Selective replacement of organosilicon units in the cluster [(PhSi)4S6] with coinage metal complex fragments

Adamantane-type organo-group 14 chalcogenide clusters were shown to possess extreme non-linear optical properties. Reactivity studies of corresponding organosilicon sulfide clusters towards copper and silver complexes indicate a replacement of exactly one of the organosilicon groups with a metal complex fragment to form [(Et₃PAg)₃(PhSi)₃S₆] (1) and [Na₂(thf)_2.33][(Me₃PCu)(PhSi)₃S₆] (2)-in striking contrast to reactions of organotin chalcogenide clusters, which are more significantly and less systematically re-organized. The silicon compounds are thus more suited for controlled modifications of their geometric and electronic structures.

Systematic Access of Ternary Organotetrel-Copper Chalcogenide Clusters by [PhTE3 ]3- Anions (T=Si, Sn; E=S, Se)

Fragmentation reactions of organotetrel chalcogenide heteroadamantane-type clusters [(PhT)4 E6 ] (T/E=Si/S (1); Si/Se; Sn/S, and Sn/Se) by addition of the corresponding sodium chalcogenide gave salts of the general formula Na3 [PhTE3 ], with T/E=Si/S (2); Si/Se (3); Sn/S (A); Sn/Se (4). Reaction of these salts with [Cu(PPh3 )3 Cl] gave a series of organotetrel-copper chalcogenide clusters [(CuPPh3 )6 (PhTE3 )2 ] with T/E=Si/S; (5), Si/Se (6), Sn/S (7) and Sn/Se (8). Compounds 5-8 share a common structural motif with two intact {PhTE3 } units coordinating a Cu6 moiety, which was previously reported with other ligands, and for the Sn and Ge congeners only. If the Sn/Se reaction system was allowed to crystallize more slowly, single crystals of compound [(CuPPh3 )6 (PhSnSe3 )3 Cu3 SnSe] (9) were obtained, which are based on a larger cluster structure. Hence, 9 might form from 8 through incorporation of additional cluster fragments. The experimentally and quantum chemically determined optical properties were compared to related clusters.

Variations in the Interplay of Intermetallic and Metal Chalcogenide Units in Organotin-Copper Selenide Clusters

We report the formation and structures of two new organotin-copper selenide clusters that were obtained in a two-step procedure. First, [(R¹Sn)₄Se₆] [R¹ = CMe₂CH₂C(O)Me] is reacted with [Cu(PPh₃)₃Cl] and (SiMe₃)₂Se to form a bright-orange powder, the nature of which could not be identified in detail, yet a suspension of it in CH₂Cl₂ reacts with N₂H₄·H₂O to afford single crystals of two cluster compounds, either [(Cu₃Sn){(R²Sn)₂Se₄}₂{(R²Sn₂)Se₃}] (1) or [(N₂H₄)(Cu₄Sn){(R²Sn)₂Se₄}₃] [2; R² = CMe₂CH₂C(NNH₂)Me]. Both are based on an intermetallic Cu_xSn cluster core (x = 3, 4), which is surrounded by organotin selenide units in different fashions. The results foster the assumption of a complex equilibrium to be present in according reaction mixtures.

Ternary Mixed-Valence Organotin Copper Selenide Clusters

Reactions of the organotin selenide chloride clusters [(R¹ Sn^IV )₃ Se₄ Cl] (A, R¹ =CMe₂ CH₂ C(O)Me) or [(R¹ Sn^IV )₄ Se₆ ] (B) with [Cu(PPh₃ )_3-x Cl_x ] yield cluster compounds with different inorganic, mixed-valence core structures: [Cu₄ Sn^II Sn^IV₆ Se₁₂ ], [Cu₂ Sn^II₂ Sn^IV₄ Se₈ Cl₂ ], [Cu₂ Sn^II Sn^IV₄ Se₈ ], [Cu₂ Sn^II₂ Sn^IV₂ Se₄ Cl₄ ], and [Cu₂ Sn^IV₂ Se₄ ]. Five of the compounds, namely [(CuPPh₃ )₂ {(R¹ Sn^IV )₂ Se₄ }] (1), [(CuPPh₃ )₂ Sn^II {(R² Sn^IV )₂ Se₄ }₂ ] (2), [(CuPPh₃ )₂ (Sn^II Cl)₂ {(RSn^IV )₂ Se₄ }₂ ] (3) [(CuPPh₃ )₂ (Sn^II Cu₂ ){(R¹ Sn^IV )₂ Se₄ }₃ ] (4), and [Cu(CuPPh₃ )(Sn^II Cu₂ ){(R¹ Sn^IV )₂ Se₄ }₃ ] (5) are structurally closely related. They are based on [(CuPPh₃ )₂ {(RSn^IV )₂ Se₄ }_n ] aggregates comprising [(RSn^IV )₂ Se₄ ] and [CuPPh₃ ] building units, which are linked by further metal atoms. A sixth compound, [(CuPPh₃ )₂ (Sn^II Cl)₂ {(R¹ Sn^IV Cl)Se₂ }₂ ] (6), differs from the others by containing [(RSn^IV Cl)Se₂ ] units instead, which affects the absorption properties. The compounds were analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR and ¹¹⁹ Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy, DFT calculations as well as optical absorption experiments.

