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Lockhart EJ, Horowitz LF, Rodríguez A, Zhu S, Nguyen T, Mehrabi M, Gujral TS, Folch A. Drug testing of monodisperse arrays of live microdissected tumors using a valved multiwell microfluidic platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2683-2699. [PMID: 38651213 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Cancer drug testing in animals is an extremely poor predictor of the drug's safety and efficacy observed in humans. Hence there is a pressing need for functional testing platforms that better predict traditional and immunotherapy responses in human, live tumor tissue or tissue constructs, and at the same time are compatible with the use of mouse tumor tissue to facilitate building more accurate disease models. Since many cancer drug actions rely on mechanisms that depend on the tumor microenvironment (TME), such platforms should also retain as much of the native TME as possible. Additionally, platforms based on miniaturization technologies are desirable to reduce animal use and sensitivity to human tissue scarcity. Present high-throughput testing platforms that have some of these features, e.g. based on patient-derived tumor organoids, require a growth step that alters the TME. On the other hand, microdissected tumors (μDTs) or "spheroids" that retain an intact TME have shown promising responses to immunomodulators acting on native immune cells. However, difficult tissue handling after microdissection has reduced the throughput of drug testing on μDTs, thereby constraining the inherent advantages of producing numerous TME-preserving units of tissue for drug testing. Here we demonstrate a microfluidic 96-well platform designed for drug treatment of hundreds of similarly-sized, cuboidal μDTs ("cuboids") produced from a single tumor sample. The platform organizes a monodisperse array of four cuboids per well in 384 hydrodynamic traps. The microfluidic device, entirely fabricated in thermoplastics, features 96 microvalves that fluidically isolate each well after the cuboid loading step for straightforward multi-drug testing. Since our platform makes the most of scarce tumor tissue, it can potentially be applied to human biopsies that preserve the human TME while minimizing animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Lockhart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
| | - Lisa F Horowitz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
| | - Adán Rodríguez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
| | - Songli Zhu
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Tran Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
| | | | - Taranjit S Gujral
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Albert Folch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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Ahmadianyazdi A, Miller IJ, Folch A. Tunable resins with PDMS-like elastic modulus for stereolithographic 3D-printing of multimaterial microfluidic actuators. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4019-4032. [PMID: 37584639 PMCID: PMC10849085 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00529a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Stereolithographic 3D-printing (SLA) permits facile fabrication of high-precision microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip devices. SLA photopolymers often yield parts with low mechanical compliancy in sharp contrast to elastomers such as poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS). On the other hand, SLA-printable elastomers with soft mechanical properties do not fulfill the distinct requirements for a highly manufacturable resin in microfluidics (e.g., high-resolution printability, transparency, low-viscosity). These limitations restrict our ability to print microfluidic actuators containing dynamic, movable elements. Here we introduce low-viscous photopolymers based on a tunable blend of the monomers poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, Mw ∼ 258) and the monoacrylate poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether) methacrylate (PEGMEMA, Mw ∼ 300). In these blends, which we term PEGDA-co-PEGMEMA, tuning the PEGMEMA content from 0% to 40% (v/v) alters the elastic modulus of the printed plastics by ∼400-fold, reaching that of PDMS. Through the addition of PEGMEMA, moreover, PEGDA-co-PEGMEMA retains desirable properties of highly manufacturable PEGDA such as low viscosity, solvent compatibility, cytocompatibility and low drug absorptivity. With PEGDA-co-PEGMEMA, we SLA-printed drastically enhanced fluidic actuators including microvalves, micropumps, and microregulators with a hybrid structure containing a flexible PEGDA-co-PEGMEMA membrane within a rigid PEGDA housing. These components were built using a custom "Print-Pause-Print" protocol, referred to as "3P-printing", that allows for fabricating high-resolution multimaterial parts with a desktop SLA printer without the need for post-assembly. SLA-printing of multimaterial microfluidic actuators addresses the unmet need of high-performance on-chip controls in 3D-printed microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac J Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Albert Folch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
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3
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Temperature Responsive Polymer Conjugate Prepared by "Grafting from" Proteins toward the Adsorption and Removal of Uremic Toxin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031051. [PMID: 35164316 PMCID: PMC8839407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, temperature-responsive polymer-protein conjugate was synthesized using a “grafting from” concept by introducing a chain transfer agent (CTA) into bovine serum albumin (BSA). The BSA-CTA was used as a starting point for poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The research investigations suggest that the thermally responsive behavior of PNIPAAm was controlled by the monomer ratio to CTA, as well as the amount of CTA introduced to BSA. The study further synthesized the human serum albumin (HSA)-PNIPAAm conjugate, taking the advantage that HSA can specifically adsorb indoxyl sulfate (IS) as a uremic toxin. The HSA-PNIPAAm conjugate could capture IS and decreased the concentration by about 40% by thermal precipitation. It was also revealed that the protein activity was not impaired by the conjugation with PNIPAAm. The proposed strategy is promising in not only removal of uremic toxins but also enrichment of biomarkers for early diagnostic applications.
