1
|
Ren FD, Liu YZ, Ding KW, Chang LL, Cao DL, Liu S. Finite temperature string by K-means clustering sampling with order parameters as collective variables for molecular crystals: application to polymorphic transformation between β-CL-20 and ε-CL-20. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3500-3515. [PMID: 38206084 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05389j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Polymorphic transformation of molecular crystals is a fundamental phase transition process, and it is important practically in the chemical, material, biopharmaceutical, and energy storage industries. However, understanding of the transformation mechanism at the molecular level is poor due to the extreme simulating challenges in enhanced sampling and formulating order parameters (OPs) as the collective variables that can distinguish polymorphs with quite similar and complicated structures so as to describe the reaction coordinate. In this work, two kinds of OPs for CL-20 were constructed by the bond distances, bond orientations and relative orientations. A K-means clustering algorithm based on the Euclidean distance and sample weight was used to smooth the initial finite temperature string (FTS), and the minimum free energy path connecting β-CL-20 and ε-CL-20 was sketched by the string method in collective variables, and the free energy profile along the path and the nucleation kinetics were obtained by Markovian milestoning with Voronoi tessellations. In comparison with the average-based sampling, the K-means clustering algorithm provided an improved convergence rate of FTS. The simulation of transformation was independent of OP types but was affected greatly by finite-size effects. A surface-mediated local nucleation mechanism was confirmed and the configuration located at the shoulder of potential of mean force, rather than overall maximum, was confirmed to be the critical nucleus formed by the cooperative effect of the intermolecular interactions. This work provides an effective way to explore the polymorphic transformation of caged molecular crystals at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-de Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
| | - Ying-Zhe Liu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Ke-Wei Ding
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Ling-Ling Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
| | - Duan-Lin Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
| | - Shubin Liu
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3420, USA.
- Depaertment of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Atceken N, Hemingway J, Bull CL, Liu X, Michalchuk AAL, Konar S, Morrison CA, Pulham CR. High-pressure structural studies and pressure-induced sensitisation of 3,4,5-trinitro-1 H-pyrazole. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31646-31654. [PMID: 37986575 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04526a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the first high-pressure study of the energetic material 3,4,5-trinitro-1H-pyrazole (3,4,5-TNP) using neutron powder diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A new high-pressure phase, termed Form II, was first identified through a substantial change in the neutron powder diffraction patterns recorded over the range 4.6-5.3 GPa, and was characterised further by compression of a single crystal to 5.3 GPa in a diamond-anvil cell using X-ray diffraction. 3,4,5-TNP was found to be sensitive to initiation under pressure, as demonstrated by its unexpected and violent decomposition at elevated pressures in successive powder diffraction experiments. Initiation coincided with the sluggish phase transition from Form I to Form II. Using a vibrational up-pumping model, its increased sensitivity under pressure can be explained by pressure-induced mode hardening. These findings have potential implications for the safe handling of 3,4,5-TNP, on the basis that shock- or pressure-loading may lead to significantly increased sensitivity to initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurunnisa Atceken
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430, İzmir, Turkey
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Jack Hemingway
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Craig L Bull
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Xiaojiao Liu
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Adam A L Michalchuk
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sumit Konar
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Carole A Morrison
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Colin R Pulham
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
O’Connor D, Bier I, Tom R, Hiszpanski AM, Steele BA, Marom N. Ab Initio Crystal Structure Prediction of the Energetic Materials LLM-105, RDX, and HMX. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:6275-6289. [PMID: 38173900 PMCID: PMC10763925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Crystal structure prediction (CSP) is performed for the energetic materials (EMs) LLM-105 and α-RDX, as well as the α and β conformational polymorphs of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX), using the genetic algorithm (GA) code, GAtor, and its associated random structure generator, Genarris. Genarris and GAtor successfully generate the experimental structures of all targets. GAtor's symmetric crossover scheme, where the space group symmetries of parent structures are treated as genes inherited by offspring, is found to be particularly effective. However, conducting several GA runs with different settings is still important for achieving diverse samplings of the potential energy surface. For LLM-105 and α-RDX, the experimental structure is ranked as the most stable, with all of the dispersion-inclusive density functional theory (DFT) methods used here. For HMX, the α form was persistently ranked as more stable than the β form, in contrast to experimental observations, even when correcting for vibrational contributions and thermal expansion. This may be attributed to insufficient accuracy of dispersion-inclusive DFT methods or to kinetic effects not considered here. In general, the ranking of some putative structures is found to be sensitive to the choice of the DFT functional and the dispersion method. For LLM-105, GAtor generates a putative structure with a layered packing motif, which is desirable thanks to its correlation with low sensitivity. Our results demonstrate that CSP is a useful tool for studying the ubiquitous polymorphism of EMs and shows promise of becoming an integral part of the EM development pipeline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana O’Connor
