1
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Kumar Gupta P, Das S, Misra R, D'Souza F. Near-IR Capturing N-Methylbenzene Sulfonamide-Phenothiazine Incorporating Strong Electron Acceptor Push-Pull Systems: Photochemical Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304313. [PMID: 38410932 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Unraveling the intriguing aspects of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) phenomenon of multi-modular donor-acceptor-based push-pull systems are of paramount importance considering their promising applications, particularly in solar energy harvesting and light-emitting devices. Herein, a series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical donor-acceptor chromophores 1-6, are designed and synthesized by the Corey-Fuchs reaction via Evano's condition followed by [2+2] cycloaddition retroelectrocyclic ring-opening reaction with strong electron acceptors TCNE and TCNQ in good yields (~60-85 %). The photophysical, electrochemical, and computational studies are investigated to explore the effect of incorporation of strong electron acceptors 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene (TCBD) and dicyanoquinodimethane (DCNQ) with phenothiazine (PTZ) donor. An additional low-lying broad absorption band extended towards the near-infrared (NIR) region suggests charge polarization after the introduction of the electron acceptors in both symmetrical and asymmetrical systems, leading to such strong ICT bands. The electrochemical properties reveal that reduction potentials of 3 and 6 are lower than those of 2 and 5, suggesting DCNQ imparts more on the electronic properties and hence largely contributes to the stabilization of LUMO energy levels than TCBD, in line with theoretical observations. Relative positions of the frontier orbitals on geometry-optimized structures further support accessing donor-acceptor sites responsible for the ICT transitions. Eventually, ultrafast carrier dynamics of the photoinduced species are investigated by femtosecond transient absorption studies to identify their spectral characteristics and target analysis further provides information about different excited states photophysical events including ICT and their associated time profiles. The key findings obtained here related to excited state dynamical processes of these newly synthesized systems are believed to be significant in advancing their prospect of utilization in solar energy conversion and related photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Somnath Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, 76203-5017, United States
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, 76203-5017, United States
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2
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Yamada M. Perspectives on push-pull chromophores derived from click-type [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reactions of electron-rich alkynes and electron-deficient alkenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:125-154. [PMID: 38292046 PMCID: PMC10825803 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Various push-pull chromophores can be synthesized in a single and atom-economical step through [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization (CA-RE) reactions involving diverse electron-rich alkynes and electron-deficient alkenes. In this review, a comprehensive investigation of the recent and noteworthy advancements in the research on push-pull chromophores prepared via the [2 + 2] CA-RE reaction is conducted. In particular, an overview of the physicochemical properties of the family of these compounds that have been investigated is provided to clarify their potential for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
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3
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Gupta PK, Khan F, Misra R. NIR-Absorbing 1,1,4,4-Tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene- and Dicyanoquinodimethane-Functionalized Donor-Acceptor Phenothiazine Derivatives: Synthesis and Characterization. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14308-14322. [PMID: 37820059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical donor-acceptor type phenothiazine derivatives 1-18 were designed and synthesized via Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling and [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reactions. The incorporation of cyano-based acceptors 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD) and dicyanoquinodimethane (DCNQ) in the phenothiazine derivatives resulted in systematic variation in the photophysical, thermal, and electrochemical properties. The electronic absorption spectra of the phenothiazine derivatives with strong acceptors 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, and 18 show red-shifted absorption as compared to phenothiazine derivatives 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, and 16 in the near-IR region due to a strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) transition. The electrochemical analysis of the phenothiazine derivatives 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, and 18 reveals two reduction waves at low potential due to the TCBD and DCNQ acceptors. The mono-TCBD-functionalized phenothiazine 2 shows higher thermal stability compared to other phenothiazine derivatives. The computational studies on phenothiazines 1-18 reveal the LUMO is substantially stabilized as acceptor strength increases, which lowers the HOMO-LUMO gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Faizal Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
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4
