Enhanced Detection of Major Pathogens and Toxins in Poultry and Livestock With Zoonotic Risks Using Nanomaterials-Based Diagnostics

Nanotechnology has gained prominence over the recent years in multiple research and application fields, including infectious diseases in healthcare, agriculture, and veterinary science. It remains an attractive and viable option for preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases in animals and humans. The apparent efficiency of nanomaterials is due to their unique physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. With the persistence of pathogens and toxins in the poultry and livestock industries, rapid diagnostic tools are of utmost importance. Though there are many promising nanomaterials-based diagnostic tests specific to animal disease-causing agents, many have not achieved balanced sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and cost-effectiveness. This mini-review explores several types of nanomaterials, which provided enhancement on the sensitivity and specificity of recently reported diagnostic tools related to animal diseases. Recommendations are also provided to facilitate more targeted animal populations into the development of future diagnostic tools specifically for emerging and re-emerging animal diseases posing zoonotic risks.

Ultrasensitive bioanalysis: current status and future trends

Ligand-binding techniques such as immunoassays, the reference for clinical diagnosis, offer a wide range of innovative approaches based on signal DNA amplification, nanotechnologies or digital assays, which result in technologies with sensitivities more than 1000-times that of formats used 20 years ago. Providing that these technologies gain acceptance and translate into robust commercial platforms, we expect that several fields will be impacted in the near future, including the clinical diagnosis of cancer markers, the early detection of infectious diseases and the safety of biotherapeutics. Furthermore, the combination of these techniques with microfluidic systems will allow probing of biological diversity at the single cell level and will lead to the discovery of novel and rare biomarkers.

The Applications of Gold Nanoparticle-Initialed Chemiluminescence in Biomedical Detection

Chemiluminescence technique as a novel detection method has gained much attention in recent years owning to the merits of high sensitivity, wider linear ranges, and low background signal. Similarly, nanotechnology especially for gold nanoparticles has emerged as detection tools due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Recently, it has become increasingly popular to couple gold nanoparticles with chemiluminescence technique in biological agents' detection. In this review, we describe the superiority of both chemiluminescence and gold nanoparticles and conclude the different applications of gold nanoparticle-initialed chemiluminescence in biomedical detection.

A competitive chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for rapid and sensitive determination of enrofloxacin

With alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-adamantane (AMPPD) system as the chemiluminescence (CL) detection system, a highly sensitive, specific and simple competitive chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) was developed for the measurement of enrofloxacin (ENR). The physicochemical parameters, such as the chemiluminescent assay mediums, the dilution buffer of ENR-McAb, the volume of dilution buffer, the monoclonal antibody concentration, the incubation time, and other relevant variables of the immunoassay have been optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the detection linear range of 350-1000 pg/mL and the detection limit of 0.24 ng/mL were provided by the proposed method. The relative standard deviations were less than 15% for both intra and inter-assay precision. This method has been successfully applied to determine ENR in spiked samples with the recovery of 103%-96%. It showed that CLEIA was a good potential method in the analysis of residues of veterinary drugs after treatment of related diseases.

Streptococcus suis II immunoassay based on thorny gold nanoparticles and surface enhanced Raman scattering

An immunoassay based on surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy was developed to detect muramidase released protein (MRP) antibody against Streptococcus suis II (SS2) utilizing thorny gold nanoparticles (tAuNPs) as SERS substrates. Initially, tAuNPs with multi-branches were prepared by the seed-mediated growth method in the absence of templates and surfactants, facilitating p-mercaptobenzoic acid (pMBA) conjugation covalently onto the tAuNPs through S-Au bonds. The obtained immuno-SERS tag affording strong Raman signals made it possible to establish an application of indirect detection of the MRP antibody against SS2 with a sandwich assay at a highly sensitive level. The Raman intensity at 1588 cm(-1) was proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of MRP antibody in the range of 10 pg mL(-1) to 0.1 μg mL(-1). The detection sensitivity was significantly improved to 0.1 pg mL(-1) by using the immuno-SERS tags. Furthermore, the proposed SERS approach was applied to detect MRP antibody in pig serum samples, and the results agreed well with those of ELISA, indicating great potential for clinical application in diagnostic immunoassays.