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Imanuel Bier
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rithwik Tom
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Anna M. Hiszpanski
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Brad A. Steele
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Noa Marom
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao X, Fu X, Zhang G, Liu X, Fan X. Study on the Cocrystallization Mechanism of CL-20/HMX in a Propellant Aging Process through Theoretical Calculations and Experiments. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:7361-7369. [PMID: 35252726 PMCID: PMC8892642 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Energetic materials undergo physical and chemical aging due to environmental effects, resulting in the degradation of safety and detonation performances. Therefore, studying the aging performance of energetic materials is of great importance for the efficient application of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)-based solid propellants. In this paper, XRD and FTIR of the CL-20-based propellant and CL-20/1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX)-based propellant samples showed CL-20/HMX cocrystal formation according to appearance of new peaks. SEM and EDS analyses showed that pores and dehumidification in the propellant occurred with the cocrystallization of CL-20 and HMX during the aging process. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation was used to predict the crystal transformation of the CL-20- and HMX-based propellant under a long-term storage process. The stability of ε-CL-20 was obtained by analyzing the crystal transformation rate. The binding energy, radial distribution function between CL-20 and HMX, as well as mechanical properties of the CL-20/HMX cocrystal and the mixture were calculated to reveal the stronger binding between CL-20 and HMX in the cocrystal. Meanwhile, the inducer effect of a nitrate ester during the cocrystallization process was analyzed. The theoretical calculation shows that during aging, ε-CL-20 tends to exist stably, while CL-20/HMX tends to form cocrystals because of the strong bond. The present work on the transformation and cocrystallization of CL-20 and HMX during long-term storage is beneficial for understanding the degradation mechanism of the propellant performances, facilitating safe storage and life evaluation of propellants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Zhao
- Xi’an
Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolong Fu
- Xi’an
Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanglong Zhang
- School
of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Technology, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- School
of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Technology, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Xuezhong Fan
- Xi’an
Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao L, Li J, He J, Luo P, Shi L, Zhou J, Pang A. A study of Solvent and Antisolvent Influence on the Crystal Morphology of ϵ‐CL‐20 by a Modified Attachment Energy Model. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201900386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringSoutheast University 211189 Nanjing China
| | - Jing Li
- China Academy of Ordnance Science 100089 Beijing China
| | - Jinxuan He
- Science and Technology on Aerospace Chemical Power LaboratoryHubei Institute of Aerospace Chemotechnology Xiangyang Hubei 441003 China
| | - Peicheng Luo
- School of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringSoutheast University 211189 Nanjing China
| | - Liangwei Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 200032 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Junhong Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 200032 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Aimin Pang
- Science and Technology on Aerospace Chemical Power LaboratoryHubei Institute of Aerospace Chemotechnology Xiangyang Hubei 441003 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li C, Li H, Zong HH, Huang Y, Gozin M, Sun CQ, Zhang L. Strategies for Achieving Balance between Detonation Performance and Crystal Stability of High-Energy-Density Materials. iScience 2020; 23:100944. [PMID: 32163898 PMCID: PMC7066234 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Performance-stability contradiction of high-energy-density materials (HEDMs) is a long-standing puzzle in the field of chemistry and material science. Bridging the gap that exists between detonation performance of new HEDMs and their stability remains a formidable challenge. Achieving optimal balance between the two contradictory factors is of a significant demand for deep-well oil and gas drilling, space exploration, and other civil and defense applications. Herein, supercomputers and latest quantitative computational strategies were employed and high-throughput quantum calculations were conducted for 67 reported HEDMs. Based on statistical analysis of large amounts of physico-chemical data, in-crystal interspecies interactions were identified to be the one that provokes the performance-stability contradiction of HEDMs. To design new HEDMs with both good detonation performance and high stability, the proposed systematic and comprehensive strategies must be satisfied, which could promote the development of crystal engineering of HEDMs to an era of theory-guided rational design of materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Materials and Application Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China; CAEP Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Hui Li