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Jang Y, Sekaran B, Singh PP, Misra R, D'Souza F. Accelerated Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Tetracyanobutadiene- and Expanded Tetracyanobutadiene-Incorporated Asymmetric Triphenylamine-Quinoxaline Push-Pull Conjugates. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:4455-4462. [PMID: 37192382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The excited-state properties of an asymmetric triphenylamine-quinoxaline push-pull system wherein triphenylamine and quinoxaline take up the roles of an electron donor and acceptor, respectively, are initially investigated. Further, in order to improve the push-pull effect, powerful electron acceptors, viz., 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD) and cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diylidene-expanded tetracyanobutadiene (also known as expanded-TCBD or exTCBD), have been introduced into the triphenylamine-quinoxaline molecular framework using a catalyst-free [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reaction. The presence of these electron acceptors caused strong ground-state polarization extending the absorption well into the near-IR region accompanied by strong fluorescence quenching due to intramolecular charge transfer (CT). Systematic studies were performed using a suite of spectral, electrochemical, computational, and pump-probe spectroscopic techniques to unravel the intramolecular CT mechanism and to probe the role of TCBD and exTCBD in promoting excited-state CT and separation events. Faster CT in exTCBD-derived compared to that in TCBD-derived push-pull systems has been witnessed in polar benzonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Bijesh Sekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Prabal P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, GLA University, NH-2, Delhi-Mathura highways, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 282004, India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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5
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Popli C, Jang Y, Misra R, D'Souza F. Charge Resonance and Photoinduced Charge Transfer in Bis( N, N-dimethylaminophenyl-tetracyanobutadiene)-diketopyrrolopyrrole Multimodular System. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:4286-4299. [PMID: 37133351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) or charge resonance is often observed in redox-active systems encompassed of two identical electroactive groups, where one of the groups is either oxidized or reduced and serves as a model system to improve our fundamental understanding of charge transfer. This property has been explored in the present study in a multimodular push-pull system carrying two N,N-dimethylaminophenyl-tetracyanobutadiene (DMA-TCBD) entities covalently linked to the opposite ends of bis(thiophenyl)diketopyrrolopyrrole (TDPP). Electrochemical or chemical reduction of one of the TCBDs promoted electron resonance between them, exhibiting an IVCT absorption peak in the near-infrared area. The comproportionation energy, -ΔGcom, and equilibrium constant, Kcom, evaluated from the split reduction peak were, respectively, 1.06 × 104 J/mol and 72.3 M-1. Excitation of the TDPP entity in the system promoted the thermodynamically feasible sequential charge transfer and separation of charges in benzonitrile, wherein the IVCT peak formed upon charge separation served as a signature peak in characterizing the product. Further, transient data analyzed using Global Target Analysis revealed the charge separation to take place in a ps time scale (k ∼ 1010 s-1) as a result of close positioning and strong electronic interaction between the entities. The significance of IVCT in probing excited-state processes is evidenced by the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Popli
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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6
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Mateo LM, Sagresti L, Luo Y, Guldi DM, Torres T, Brancato G, Bottari G. Expanding the Chemical Space of Tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene (TCBD) through a Cyano-Diels-Alder Reaction: Synthesis, Structure, and Physicochemical Properties of an Anthryl-fused-TCBD Derivative. Chemistry 2021; 27:16049-16055. [PMID: 34494672 PMCID: PMC9292653 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene (TCBD) is a powerful and versatile electron-acceptor moiety widely used for the preparation of electroactive conjugates. While many reports addressing its electron-accepting capability have appeared in the literature, significantly scarcer are those dealing with its chemical modification, a relevant topic which allows to broaden the chemical space of this interesting functional unit. Here, we report on the first example of a high-yielding cyano-Diels-Alder (CDA) reaction between TCBD, that is, where a nitrile group acts as a dienophile, and an anthryl moiety, that is, acting as a diene. The resulting anthryl-fused-TCBD derivative, which structure was unambiguously identified by X-ray diffraction, shows high thermal stability, remarkable electron-accepting capability, and interesting electronic ground- and excited-state features, as characterized by a thorough theoretical, electrochemical, and photophysical investigation. Moreover, a detailed kinetic analysis of the intramolecular CDA reaction transforming the anthryl-TCBD-based reactant into the anthryl-fused-TCBD product was carried out at different temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Mateo
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCampus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- IMDEA-NanocienciaFaraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Luca Sagresti
- Scuola Normale Superiore and CSGIPiazza dei Cavalieri 756126PisaItaly
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareLargo Pontecorvo 356100PisaItaly
| | - Yusen Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tomas Torres
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCampus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- IMDEA-NanocienciaFaraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
| | - Giuseppe Brancato
- Scuola Normale Superiore and CSGIPiazza dei Cavalieri 756126PisaItaly
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareLargo Pontecorvo 356100PisaItaly