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Sun J, Lu J, Li C, Tian Y, Liu K, Liu L, Zhao C, Zhang M. Design of a UCST Polymer with Strong Hydrogen Bonds and Reactive Moieties for Facile Polymer-Protein Hybridization. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1291-1301. [PMID: 35049291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-protein hybrids have been extensively used in biomedical fields. Polymers with upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behaviors can form a hydrated coacervate phase below the cloud point (Tcp), providing themselves the opportunity to directly capture hydrophilic proteins and form hybrids in aqueous solutions. However, it is always a challenge to obtain a UCST polymer that could aggregate at a high temperature at a relatively low concentration and also efficiently bind with proteins. In this work, a UCST polymer reactive with proteins was designed, and its temperature responsiveness and protein-capture ability were investigated in detail. The polymer was synthesized by the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of acrylamide (AAm) and N-acryloxysuccinimide (NAS). Interestingly, taking advantage of the partial hydrolysis of NAS into acrylic acid (AAc), the obtained P(AAm-co-NAS-co-AAc) polymer exhibited an excellent UCST behavior and possessed good protein-capture ability. It showed a relatively higher Tcp (81 °C) at a lower concentration (0.1 wt %) and quickly formed polymer-protein hybrids with high protein loading and without losing protein bioactivity, and both the polymer and polymer-protein nanoparticles showed good cytocompatibility. All the findings are attributed to the unique structure of the polymer, which provided not only the strong and stable hydrogen bonds but also the quick and mild reactivity. The work offers an easy and mild strategy for polymer-protein hybridization directly in aqueous solutions, which may find applications in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jianlei Lu
- Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yueyi Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Lingrong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Chuanzhuang Zhao
- Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
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Hironaka K, Yoshihara E, Nabil A, Lai JJ, Kikuchi A, Ebara M. Conjugation of antibody with temperature-responsive polymer via in situ click reaction to enable biomarker enrichment for increased diagnostic sensitivity. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4870-4879. [PMID: 33904566 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00349f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of infectious diseases is one of the current prevalent challenges, especially in low and limited resource settings where simple, fast, portable, cheap, and sensitive diagnostic approaches are needed. Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is a common, rapid screening assay. However, the low assay sensitivity limits the utility of LFIA for specimens with low pathogenic loads (early infection stages). Antibodies conjugated with stimulus-responsive polymers have been previously utilized to improve assay sensitivity for detection of biomarkers at low concentrations. However, the loss of antibody affinity after polymer conjugation remains a significant challenge. In this study, we developed poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)acrylamide-co-strained alkyne-isopropylacrylamide), a novel polymer for biomarker enrichment, by polymer conjugation after antibody-antigen recognition. We employed and promoted the click chemistry in situ, to facilitate highly specific conjugation between novel temperature-responsive polymers and antibody-antigen complexes. This method could suppress the decrease in the binding constant associated with polymer conjugation (>20-fold). The conjugation was successfully demonstrated in body fluids such as urine and saliva. We achieved >5-fold antigen enrichment via thermal precipitation by conjugating polymers to the antibodies after antigen recognition. Concentrated biomarkers resulted in improved LFIA detection. This approach can potentially be utilized to improve diagnostic tests for infectious diseases in low and limited resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Hironaka
- Research Center for Functional Materials (RCFM), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan. and Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Erika Yoshihara
- Research Center for Functional Materials (RCFM), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan. and Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ten-nodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ahmed Nabil
- Research Center for Functional Materials (RCFM), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan. and Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt and Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Sherbin, El Mansoura, Egypt
| | - James J Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, USA
| | - Akihiko Kikuchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ebara
- Research Center for Functional Materials (RCFM), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan. and Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan and Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ten-nodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan and Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, USA