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China; School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - He-Hou Zong
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of EngineeringPhysics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yongli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Materials and Application Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Michael Gozin
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Chang Q Sun
- EBEAM, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China; NOVITAS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Lei Zhang
- CAEP Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation, Beijing 100088, China; Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zharkov MN, Kuchurov IV, Zlotin SG. Micronization of CL-20 using supercritical and liquefied gases. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01167c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid and supercritical CO2 and TFE have been systematically studied as media for CL-20 recrystallization to estimate their potential for the selective preparation of ultrafine particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail N. Zharkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Ilya V. Kuchurov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Sergei G. Zlotin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Xu Y, Sun Q, Lu M. Modification of crystalline energetic salts through polymorphic transition: enhanced crystal density and energy performance. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We presented a detailed investigation of polymorphic transition of energetic salts and explored a new path for modifying crystalline energetic salts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A Study of the Shock Sensitivity of Energetic Single Crystals by Large-Scale Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9091251. [PMID: 31484358 PMCID: PMC6780424 DOI: 10.3390/nano9091251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the reaction initiation of energetic single crystals under external stimuli is a long-term challenge in the field of high energy density materials. Herewith, we developed an ab initio molecular dynamics method based on the multiscale shock technique (MSST) and reported the reaction initiation mechanism by performing large-scale simulations for the sensitive explosive benzotrifuroxan (BTF), insensitive explosive triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB), four polymorphs of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) pristine crystals and five novel CL-20 cocrystals. A theoretical indicator, tinitiation, the delay of decomposition reaction under shock, was proposed to characterize the shock sensitivity of energetic single crystal, which was proved to be reliable and satisfactorily consistent with experiments. We found that it was the coupling of heat and pressure that drove the shock reaction, wherein the vibrational spectra, the specific heat capacity, as well as the strength of the trigger bonds were the determinants of the shock sensitivity. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds were found to effectively buffer the system from heating, thereby delaying the decomposition reaction and reducing the shock sensitivity of the energetic single crystal. Theoretical rules for synthesizing novel energetic materials with low shock sensitivity were given. Our work is expected to provide a useful reference for the understanding, certifying and adjusting of the shock sensitivity of novel energetic materials.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun S, Zhang H, Xu J, Wang H, Wang S, Yu Z, Zhu C, Sun J. Design, preparation, characterization and formation mechanism of a novel kinetic CL-20-based cocrystal. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2019; 75:310-317. [PMID: 32830652 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520619002816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)-based cocrystals have gained increasing attention as a means of obtaining insensitive high explosives. However, the design of ideal candidates for these cocrystals remains difficult. This work compares the crystal energies of the CL-20-dinitrobenzene (DNB) and CL-20-2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) cocrystals with those of the respective pure coformers. The results indicate that the cocrystal formation is driven by the differences in the energies of the cocrystals and the coformers. Furthermore, analysis via Hirshfeld surfaces and two-dimensional fingerprint plots confirms that the O...O, O...H, O...N and C...O interactions were the main force for stabilizing the CL-20-based cocrystal structure. Based on these findings, a novel energetic-energetic cocrystal of CL-20-2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) was designed and prepared by means of a rapid method for solvent removal. The crystal structure was investigated via powder X-ray diffraction methods, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results revealed that the O-H...O hydrogen bonding interaction between the phenolic hydroxyl group of TNP and nitro groups of CL-20, as well as nitro...π, nitro...nitro and ONO2...π(N)NO2 interactions, based on the benzene ring and nitro groups, are the main interactions occurring in the cocrystal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanhu Sun