| | - Giovanni Bottari
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCampus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- IMDEA-NanocienciaFaraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
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7
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Khan F, Jang Y, Patil Y, Misra R, D'Souza F. Photoinduced Charge Separation Prompted Intervalence Charge Transfer in a Bis(thienyl)diketopyrrolopyrrole Bridged Donor‐TCBD Push‐Pull System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faizal Khan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Yuvraj Patil
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
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8
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Khan F, Jang Y, Patil Y, Misra R, D'Souza F. Photoinduced Charge Separation Prompted Intervalence Charge Transfer in a Bis(thienyl)diketopyrrolopyrrole Bridged Donor-TCBD Push-Pull System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20518-20527. [PMID: 34258866 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Intervalence charge transfer (IVCT), a phenomenon observed in molecular systems comprised of two redox centers differing in oxidation states by one unit, is reported in a novel, newly synthesized, multi-modular donor-acceptor system comprised of central bis(thienyl)diketopyrrolopyrrole (TDPP) hosting two phenothiazine-tetracyanobutadiene (PTZ-TCBD) entities on the opposite sides. One-electron reduction of TCBD promoted electron exchange between the two TCBD resulting in IVCT transition in the near-infrared region. The stabilization energy, -ΔGcom and comproportionation equilibrium constant, Kcom calculated from peak potentials of the split reduction waves were found to be 1.06×104 J mol-1 , and 72.3 M-1 , respectively. Further, the IVCT transition was also witnessed during the process of thermodynamically feasible electron transfer upon excitation of the TDPP entity in the system, and served as a diagnostic marker to characterize the electron transfer product. Subsequent transient absorption spectral studies and data analysis by Global and Target analyses revealed occurrence of ultrafast charge separation (kcs ≈1010 s-1 ) owing to the close proximity and good communication between the entities of the multi-modular donor-acceptor system. The role of central TDPP in promoting IVCT is borne out from the present investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizal Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Yuvraj Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
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9
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Pinjari D, Alsaleh AZ, Patil Y, Misra R, D'Souza F. Interfacing High‐Energy Charge‐Transfer States to a Near‐IR Sensitizer for Efficient Electron Transfer upon Near‐IR Irradiation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23697-23705. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Pinjari
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Ajyal Z. Alsaleh
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Yuvraj Patil
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
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10
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Pinjari D, Alsaleh AZ, Patil Y, Misra R, D'Souza F. Interfacing High‐Energy Charge‐Transfer States to a Near‐IR Sensitizer for Efficient Electron Transfer upon Near‐IR Irradiation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Pinjari
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Ajyal Z. Alsaleh
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Yuvraj Patil
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
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11
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Liu KQ, Wang JJ, Yan XX, Niu C, Wang GW. Regioselective electrosynthesis of tetra- and hexa-functionalized [60]fullerene derivatives with unprecedented addition patterns. Chem Sci 2020; 11:384-388. [PMID: 32153753 PMCID: PMC7021186 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02131k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient and regioselective electrosynthesis of tetra- and hexa-functionalized [60]fullerene derivatives with unprecedented addition patterns has been achieved. The tetra-functionalized [60]fullerene derivative with an intriguing 1,2,4,17-addition pattern is regioselectively obtained by cyclization reaction of the dianionic species generated electrochemically from a [60]fulleroindoline with 1,2-bis(bromomethyl)benzene at 0 °C, and can be converted to the more stable 1,2,3,4-adduct at 25 °C. Furthermore, the hexa-functionalized [60]fullerene derivative with the 1,2,3,4,9,10-addition pattern displaying a unique "S"-shaped configuration can be synthesized by protonation of the electrochemically generated dianion of the obtained tetra-functionalized 1,2,4,17-adduct. The structures of the tetra- and hexa-functionalized products have been determined by spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Qing Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) , Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China . gwang@.ustc.edu.cn
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) , Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China . gwang@.ustc.edu.cn
| | - Xing-Xing Yan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) , Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China . gwang@.ustc.edu.cn
| | - Chuang Niu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) , Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China . gwang@.ustc.edu.cn
| | - Guan-Wu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) , Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China . gwang@.ustc.edu.cn
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , P. R. China
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12