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Nabil A, Yoshihara E, Hironaka K, Hassan AA, Shiha G, Ebara M. Temperature responsive smart polymer for enabling affinity enrichment of current coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) to improve its diagnostic sensitivity. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3609-3617. [PMID: 34150187 PMCID: PMC8200327 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current commercially available SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic approaches including nucleic acid molecular assaying using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have many limitations and drawbacks. SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic strategies were reported to have a high false-negative rate and low sensitivity due to low viral antibodies or antigenic load in the specimens, that is why even PCR test is recommended to be repeated to overcome this problem. Thus, in anticipation of COVID-19 current wave and the upcoming waves, we should have an accurate and rapid diagnostic tool to control this pandemic. In this study, we developed a novel preanalytical strategy to be used for SARS-CoV-2 specimen enrichment to avoid misdiagnosis. This method depends on the immuno-affinity trapping of the viral target followed by in situ thermal precipitation and enrichment. We designed, synthesized, and characterized a thermal-responsive polymer poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxyisopropylacrylamide-co-strained alkyne isopropylacrylamide) followed by decoration with SARS-CoV-2 antibody. Different investigations approved the successful synthesis of the polymeric antibody conjugate. This conjugate was shown to enrich recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein samples to about 6 folds. This developed system succeeded in avoiding the misdiagnosis of low viral load specimens using the lateral flow immunoassay test. The strength of this work is that, to the best of our knowledge, this report may be the first to functionalize SARS-CoV-2 antibody to a thermo-responsive polymer for increasing its screening sensitivity during the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nabil
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Sherbin, El Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Erika Yoshihara
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Keita Hironaka
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Ayman A. Hassan
- Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Sherbin, El Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Gamal Shiha
- Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Sherbin, El Mansoura, Egypt
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Mitsuhiro Ebara
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
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Li L, Shields CW, Huang J, Zhang Y, Ohiri KA, Yellen BB, Chilkoti A, López GP. Rapid capture of biomolecules from blood via stimuli-responsive elastomeric particles for acoustofluidic separation. Analyst 2021; 145:8087-8096. [PMID: 33079081 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The detection of biomarkers in blood often requires extensive and time-consuming sample preparation to remove blood cells and concentrate the biomarker(s) of interest. We demonstrate proof-of-concept for a chip-based, acoustofluidic method that enables the rapid capture and isolation of a model protein biomarker (i.e., streptavidin) from blood for off-chip quantification. Our approach makes use of two key components - namely, soluble, thermally responsive polypeptides fused to ligands for the homogeneous capture of biomarkers from whole blood and silicone microparticles functionalized with similar, tethered, thermally responsive polypeptides. When the two components are mixed together and subjected to a mild thermal trigger, the thermally responsive moieties undergo a phase transition, causing the untethered (soluble) polypeptides to co-aggregate with the particle-bound polypeptides. The mixture is then diluted with warm buffer and injected into a microfluidic channel supporting a bulk acoustic standing wave. The biomarker-bearing particles migrate to the pressure antinodes, whereas blood cells migrate to the pressure node, leading to rapid separation with efficiencies exceeding 90% in a single pass. The biomarker-bearing particles can then be analyzed via flow cytometry, with a limit of detection of 0.75 nM for streptavidin spiked in blood plasma. Finally, by cooling the solution below the solubility temperature of the polypeptides, greater than 75% of the streptavidin is released from the microparticles, offering a unique approach for downstream analysis (e.g., sequencing or structural analysis). Overall, this methodology has promise for the detection, enrichment and analysis of some biomarkers from blood and other complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linying Li
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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8