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haobin Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjiang Xu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu J, Zheng S, Huang S, Tian Y, Liu Y, Zhang H, Sun J. Host–guest energetic materials constructed by incorporating oxidizing gas molecules into an organic lattice cavity toward achieving highly-energetic and low-sensitivity performance. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:909-912. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07347c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Powerful oxidizer N2O was incorporated into an organic lattice cavity through aeration crystallization, and smart host–guest energetic materials with highly-energetic and low-sensitivity performance were obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Xu
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Shensheng Zheng
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Shiliang Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Yong Tian
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Haobin Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Sun
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu Y, Shen C, Lu M. Boosting the performance of energetic materials through thermally-induced conformational transition. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01825a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We presented an effective strategy to improve the performance of energetic materials through thermally-induced conformational transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Cheng Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bidault X, Chaudhuri S. A flexible-molecule force field to model and study hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) – polymorphism under extreme conditions. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39649-39661. [PMID: 36105179 PMCID: PMC9429022 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07645j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantum-chemistry based force field (FF) developed for HMX by Smith and Bharadwaj (SB) [G. D. Smith and R. K. Bharadwaj, J. Phys. Chem. B, 1999, 103(18), 3570–3575] is transferred to another nitramine of different stoichiometry: hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20 or HNIW). The modification of a single parameter alongside a very small number of add-ons related to carbon–carbon bonds, angles and dihedrals lead to two SB FF variants denoted SB-CL20 and SB-CL20 + CCNN. These flexible-molecule FFs should inherit the predictive capabilities of SB FF. For this purpose, we perform Molecular Dynamics simulations at ambient temperature and selected pressures. The modeled structures of the various CL-20 polymorphs are consistent with experimental data. Focusing on the ε-polymorph, we determine an equation of state which consolidates the general trend underpinned by most published results, and we confirm the increasing stiffness of the crystal under pressures up to 90 GPa. Moreover, we link some subtle pressure-induced changes of the elastic and structural properties to the flexibility and mobility of well-identified nitro groups. Finally, the simulations of the γ ↔ ζ phase transition suggest different multiple-step direct and reverse thermodynamic paths. The quantum-chemistry based force field developed by Smith and Bharadwaj is transferred to hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL20), revealing pressure-induced alterations of ε-CL20.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X. Bidault
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering
- University of Illinois at Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
| | - S. Chaudhuri
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering
- University of Illinois at Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ward MR, Younis S, Cruz-Cabeza AJ, Bull CL, Funnell NP, Oswald IDH. Discovery and recovery of delta p-aminobenzoic acid. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01882k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A new high-pressure recoverable form has been observed in the model system, p-aminobenzoic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R. Ward
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS)
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Shatha Younis
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS)
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Aurora J. Cruz-Cabeza
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science
- University of Manchester
- M13 9PL Manchester
- UK
| | - Craig L. Bull
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source
- Science and Technology Facilities Council
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot
- UK
| | - Nicholas P. Funnell
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source
- Science and Technology Facilities Council
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot
- UK
| | - Iain D. H. Oswald
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS)
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shu Y, Zhang S, Shu Y, Liu N, Yi Y, Huo J, Ding X. Interactions and physical properties of energetic poly-(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketones) (PPESKs) and ε-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (ε-CL-20) based polymer bonded explosives: a molecular dynamics simulations. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Pan B, Wei H, Jiang J, Zong S, Lv P, Dang L. Solution-mediated polymorphic transformation of CL-20: An approach to prepare purified form ε particles. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.05.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