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Yan XX, Li B, Lin HS, Jin F, Niu C, Liu KQ, Wang GW, Yang S. Successively Regioselective Electrosynthesis and Electron Transport Property of Stable Multiply Functionalized [60]Fullerene Derivatives. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:2059190. [PMID: 32149279 PMCID: PMC7044465 DOI: 10.34133/2020/2059190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
With the recent advance in chemical modification of fullerenes, electrosynthesis has demonstrated increasing importance in regioselective synthesis of novel fullerene derivatives. Herein, we report successively regioselective synthesis of stable tetra- and hexafunctionalized [60]fullerene derivatives. The cycloaddition reaction of the electrochemically generated dianions from [60]fulleroindolines with phthaloyl chloride regioselectively affords 1,2,4,17-functionalized [60]fullerene derivatives with two attached ketone groups and a unique addition pattern, where the heterocycle is rearranged to a [5,6]-junction and the carbocycle is fused to an adjacent [6,6]-junction. This addition pattern is in sharp contrast with that of the previously reported biscycloadducts, where both cycles are appended to [6,6]-junctions. The obtained tetrafunctionalized compounds can be successively manipulated to 1,2,3,4,9,10-functionalized [60]fullerene derivatives with an intriguing "S"-shaped configuration via a novel electrochemical protonation. Importantly, the stability of tetrafunctionalized [60]fullerene products allows them to be applied in planar perovskite solar cells as efficient electron transport layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xing Yan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bairu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hao-Sheng Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chuang Niu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kai-Qing Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guan-Wu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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13
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Sharma R, Thomas MB, Misra R, D'Souza F. Strong Ground‐ and Excited‐State Charge Transfer in
C
3
‐Symmetric Truxene‐Derived Phenothiazine‐Tetracyanobutadine and Expanded Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4350-4355. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Michael B. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
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14
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Sharma R, Thomas MB, Misra R, D'Souza F. Strong Ground‐ and Excited‐State Charge Transfer in
C
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‐Symmetric Truxene‐Derived Phenothiazine‐Tetracyanobutadine and Expanded Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Michael B. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552 India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
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15
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Michinobu T, Diederich F. The [2+2] Cycloaddition-Retroelectrocyclization (CA-RE) Click Reaction: Facile Access to Molecular and Polymeric Push-Pull Chromophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3552-3577. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 1 52-8552 Japan
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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Michinobu T, Diederich F. Die [2+2]-Cycloadditions-Retroelektrocyclisierungs(CA-RE)-Klick-Reaktion: ein einfacher Zugang zu molekularen und polymeren Push-pull-Chromophoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH-Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Schweiz
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17
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Sharma R, Maragani R, Misra R. C3-Symmetric star shaped donor–acceptor truxenes: synthesis and photophysical, electrochemical and computational studies. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03934d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript reports the design and synthesis of C3-symmetric star shaped donor and acceptor substituted truxenes 6, 7, 10 and 11 using Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling and [2+2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore
- India
| | - Ramesh Maragani
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore
- India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore
- India
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18
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Misra R, Jadhav T, Nevonen D, Monzo EM, Mobin SM, Nemykin VN. Synthesis, Structures, and Redox Properties of Tetracyano-Bridged Diferrocene Donor–Acceptor–Donor Systems. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh Misra
- Discipline
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453 552, India
| | - Thaksen Jadhav
- Discipline
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453 552, India
| | - Dustin Nevonen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ellen M. Monzo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Shaikh M. Mobin
- Discipline
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453 552, India
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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19
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Rout Y, Gautam P, Misra R. Unsymmetrical and Symmetrical Push–Pull Phenothiazines. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6840-6845. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogajivan Rout
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
| | - Prabhat Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
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20
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Diederich F, Trapp N, Wörle M. Small Molecule Crystallography in the Laboratory of Organic Chemistry at ETH Zürich. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Diederich
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Michael Wörle
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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21