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Nagase K, Kanazawa H. Temperature-responsive chromatography for bioseparations: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1138:191-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Sang F, Huang J, Xu J. A circular microreaction method to the safe and efficient synthesis of 3-methylpyridine-N-oxide. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Nakao M, Inanaga D, Nagase K, Kanazawa H. Characteristic differences of cell sheets composed of mesenchymal stem cells with different tissue origins. Regen Ther 2019; 11:34-40. [PMID: 31193157 PMCID: PMC6517796 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stem cell therapy with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been widely used in many clinical trials, and therapy with MSC sheets shows promise for patients. However, there are few reports characterizing MSC sheets. In the present study, the properties of MSC sheets derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord were evaluated. METHODS Cell sheets were fabricated with MSCs from different tissue origins in temperature-responsive cell culture dishes with and without pre-coating of fetal bovine serum (FBS). MSC adhesion behavior in the culture dish was observed. Secretion of cytokines related to cell proliferation and immune regulation from MSC sheets was investigated by ELISA. The adhesion properties of the MSC sheets were investigated by time-lapse microscopy. RESULTS Different cell adhesion and proliferation rates in temperature-responsive cell culture dishes were observed among the three types of MSCs. FBS pre-coating of the dishes enhanced cell attachment and proliferation in all cell types. Harvested cell sheets showed high attachment capacity to tissue culture polystyrene dish surfaces. CONCLUSIONS MSC sheets can be fabricated from MSCs from different tissue origins using temperature-responsive cell culture dishes. The fabricated MSC sheets could be useful in cell transplantation therapies by choosing appropriate types of MSCs that secrete therapeutic cytokines for the targeted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenichi Nagase
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Hideko Kanazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
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Auvinen H, Zhang H, Nonappa, Kopilow A, Niemelä EH, Nummelin S, Correia A, Santos HA, Linko V, Kostiainen MA. Protein Coating of DNA Nanostructures for Enhanced Stability and Immunocompatibility. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28738444 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fully addressable DNA nanostructures, especially DNA origami, possess huge potential to serve as inherently biocompatible and versatile molecular platforms. However, their use as delivery vehicles in therapeutics is compromised by their low stability and poor transfection rates. This study shows that DNA origami can be coated by precisely defined one-to-one protein-dendron conjugates to tackle the aforementioned issues. The dendron part of the conjugate serves as a cationic binding domain that attaches to the negatively charged DNA origami surface via electrostatic interactions. The protein is attached to dendron through cysteine-maleimide bond, making the modular approach highly versatile. This work demonstrates the coating using two different proteins: bovine serum albumin (BSA) and class II hydrophobin (HFBI). The results reveal that BSA-coating significantly improves the origami stability against endonucleases (DNase I) and enhances the transfection into human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Importantly, it is observed that BSA-coating attenuates the activation of immune response in mouse primary splenocytes. Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood with a long circulation half-life and has already found clinically approved applications in drug delivery. It is therefore envisioned that the proposed system can open up further opportunities to tune the properties of DNA nanostructures in biological environment, and enable their use in various delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henni Auvinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki FI‐00014 Helsinki Finland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Åbo Akademi University FI‐20520 Turku Finland
| | - Nonappa
- Molecular Materials, Department of Applied Physics Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Alisa Kopilow
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Elina H. Niemelä
- Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki P.O. Box 63 FI‐00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Sami Nummelin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Alexandra Correia
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki FI‐00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hélder A. Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki FI‐00014 Helsinki Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science University of Helsinki Helsinki FI‐00014 Finland
| | - Veikko Linko
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University FI‐00076 Aalto Finland
