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Nguyen TNT, Vuong QT, Lee SJ, Xiao H, Choi SD. Identification of source areas of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Ulsan, South Korea, using hybrid receptor models and the conditional bivariate probability function. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:140-151. [PMID: 34981807 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00320h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study identifies the emission source areas for the atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) detected in Ulsan, South Korea. To achieve this, in addition to a conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF), two hybrid receptor models - the three-dimensional potential source contribution function (3D-PSCF) model and the 3D concentration weighted function (3D-CWT) model - were used, both of which adopt trajectory segments within the mixing layer. Notably, the fraction-weighted trajectory (FWT), a combination of PAH gas/particle partitioning with a hybrid receptor model, was introduced for the first time in this study to support the identification of emission source areas using other approaches (i.e., 3D-PSCF, 3D-CWT, and CBPF). Consequently, it was found that gaseous PAHs in Ulsan mostly originated from local emission sources (i.e., transportation and industrial emissions) throughout the year, whereas particulate PAHs were likely to originate from emission sources in China (e.g., Shandong, Hebei, and Liaoning) during spring and winter via long-range transport. However, in summer and fall, the influence of local emissions on particulate PAHs appeared to be stronger. The FWT was able to distinguish between local and distant sources more effectively, especially in summer and fall, i.e., the periods when local sources increased their contribution. This study thus increases the understanding of the long-range transport of PAHs in Northeast Asia, and the novel FWT approach exhibits the potential to be employed in the source area identification of various semi-volatile organic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyet Nam Thi Nguyen
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Faculty of Environmental Science, Saigon University, Ho Chi Minh City, 72710, Vietnam
| | - Quang Tran Vuong
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Ogbunuzor CC, Hellier PR, Talibi M, Ladommatos N. In-Cylinder Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Sampled during Diesel Engine Combustion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:571-580. [PMID: 33295764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are potentially carcinogenic pollutants emitted by diesel engines, both in the gas phase and adsorbed onto the surface of particulate matter (PM). There remains limited understanding of the complex and dynamic competing mechanisms of PAH formation, growth and oxidation in the gas phase, and their adsorption onto soot and how these processes impact on the abundance and composition of exhaust PAH. Therefore, this paper presents analysis of gas and particulate samples taken from the cylinder and exhaust of a diesel engine during combustion of fossil diesel with the 16 US-EPA priority PAH species identified and quantified. In-cylinder results showed that gas-phase PAHs were more abundant than soot-bound PAHs in the engine cylinder. The in-cylinder PAHs included 2- to 6-ring PAHs; however, 6-ring PAHs were not observed in the soot samples collected from the engine exhaust. Levels of both PM and the total in-cylinder PAHs decreased following a peak at 10 CAD ATDC but subsequently increased significantly during the late combustion phase. The B[a]P equivalence of PM in the engine cylinder increased during the period of early diffusion to late combustion phase, following an initial decrease during the period of premixed to early diffusion combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul R Hellier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Midhat Talibi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Nicos Ladommatos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
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Kozliak E, Sulkes M, Alhroub I, Kubátová A, Andrianova A, Seames W. Influence of early stages of triglyceride pyrolysis on the formation of PAHs as coke precursors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:20189-20203. [PMID: 31486462 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02025j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular beam (MB) time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been used to investigate thermal decomposition of triolein, to reveal the mechanisms of low temperature soot/coke formation characteristic for triglycerides (TGs). Mass detected pyrolysis products were observed at incremented temperatures using both VUV single photon ionization (general product detection) and REMPI based selective detection of aromatic products. To augment the simple mass characterizations, we have employed stoichiometric considerations; we have supplemented the analysis further by using the detailed information available from product analysis of batch reactor TG cracking. Both the VUV photoionization and batch reactor studies indicated that formation of C7-sized stable products is a marker of significant triolein decomposition that is coupled with PAH formation. A significant fraction of the C7 species observed likely formed as a result of a C-C bond scission at the allylic position to the ω-9 double bond of oleic acid. REMPI detection indicated a high specificity for PAH formation at three distinct molecular weight values, 276, 352 and 444 amu (the latter being a fullerene precursor). The stoichiometric analysis has shown that these PAHs likely arise from condensation reactions of either C7- or C8-sized fragments (three, four and five, respectively). The C8-sized intermediate would become essential whenever the PAH product of C7 fragment condensation contained an odd number of carbon atoms, resulting in a less stable aromatic structure with an incomplete double bond conjugation. MB experiments involving either addition or in situ generation of hydrogen resulted in an enhancement of lower molecular weight PAH formation, i.e., a decrease in the effective number of condensing fragments. In contrast, an increase in temperature yielded the opposite effect.