17
|
Rajan R, Ravindran TR, Venkatesan V, Srihari V, Pandey KK, Chandra S, Mishra KK, Vargeese AA. New High Pressure Phases of Energetic Material TEX: Evidence from Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, and First-Principles Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6236-6242. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b04868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajitha Rajan
- Materials Science Group, HBNI, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India
| | - T. R. Ravindran
- Materials Science Group, HBNI, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India
| | - V. Venkatesan
- Research & Innovation Centre, DRDO, fifth Floor, IIT Madras Research Park, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
| | - V. Srihari
- High Pressure and Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - K. K. Pandey
- High Pressure and Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Sharat Chandra
- Materials Science Group, HBNI, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India
| | - Karuna Kara Mishra
- Materials Science Group, HBNI, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India
| | - Anuj A. Vargeese
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500 046, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Aliev ZG, Goncharov TK, Dashko DV, Ignat´eva EL, Vasil´eva AA, Shishov NI, Korchagin DV, Milekhin YM, Aldoshin SM. Polymorphism of bimolecular crystals of CL-20 with tris[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-b:3´,4´-d:3″,4″-f]azepine-7-amine. Russ Chem Bull 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-017-1794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
19
|
Zyuzin IN, Aliev ZG, Goncharov TK, Ignatieva EL, Aldoshin SM. Structure of a bimolecular crystal of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane and methoxy-NNO-azoxymethane. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476617010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
20
|
Hejny C, Minkov VS. High-pressure crystallography of periodic and aperiodic crystals. IUCRJ 2015; 2:218-29. [PMID: 25866659 PMCID: PMC4392772 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252514025482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
More than five decades have passed since the first single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments at high pressure were performed. These studies were applied historically to geochemical processes occurring in the Earth and other planets, but high-pressure crystallography has spread across different fields of science including chemistry, physics, biology, materials science and pharmacy. With each passing year, high-pressure studies have become more precise and comprehensive because of the development of instrumentation and software, and the systems investigated have also become more complicated. Starting with crystals of simple minerals and inorganic compounds, the interests of researchers have shifted to complicated metal-organic frameworks, aperiodic crystals and quasicrystals, molecular crystals, and even proteins and viruses. Inspired by contributions to the microsymposium 'High-Pressure Crystallography of Periodic and Aperiodic Crystals' presented at the 23rd IUCr Congress and General Assembly, the authors have tried to summarize certain recent results of single-crystal studies of molecular and aperiodic structures under high pressure. While the selected contributions do not cover the whole spectrum of high-pressure research, they demonstrate the broad diversity of novel and fascinating results and may awaken the reader's interest in this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clivia Hejny
- Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vasily S. Minkov
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 18 Kutateladze Street, Novosibirsk 630128, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogov Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The crystal structure and morphology of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) p-xylene solvate: a joint experimental and simulation study. Molecules 2014; 19:18574-89. [PMID: 25401400 PMCID: PMC6270762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191118574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaiso-wurtzitane (CL-20) p-xylene solvate, and the solvent effects on the crystal faces of CL-20 were studied through a combined experimental and theoretical method. The properties were analyzed by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).The growth morphology of CL-20p-xylene solvate crystal was predicted with a modified attachment energy model. The crystal structure of CL-20p-xylene solvate belonged to the Pbca space group with the unit cell parameters, a = 8.0704(12) Å, b=13.4095(20) Å, c = 33.0817(49) Å, and Z = 4, which indicated that the p-xylene solvent molecules could enter the crystal lattice of CL-20 and thus the CL-20 p-xylene solvate is formed. According to the solvent-effected attachment energy calculations, (002) and (11−1) faces should not be visible at all, while the percentage area of the (011) face could be increased from 7.81% in vacuum to 12.51% in p-xylene solution. The predicted results from the modified attachment energy model agreed very well with the observed morphology of crystals grown from p-xylene solution.
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora J Cruz-Cabeza
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Millar DIA, Maynard-Casely HE, Allan DR, Cumming AS, Lennie AR, Mackay AJ, Oswald IDH, Tang CC, Pulham CR. Crystal engineering of energetic materials: Co-crystals of CL-20. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce05796d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|