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Trzebicka B, Szweda R, Kosowski D, Szweda D, Otulakowski Ł, Haladjova E, Dworak A. Thermoresponsive polymer-peptide/protein conjugates. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Nehilla BJ, Hill JJ, Srinivasan S, Chen YC, Schulte TH, Stayton PS, Lai JJ. A Stimuli-Responsive, Binary Reagent System for Rapid Isolation of Protein Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10404-10410. [PMID: 27686335 PMCID: PMC6750004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic microbeads exhibit rapid separation characteristics and are widely employed for biomolecule and cell isolations in research laboratories, clinical diagnostics assays, and cell therapy manufacturing. However, micrometer particle diameters compromise biomarker recognition, which leads to long incubation times and significant reagent demands. Here, a stimuli-responsive binary reagent system is presented that combines the nanoscale benefits of efficient biomarker recognition and the microscale benefits of rapid magnetic separation. This system comprises magnetic nanoparticles and polymer-antibody (Ab) conjugates that transition from hydrophilic nanoscale reagents to microscale aggregates in response to temperature stimuli. The binary reagent system was benchmarked against Ab-labeled Dynabeads in terms of biomarker isolation kinetics, assay speed, and reagent needs. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements showed that polymer conjugation did not significantly alter the Ab's binding affinity or kinetics. ELISA analysis showed that the unconjugated Ab, polymer-Ab conjugates, and Ab-labeled Dynabeads exhibited similar equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd), ∼2 nM. However, the binary reagent system isolated HIV p24 antigen from spiked serum specimens (150 pg/mL) much more quickly than Dynabeads, which resulted in shorter binding times by tens of minutes, or about 30-50% shorter overall assay times. The binary reagent system showed improved performance because the Ab molecules were not conjugated to large, solid microparticle surfaces. This stimuli-responsive binary reagent system illustrates the potential advantages of nanoscale reagents in molecule and cell isolations for both research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John J. Hill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Yen-Chi Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Thomas H. Schulte
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - James J. Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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14
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Lin D, Zhao Q, Yan M. Surface modification of polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chips by polyamidoamine dendrimers for amino acid separation. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Lin
- School of Pharmacy; Binzhou Medical University; Yantai 264003 People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhao
- College of Food Engineering; Ludong University; Yantai 264025 People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Yan
- School of Pharmacy; Binzhou Medical University; Yantai 264003 People's Republic of China
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15
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Cobo I, Li M, Sumerlin BS, Perrier S. Smart hybrid materials by conjugation of responsive polymers to biomacromolecules. NATURE MATERIALS 2015; 14:143-59. [PMID: 25401924 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemical structure and function of biomacromolecules has evolved to fill many essential roles in biological systems. More specifically, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids and polysaccharides serve as vital structural components, and mediate chemical transformations and energy/information storage processes required to sustain life. In many cases, the properties and applications of biological macromolecules can be further expanded by attaching synthetic macromolecules. The modification of biomacromolecules by attaching a polymer that changes its properties in response to environmental variations, thus affecting the properties of the biomacromolecule, has led to the emergence of a new family of polymeric biomaterials. Here, we summarize techniques for conjugating responsive polymers to biomacromolecules and highlight applications of these bioconjugates reported so far. In doing so, we aim to show how advances in synthetic tools could lead to rapid expansion in the variety and uses of responsive bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Cobo
- Key Centre for Polymers &Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ming Li
- Tyco Fire Protection Products, Mansfield, Texas 76063, USA
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George &Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science &Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- 1] Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK [2] Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Hoffman JM, Stayton PS, Hoffman AS, Lai JJ. Stimuli-responsive reagent system for enabling microfluidic immunoassays with biomarker purification and enrichment. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 26:29-38. [PMID: 25405605 PMCID: PMC4306508 DOI: 10.1021/bc500522k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
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Immunoassays
have been translated into microfluidic device formats,
but significant challenges relating to upstream sample processing
still limit their applications. Here, stimuli-responsive polymer–antibody
conjugates are utilized in a microfluidic immunoassay to enable rapid
biomarker purification and enrichment as well as sensitive detection.