Formation and Structural Diversity of Organo-Functionalized Tin-Silver Selenide Clusters

When reacting the organic functionalized tin selenide clusters [(SnR¹ )₃ Se₄ Cl] (A, R¹ =CMe₂ CH₂ C(O)Me) or [(SnR¹ )₄ Se₆ ] (B) with (SiMe₃ )₂ Se and [Ag(PPh₃ )₃ Cl] at -78 °C in CH₂ Cl₂ , a microcrystalline intermediate (compound 1) precipitates, which was investigated by magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry calculations, to derive information about its composition and structure. Compound 1 re-dissolves under reorganization into the organo-functionalized Ag/Sn/Se cluster compound [Ag₆ (μ₆ -Se)(Ag₈ Se₁₂ ){(R¹ Sn)₂ Se₂ }₆ ] (2), or the mixed-valence cluster [(AgPPh₃ )₂ (Sn^II Cl)₂ Se₂ {(R¹ Sn^IV )₂ Se₂ }₂ ] (3), depending on the presence or the exclusion of daylight, respectively. The addition of N₂ H₄ ⋅H₂ O to a solution of 1 yields selectively [Ag₇ (μ₇ -Se)(Ag₇ Se₁₂ ){(R² Sn)₂ Se₂ }₆ ] (4, R² =CMe₂ CH₂ C(N₂ H₂ )Me), the Ag/Sn/Se core of which is isomeric to that of 2. 2-4 were characterized by X-ray diffraction. NMR spectroscopic studies on solutions of 1 indicate the co-existence of different species.

Tin sulfide and selenide clusters soluble in organic solvents with the core structures of Sn4S6 and Sn4Se6

Reactions of LSnCl (1) (L = N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)(SiMe3)) with sulfur and selenium, respectively under mild conditions yielded two tin chalcogenide clusters. Surprisingly the tin atoms of the L4Sn4S6 (2) and L4Sn4Se6 (3) clusters are oxidized from Sn(II) of the precursor to Sn(IV) of the products under concomitant reduction of elemental sulfur and selenium to sulfide and selenide, respectively. The released chlorine radicals from the precursor LSnCl (1) react under oxidative addition with another LSnCl molecule to yield the side product LSnCl3 (4). The soluble nature of clusters 2 and 3 in organic solvents is a unique property of this class of compounds and makes them suitable for reactions in organic solvents. Compounds 2 and 3 were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and multinuclear NMR investigations. Furthermore in ROP polymerization, the two products show high catalytic activity. For the first time a tin selenide compound functions in ROP catalysis.

{[Ir3(cod)3(μ3-S)2](μ3-S)SnCl}2 – a ternary Ir–Sn–S cluster with the iridium atoms in three different chemical environments

The cluster {[Ir₃(cod)₃(μ₃-S)₂](μ₃-S)SnCl}₂ with an unprecedented topology of Sn, Ir, and S atoms was obtained by reactions of organo-functionalized tinsulfide clusters with [IrCl(cod)]₂.

Bronze, silver and gold: functionalized group 11 organotin sulfide clusters

The synthesis, properties and reactivity of group 11 organotin sulfide clusters [(R(1)Sn)4(SnCl)2(MPPh3)2S8] (M = Cu, Ag), [(R(3)Sn)10Ag10S20], and [(R(1,3)Sn)2(AuPPh3)2S4] with covalently bound, carbonyl or hydrazine-terminated ligands R(1) = CMe2CH2C(Me)O or R(3) = CMe2CH2C(Me)NNH2 are reported.

Synthesis, crystal structure, and photoluminescence studies of a ruthenocenyl-decorated Sn/S cluster

Recently, we reported on ferrocenyl-decorated Sn/S clusters; herein, we present the extension of our investigations by attachment of ruthenocenyl units to an according cluster skeleton. The latter was realized upon improvement of the synthesis of acetylruthenocene, its conversion to a hydrazone derivative, and the subsequent reaction with a keto-functionalized Sn/S precursor complex. The report comprises the crystal structures of acetylruthenocene and the ruthenocenyl-terminated Sn/S cluster [(R(Rc)Sn)4Sn2S10] (R(Rc) = CMe2CH2C(Me)═N-N═C(Me)Rc), as well as the discussion of the electrochemical properties of the latter and its behavior during time-resolved photoluminescence investigations.

Towards the installation of transition metal ions on donor ligand decorated tin sulfide clusters

Decoration of tetrelchalcogenide T-E clusters with chelating donor ligands was achieved to capture transition metal ions on their surfaces. We demonstrate that by covalent linking of bispyridyl ligands to an Sn-S complex, [ZnX](+) units can be trapped and incorporated into the cluster framework. Intermediates that were identified using spectroscopy and/or X-ray diffraction gave insight into the formation processes.

Functionalized organotin-chalcogenide complexes that exhibit defect heterocubane scaffolds: formation, synthesis, and characterization

The synthesis of new functionalized organotin-chalcogenide complexes was achieved by systematic optimization of the reaction conditions. The structures of compounds [(R(1, 2) Sn)3 S4 Cl] (1, 2), [((R(2) Sn)2 SnS4 )2 (μ-S)2 ] (3), [(R(1, 2) Sn)3 Se4 ][SnCl3 ] (4, 5), and [Li(thf)n ][(R(3) Sn)(HR(3) Sn)2 Se4 Cl] (6), in which R(1) =CMe2 CH2 C(O)Me, R(2) =CMe2 CH2 C(NNH2 )Me, and R(3) =CH2 CH2 COO, are based on defect heterocubane scaffolds, as shown by X-ray diffraction, (119) Sn NMR spectroscopy, and ESI mass spectrometry analyses. Compounds 4, 5, and 6 constitute the first examples of defect heterocubane-type metal-chalcogenide complexes that are comprised of selenide ligands. Comprehensive DFT calculations prompted us to search for the formal intermediates [(R(1) SnCl2 )2 (μ-S)] (7) and [(R(1) SnCl)2 (μ-S)2 ] (8), which were isolated and helped to understand the stepwise formation of compounds 1-6.