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Handojo L, Yudiyanto, Prihartoni MD, Susanti RF, Yaswari Y, Raksajati A, Indarto A. Non-oxidative thermal degradation of amines: GCMS/FTIR spectra analysis and molecular modeling. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1445112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lienda Handojo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Yudiyanto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Ratna Frida Susanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Yestria Yaswari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Anggit Raksajati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
- Indonesia Center of Excellent (CoE) of CCS-CCUS, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Antonius Indarto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
- Indonesia Center of Excellent (CoE) of CCS-CCUS, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
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Alhroub I, Kozliak E, Kubátová A, Sulkes M. PAH/Aromatic Tar and Coke Precursor Formation in the Early Stages of Triglyceride (Triolein) Pyrolysis. J Phys Chem A 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Alhroub
- Chemistry Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Evguenii Kozliak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Mark Sulkes
- Chemistry Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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Sasongko D, Arifpin NY, Rasrendra CB, Indarto A. Numerical simulation of coal pyrolysis with Tar and Gas products prediction. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dwiwahju Sasongko
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung; Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung Indonesia
| | - Nugraha Yohannes Arifpin
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung; Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung Indonesia
| | - Carolus Borromeus Rasrendra
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung; Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung Indonesia
| | - Antonius Indarto
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung; Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung Indonesia
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Maranzana A, Ghigo G, Tonachini G. Combustive, Postcombustive, and Tropospheric Butadiyne Oxidation by O 2, Following Initial HO Attack. Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10172-80. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maranzana
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via Pietro
Giuria, 7, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ghigo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via Pietro
Giuria, 7, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Glauco Tonachini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via Pietro
Giuria, 7, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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Maranzana A, Tonachini G. Antagonistic Functionalized Nucleation and Oxidative Degradation in Combustive Formation of Pyrene-Based Clusters Mediated by Triplet O and O 2: Theoretical Study. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:2615-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Handy H, Santoso A, Widodo A, Palgunadi J, Soerawidjaja TH, Indarto A. H2S–CO2Separation Using Room Temperature Ionic Liquid [BMIM][Br]. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2014.908919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Miliordos E, Aprà E, Xantheas SS. Benchmark theoretical study of the π-π binding energy in the benzene dimer. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:7568-78. [PMID: 24761749 DOI: 10.1021/jp5024235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We establish a new estimate for the binding energy between two benzene molecules in the parallel-displaced (PD) conformation by systematically converging (i) the intra- and intermolecular geometry at the minimum, (ii) the expansion of the orbital basis set, and (iii) the level of electron correlation. The calculations were performed at the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation (MP2) and the coupled cluster including singles, doubles, and a perturbative estimate of triples replacement [CCSD(T)] levels of electronic structure theory. At both levels of theory, by including results corrected for basis set superposition error (BSSE), we have estimated the complete basis set (CBS) limit by employing the family of Dunning's correlation-consistent polarized valence basis sets. The largest MP2 calculation was performed with the cc-pV6Z basis set (2772 basis functions), whereas the largest CCSD(T) calculation was with the cc-pV5Z basis set (1752 basis functions). The cluster geometries were optimized with basis sets up to quadruple-ζ quality, observing that both its intra- and intermolecular parts have practically converged with the triple-ζ quality sets. The use of converged geometries was found to play an important role for obtaining accurate estimates for the CBS limits. Our results demonstrate that the binding energies with the families of the plain (cc-pVnZ) and augmented (aug-cc-pVnZ) sets converge [within <0.01 kcal/mol for MP2 and <0.15 kcal/mol for CCSD(T)] to the same CBS limit. In addition, the average of the uncorrected and BSSE-corrected binding energies was found to converge to the same CBS limit much faster than either of the two constituents (uncorrected or BSSE-corrected binding energies). Due to the fact that the family of augmented basis sets (especially for the larger sets) causes serious linear dependency problems, the plain basis sets (for which no linear dependencies were found) are deemed as a more efficient and straightforward path for obtaining an accurate CBS limit. We considered extrapolations of the uncorrected (ΔE) and BSSE-corrected (ΔEcp) binding energies, their average value (ΔEave), as well as the average of the latter over the plain and augmented sets (ΔẼave) with the cardinal number of the basis set n. Our best estimate of the CCSD(T)/CBS limit for the π-π binding energy in the PD benzene dimer is De = -2.65 ± 0.02 kcal/mol. The best CCSD(T)/cc-pV5Z calculated value is -2.62 kcal/mol, just 0.03 kcal/mol away from the CBS limit. For comparison, the MP2/CBS limit estimate is -5.00 ± 0.01 kcal/mol, demonstrating a 90% overbinding with respect to CCSD(T). The spin-component-scaled (SCS) MP2 variant was found to closely reproduce the CCSD(T) results for each basis set, while scaled opposite spin (SOS) MP2 yielded results that are too low when compared to CCSD(T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Miliordos
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MS K1-83, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Trogolo D, Maranzana A, Ghigo G, Tonachini G. First Ring Formation by Radical Addition of Propargyl to But-1-ene-3-yne in Combustion. Theoretical Study of the C7H7 Radical System. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:427-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4082905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Trogolo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Corso Massimo
D’Azeglio 48, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Maranzana
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Corso Massimo
D’Azeglio 48, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ghigo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Corso Massimo
D’Azeglio 48, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Glauco Tonachini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Corso Massimo
D’Azeglio 48, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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Maranzana A, Giordana A, Indarto A, Tonachini G, Barone V, Causà M, Pavone M. Density functional theory study of the interaction of vinyl radical, ethyne, and ethene with benzene, aimed to define an affordable computational level to investigate stability trends in large van der Waals complexes. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:244306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4846295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Indarto A. Heterogeneous reactions of HONO formation from NO2 and HNO3: a review. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-011-0439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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