The conjugates were constructed by covalently grafting poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), a thermally responsive
polymer, to the lysine residues of anti-prostate specific antigen
(PSA) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) using carbodiimide chemistry via the
polymer end-carboxylate. The antibody-PNIPAAm (capture) conjugates
and antibody-alkaline phosphatase (detection) conjugates formed sandwich
immunocomplexes via PSA binding in 50% human plasma. The complexes
were loaded into a recirculating poly(dimethylsiloxane) microreactor,
equipped with micropumps and transverse flow features, for subsequent
separation, enrichment, and quantification. The immunocomplexes were
captured by heating the solution to 39 °C, mixed over the transverse
features for 2 min, and washed with warm buffer. In one approach,
the assay utilized immunocomplex solution that was contained in an
80 nL microreactor, which was loaded with solution at room temperature
and subsequently heated to 39 °C. The assay took 25 min and resulted
in 37 pM PSA limit of detection (LOD), which is comparable to a plate
ELISA employing the same antibody pair. In another approach, the microreactor
was preheated to 39 °C, and immunocomplex solution was flowed
through the reactor, mixed, and washed. When the specimen volume was
increased to 7.5 μL by repeating the capture process three times,
the higher specimen volume led to immunocomplex enrichment within
the microreactor. The resulting assay LOD was 0.5 pM, which is 2 orders
of magnitude lower than the plate ELISA. Both approaches generate
antigen specific signal over a clinically significant range. The sample
processing capabilities and subsequent utility in a biomarker assay
demonstrate the opportunity for stimuli-responsive polymer–protein
conjugates in novel diagnostic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Hoffman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Ebara M, Hoffman JM, Hoffman AS, Stayton PS, Lai JJ. A photoinduced nanoparticle separation in microchannels via pH-sensitive surface traps. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:5388-93. [PMID: 23581256 PMCID: PMC3742372 DOI: 10.1021/la400347r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic surface trap was developed for capturing pH-sensitive nanoparticles via a photoinitiated proton-releasing reaction of o-nitrobenzaldehyde (o-NBA) that reduces the solution pH in microchannels. The surface trap and nanoparticles were both modified with a pH-responsive polymer-poly(N-isorpopylacylamide-co-propylacrylic acid), P(NIPAAm-co-PAA). The o-NBA-coated microchannel walls demonstrated rapid proton release upon UV light irradiation, allowing the buffered solution pH in the microchannel to decrease from 7.4 to 4.5 in 60 s. The low solution pH switched the polymer-modified surfaces to be more hydrophobic, which enabled the capture of the pH-sensitive nanobeads onto the trap. When a photomask was utilized to limit the UV irradiation to a specific channel region, we were able to restrict the particle separation to only the exposed region. Via control of the UV irradiation, this technique enables not only prompt pH changes within the channel but also the capture of target molecules at specific channel locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Ebara
- Department of Bioengineering, Box 355061, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, JAPAN
| | - John M. Hoffman
- Department of Bioengineering, Box 355061, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Allan S. Hoffman
- Department of Bioengineering, Box 355061, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, Box 355061, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - James J. Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, Box 355061, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. ; Fax: +1 (206) 616-3928; Tel: +1 (206) 221-5168
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Uto K, Muroya T, Okamoto M, Tanaka H, Murase T, Ebara M, Aoyagi T. Design of super-elastic biodegradable scaffolds with longitudinally oriented microchannels and optimization of the channel size for Schwann cell migration. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2012; 13:064207. [PMID: 27877534 PMCID: PMC5099767 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/13/6/064207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We newly designed super-elastic biodegradable scaffolds with longitudinally oriented microchannels for repair and regeneration of peripheral nerve defects. Four-armed poly(ε-caprolactone-co-D,L-lactide)s (P(CL-co-DLLA)s) were synthesized by ring-opening copolymerization of CL and DLLA from terminal hydroxyl groups of pentaerythritol, and acryloyl chloride was then reacted with the ends of the chains. The end-functionalized P(CL-co-DLLA) was crosslinked in a cylindrical mold in the presence of longitudinally oriented silica fibers as the templates, which were later dissolved by hydrofluoric acid. The elastic moduli of the crosslinked P(CL-co-DLLA)s were controlled between 10-1 and 102 MPa at 37 °C, depending on the composition. The scaffolds could be elongated to 700% of their original size without fracture or damage ('super-elasticity'). Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that well-defined and highly aligned multiple channels consistent with the mold design were produced in the scaffolds. Owing to their elastic nature, the microchannels in the scaffolds did not collapse when they were bent to 90°. To evaluate the effect of the channel diameter on Schwann cell migration, microchannels were also fabricated in transparent poly(dimethylsiloxane), allowing observation of cell migration. The migration speed increased with channel size, but the Young's modulus of the scaffold decreased as the channel diameter increased. These findings may serve as the basis for designing tissue-engineering scaffolds for nerve regeneration and investigating the effects of the geometrical and dimensional properties on axonal outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Uto
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takanari Muroya
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Michio Okamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murase
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ebara
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takao Aoyagi
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
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Hou C, Ji L, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wang H. Environment-sensitive carbon nanotube/polymer composite microhydrogels synthesized via a microfluidic reactor. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Surface modification for PDMS-based microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:89-104. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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