made to switch off after assembly and thus produce minimal quantities of chemicals. Taken together, our models allow us to design a rich variety of self-propelled structures that achieve complex, cooperative behavior through fundamental physicochemical phenomena. The studies can also shed light on factors that enable individual protocells to communicate and self-assemble into larger communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Yashin
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - German V Kolmakov
- Physics Department, New York City College of Technology , Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Henry Shum
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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High-Throughput Screening in Protein Engineering: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24918-45. [PMID: 26492240 PMCID: PMC4632782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last three decades, protein engineering has established itself as an important tool for the development of enzymes and (therapeutic) proteins with improved characteristics. New mutagenesis techniques and computational design tools have greatly aided in the advancement of protein engineering. Yet, one of the pivotal components to further advance protein engineering strategies is the high-throughput screening of variants. Compartmentalization is one of the key features allowing miniaturization and acceleration of screening. This review focuses on novel screening technologies applied in protein engineering, highlighting flow cytometry- and microfluidics-based platforms.
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Gao B, Konno T, Ishihara K. Fabrication of a live cell-containing multilayered polymer hydrogel membrane with micrometer-scale thickness to evaluate pharmaceutical activity. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2015; 26:1372-85. [PMID: 26374190 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2015.1095025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose a spinning-assisted layer-by-layer method for simple fabrication of a multilayered polymer hydrogel membrane that contains living cells. Hydrogel formation occurred based on the spontaneous cross-linking reaction between two polymers in aqueous solution. A water-soluble 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine polymer bearing phenylboronic acid groups (PMBV) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were used as polymers for hydrogel membrane formation. Changing the number of hydrogel membrane layers, polymer concentration, spinning rate, and processing time for diffusion-dependent gelation of PMBV and PVA facilitated the regulation of the multilayered polymer hydrogel membrane thickness and morphology. We concluded that a multilayered polymer hydrogel membrane prepared using 5.0 wt% PMBV and 5.0 wt% PVA at a spinning rate of 2000 rpm was suitable for precise spatial control of cells in single layers. This multilayered polymer hydrogel membrane was used to prepare a single cell-laden layer to minimize barriers to the diffusion of bioactive compounds while preserving the three-dimensional (3-D) context. The pharmaceutical effects of one of the anticancer agents, paclitaxel, on a human cervical cancer line, HeLa cells, were evaluated in vitro, and the usability of this culture model was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Gao
- a Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo ,7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Konno
- b Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo ,7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- a Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo ,7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan.,b Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo ,7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
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