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Sperger T, Sanhueza IA, Schoenebeck F. Computation and Experiment: A Powerful Combination to Understand and Predict Reactivities. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1311-9. [PMID: 27171796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Computational chemistry has become an established tool for the study of the origins of chemical phenomena and examination of molecular properties. Because of major advances in theory, hardware and software, calculations of molecular processes can nowadays be done with reasonable accuracy on a time-scale that is competitive or even faster than experiments. This overview will highlight broad applications of computational chemistry in the study of organic and organometallic reactivities, including catalytic (NHC-, Cu-, Pd-, Ni-catalyzed) and noncatalytic examples of relevance to organic synthesis. The selected examples showcase the ability of computational chemistry to rationalize and also predict reactivities of broad significance. A particular emphasis is placed on the synergistic interplay of computations and experiments. It is discussed how this approach allows one to (i) gain greater insight than the isolated techniques, (ii) inspire novel chemistry avenues, and (iii) assist in reaction development. Examples of successful rationalizations of reactivities are discussed, including the elucidation of mechanistic features (radical versus polar) and origins of stereoselectivity in NHC-catalyzed reactions as well as the rationalization of ligand effects on ligation states and selectivity in Pd- and Ni-catalyzed transformations. Beyond explaining, the synergistic interplay of computation and experiments is then discussed, showcasing the identification of the likely catalytically active species as a function of ligand, additive, and solvent in Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. These may vary between mono- or bisphosphine-bound or even anionic Pd complexes in polar media in the presence of coordinating additives. These fundamental studies also inspired avenues in catalysis via dinuclear Pd(I) cycles. Detailed mechanistic studies supporting the direct reactivity of Pd(I)-Pd(I) with aryl halides as well as applications of air-stable dinuclear Pd(I) catalysts are discussed. Additional combined experimental and computational studies are described for alternative metals, these include the discussion of the factors that control C-H versus C-C activation in the aerobic Cu-catalyzed oxidation of ketones, and ligand and additive effects on the nature and favored oxidation state of the active catalyst in Ni-catalyzed trifluoromethylthiolations of aryl chlorides. Examples of successful computational reactivity predictions along with experimental verifications are then presented. This includes the design of a fluorinated ligand [(CF3)2P(CH2)2P(CF3)2] for the challenging reductive elimination of ArCF3 from Pd(II) as well as the guidance of substrate scope (functional group tolerance and suitable leaving group) in the Ni-catalyzed trifluoromethylthiolation of C(sp(2))-O bonds. In summary, this account aims to convey the benefits of integrating computational studies in experimental research to increase understanding of observed phenomena and guide future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Sperger
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Italo A. Sanhueza
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Laboratory
for Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Patil Y, Jadhav T, Dhokale B, Misra R. Design and Synthesis of Low HOMO-LUMO GapN-Phenylcarbazole-Substituted Diketopyrrolopyrroles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuvraj Patil
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore; Indore 452020 India
| | - Thaksen Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore; Indore 452020 India
| | - Bhausaheb Dhokale
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore; Indore 452020 India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore; Indore 452020 India
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Xiao Y, Zhu SE, Liu DJ, Suzuki M, Lu X, Wang GW. Regioselective Electrosynthesis of Rare 1,2,3,16-Functionalized [60]Fullerene Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Xiao Y, Zhu SE, Liu DJ, Suzuki M, Lu X, Wang GW. Regioselective Electrosynthesis of Rare 1,2,3,16-Functionalized [60]Fullerene Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3006-10. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Misra R, Gautam P. Tuning of the HOMO–LUMO gap of donor-substituted symmetrical and unsymmetrical benzothiadiazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:5448-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00629a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Shoji T, Ito S, Okujima T, Morita N. Synthesis of push–pull chromophores by the sequential [2 + 2] cycloaddition of 1-azulenylbutadiynes with tetracyanoethylene and tetrathiafulvalene. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8308-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Li Y, Ashizawa M, Uchida S, Michinobu T. Colorimetric sensing of cations and anions by clicked polystyrenes bearing side chain donor–acceptor chromophores. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20230a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Shoji T, Higashi J, Ito S, Okujima T, Yasunami M, Morita N. Synthesis of donor–acceptor chromophores by the [2 + 2] cycloaddition of arylethynyl-2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2431-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06931h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Synthesis of Redox-Active, Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Chromophores by the [2+2] Cycloaddition of Ethynylated 2H-Cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones with Tetracyanoethylene. Chemistry 2011; 17:5116-29. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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